THE  NATIONAL 

IN  THE 

WORLD  WAR 


April  6,  1917— November  11,  1918 


'•'•Let  us  have  faith  that  right  makes  might;  and 
in  that  faith  let  us,  to  the  end,  dare  to  do  our 
duty  as  we  understand  it." 

—ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


To  the  National  men  who  died  on  the  field  of  battle; 

To  those  who  gave  up  their  lives  in  camp,  or  in  war  service  of  any  kind; 

To  the  National  women  who  went  overseas  as  nurses; 

To  our  soldiers,  sailors,  aviators  and  doctors; 

To  all  of  our  Red  Cross  workers; 

To  the  men  and  women  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service; 

To  those  who  helped  develop  and  produce  the  X-Ray  and  Vacuum  Tubes; 

To  all  who  contributed,  by  research  or  special  investigation,  what  they 

could  towards  the  winning  of  the  war; 
To  all  who  worked  and  gave  money  for  War  Relief; 
To  those  who  became  "godparents"  to  French  war-orphans  and  soldiers; 
To  those  who  made  or  sent  special  "comforts"  for  soldiers; 
To  our  war  gardeners; 
To  those  who  "bought  bonds  till  it  hurt,"   those  who  bought  their  quota 

of  War  Savings  Stamps,  and  those  who  gave  time  and  energy  to 

the  conducting  of  these  campaigns; 

To  those  who  helped  ferret  out  spies,  sabotists,  slackers  .and  alien  sympa- 
thizers; 
To  those  who  used  their  legal  or  accounting  talents  in  war  service; 

To  those  who  co-operated  with  the  Fuel,  Food  and  Railroad  Administra- 
tions; 

To  all  of  those  who  responded  so  splendidly  and  unreservedly  when  called 
upon  for  War  Service  of  any  kind, 

THIS  VOLUME  IS  GRATEFULLY  DEDICATED 


Copyright,  1920, 

by 

General  Electric  Company 
(First  Edition — June,  1920) 


CONTENTS 

Page 
PREFACE 9 

PART  I 

MILITARY  SERVICE  RECORDS 1 1 

The  Army  Forces 21 

The  Naval  Forces 105 

The  Air  Forces 1 24 

Our  Army  and  Red  Cross  Nurses 137 

Roll  of  Honor 1 47 

PART  II 
WAR  ENGINEERING,  DEVELOPMENT  AND  RESEARCH 161 

The  Story  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service 167 

Chemical  Warfare  Service — Problems  and  Methods 185 

Activities  of  Glass  Technology  Department 227 

The  Story  of  the  X-Ray  Tubes  and  Vacuum  Tubes 229 

War  Activities  of  Nela  Research  Laboratory 259 

War  Work  of  the  Engineering  Department 279 

War  Work  of  the  Chemical  Laboratory ; 296 

War  Work  of  the  Standardizing  Department 297 

PART  III 

WAR  RELIEF  AND  EDUCATIONAL  WORK 299 

War  Study  Clubs 301 

The  Sock  League 307 

Red  Cross  Centers  within  National • 311 

Nela  Fund 323 

PART  IV 

MOBILIZING  OUR  DOLLARS 337 

The  Liberty  Loans 340 

War  Savings  Stamps 348 

The  Red  Cross  and  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Campaigns 350-352 

War  Chests 353 

Nela  Fund 358 

"Children  of  the  Frontier" 359 

Miscellaneous  and  Summary 364 

PART  V 

VARIED  FORMS  OF  WAR  SERVICE 365 

War  Gardens  at  the  National  Properties 367 

Miscellaneous  Forms  of  War  Service 370 

INDEX..  .381 


PREFACE 

"  The  shouting  and  the  tumult  cease — 
The  captains  and  the  kings  depart." 

— 'Kipling. 

The  World  War  has  passed  into  history. 

While  it  lasted,  and  particularly  during  1917  and  1918, 
when  America  was  an  active  participant,  it  was  the  one 
subject  uppermost  in  the  minds  of  a  hundred  million  Amer- 
icans. The  vast  industrial  army  of  this  country  became  a 
part  of  the  war  machine,  and  the  incandescent  lamp  industry, 
until  the  war  was  won,  subordinated  the  making  of  lamps  to 
the  performance  of  its  share  as  a  unit  in  the  industrial  army. 

In  order  to  provide  a  permanent  record  of  the  part 
played  by  the  National  Lamp  Works  of  General  Electric 
Company,  this  volume  has  been  compiled. 

Every  effort  has  been  made  to  insure  accuracy  in  the 
text,  and  yet  it  may  be  that,  owing  to  the  wide  scope  of  the 
subject-matter,  an  occasional  error  in  name  or  date  or  an 
occasional  omission  in  giving  credit  where  credit  is  due,  will 
be  found  to  exist.  If  such  is  the  case,  the  errata  have  crept 
in  despite  the  most  painstaking  efforts  to  detect  and  eliminate 
them.  Some  of  our  war-heroes  have  been  exceedingly  reticent, 
or  diffident,  about  telling  their  stories  for  publication. 

The  record  of  war  service  along  technical  and  develop- 
mental lines,  contained  in  the  following  pages — such  as  the 
National's  contribution  to  the  development  of  the  gas  mask- 
would  have  been  impossible  without  the  extensive  labora- 
tories and  capacious  industrial  organization  centered  at 
Nela  Park.  There  were,  of  course,  thousands  of  large,  well- 
organized  enterprises  throughout  the  country,  rendering  quick 
and  specialized  aid  in  America's  emergency.  What  the  National 
did,  was  typical  of  such  organizations,  in  general.  If  the 
National  excelled  in  any  one  respect,  it  was,  perhaps,  in  having 
taught  its  people  to  co-operate  and  harmonize  their  efforts. 

No  better  statement  of  the  value  of  this  "pull-together" 
spirit  can  be  given  than  is  contained  in  the  following  para- 


io  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

graph  from  one  of  the  war-letters  issued  by  the  Administration 
Department  at  Nela  to  all  Departments  and  Divisions: 

"The  allies  will  win  this  war,  but  how  soon  they  will 
win  will  depend  upon  the  amount  of  effort  which  is  put  into 
winning  and  that,  in  turn,  depends  upon  the  effort  of  each 
one  of  us.  We  are  likely  to  think  of  the  small  amount  which 
each  one  can  accomplish  and  forget  the  great  force  which 
results  from  combined  effort." 

May  the  same  spirit  of  co-operation  for  the  common 
good,  which  animated  America  in  the  world-struggle,  be 
found  in  her  homes  and  her  industries  forever! 


A    REDUCED    FAC-SIMILE    OF    THE    DISTINGUISHED  SERVICE  AWARD 
CONFERRED  UPON  THE  NATIONAL  LAMF-  WORKS 


PART  I 

MILITARY  SERVICE 
RECORDS 

The    story     of    the     part     played     l>y 

employees  of  the  National  Lamp  Works 

who  were  directly  associated  with  the 

Military  or  Naval  establishments  of 

the  United  States  or  her  allies 

during   the  Work!    War. 


The  Parting  of  General  Pershing  and  Marshal  Foch 


American  Doughboy  Band  Playing  Yankee  Airs  in  Pans 


Theodore  Roosevelt     Chas.  K.  Hughes     Adjutant  Gen.  Sherrill 
Rear  Admiral  Usher         General  Hovle         Admiral  Gleaves 


New  York  Bids  Godspeed  to  the  yist  Regiment 


MILITARY  SERVICE  RECORDS 

A  PANORAMA  OF  THE  NATIONAL'S  MEN  AND  WOMEN 
IN  SERVICE. 

A  complete  history  of  the  World  War  would  have  to 
do  justice  to  the  mightiest  and  most  appalling  efforts  ever 
made  by  man  in  the  organized  destruction  of  life  and  property; 
it  should  also  describe  fully  the  unprecedented  efforts  at 
war-relief  made  by  nurses,  surgeons,  and  supporting  organ- 
izations. No  man,  were  he  to  live  a  million  years,  could  write 
down  every  detail  of  heroism.  We  have  here  attempted  merely 
to  rough-sketch  the  part  which  the  men  and  women  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works  played  in  the  gigantic  struggle. 

Our  personal  conceptions  of  the  war  vary.  To  some  of 
us  it  took  on  a  sordid  aspect,  for  we  personally  participated 
in  battles  and  skirmishes  and  were  eyewitnesses  of  much 
that  was  revolting  and  brutal.  To  other  of  us,  it  was  merely 
a  period  of  conscientious  endeavor,  for  we  were  far  from  the 
scenes  of  death  and  devastation.  Yet  even  we  were  a  part 
of  the  vast  war-machine  that  made  a  victorious  culmination 
possible,  and  to  every  one  of  us  it  was  a  time  fluctuating 
with  moments  of  intense  anxiety,  outbursting  waves  of  pa- 
triotism and  solemn  obligation  to  duty. 

The  National's  obligation  was  large,  and  in  no  finer 
way  is  the  richness  of  her  contribution  manifested  than  in 
the  fact  that  from  her  doors  five  hundred  and  ninety-seven 
men  and  women  went  out  to  offer  themselves  in  the  armed 
forces  of  trie  land,  sea  and  air;  in  the  service  of  the  American 
Red  Cross  and  in  miscellaneous  civilian  branches  of  govern- 
ment war  service. 

According  to  our  best  information,  four  hundred  and 
sixty-six  National  men  were  directly  associated  with  the 
military  establishment  of  the  United  States,  while  eight 
enlisted  in  the  armies  of  our  allies.  The  Navy  and  Naval 
Reserves  drew  eighty-three,  the  "devil-dog"  Marines  enlisted 
seven,  while  twenty-eight  showed  their  preference  for  the 
"ethereal  regions"  by  serving  the  air  forces.  To  help 
fill  the  need  which  their  country  had  for  relief  workers,  five 
women  enlisted  in  the  ranks  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  all 


14  'I'n  E  N  PHI    \\OKI ,i)  \\'M< 


of  them  serving  overseas.  Mention  should  he  made  here,  also, 
of  those  who  enlisted  in  technical  units  of  the  army,  doing 
experimental  research  and  production  work,  such  as  was  done 
in  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service  (Development  Division). 
The  accomplishments  of  these  men,  together  with  a  complete 
account  of  the  various  facilities  placed  at  their  disposal  by 
the  National  organization,  are  separately  treated  in  Part  II, 
pages  167  to  227. 

At  home,  too,  was  radiated  the  spirit  of  service,  for  those 
employees  to  whom  was  denied  the  privilege  of  serving  directly 
in  the  military  establishment,  gave  themselves  readily  and 
unselfishly  to  auxiliary  work.  The  story  of  the  relief  work 
is  told  in  Part  III,  pages  301  to  336  of  this  volume,  while  the 
National's  activities  in  Liberty  Loan  drives  and  other  fund- 
raising  campaigns  are  related  in  Part  IV,  pages  339  to  364. 

Figures  are  sometimes  more  interesting  than  words. 
It  is  pleasing  to  note  that  of  the  five  hundred  and  ninety- 
seven  National  men  and  women  in  the  service,  fully  43% 
were  .detailed  to  overseas.  The  branches  of  the  National 
which  reported  the  largest  number  of  men  going  overseas 
were  the  Ohio  Division,  Warren,  Ohio,  and  the  Engineering 
Department,  Nela  Park.  Twenty-three  men  from  Ohio 
Division  sent  in  reports  for  this  book,  of  whom  fourteen, 
or  57%,  had  served  overseas,  one  being  in  the  American 
Army  of  Occupation.  The  Engineering  Department,  with 
thirty-three  men  reporting,  had  sixteen,  or  48%,  who  had 
either  been  overseas  or  were  stationed  in  foreign  waters. 
Other  divisions  or  departments  which  had  several  men 
across  were  the  Niles  Glass  Works  with  twelve,  the  Lamp 
Equipment  Division  with  eight  and  the  Operating  De- 
partment with  eleven.  Upon  the  signing  of  the  armistice, 
twelve  National  boys  marched  with  the  Allied  Armies  of 
Occupation  into  Germany. 

Twenty  National         To  the  weary  soldier  the  sound  of  taps 

Lads  Make  the  means  the  close  of  a  day  well  spent  and 

Supreme  Sacrifice        the  approach  of  a  promising  tomorrow. 

But  for  twenty  National  men  in  service, 

taps  marked  the  approach  of  their  last  day  on  earth.  Seven 
of  these  lads  made  the  supreme  sacrifice  on  the  field  of  battle, 
three  died  from  the  effect  of  wounds,  two  met  accidental  death, 
while  eight  died  from  natural  causes  in  the  camp  hospitals 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  15 

in  this  country  or  abroad.  The  National  organization  feels 
a  solemn  pride  in  the  twenty  gold  stars  in  its  service  flag,  for 
they  were  men  who  served  their  employers  dependably  in 
everyday  life  and  their  country  faithfully  in  time  of  war.  The 
list  of  those  who  gave  their  all  while  in  the  service  follows.  The 
service  records  of  these  men  can  be  found  by  turning  to  the 
pages  indicated. 

1.  John  Stewart  Allen,  from  wounds,  October  i2th,   1918. 
Returned  Lamp  Inspection  Department.  See  page  25. 

2.  Enoch   Edward   Brooks,    pneumonia,    April    3rd,    1918, 
Camp  Merritt,  New  Jersey.  Niles  Glass  Division.  Page  73. 

3.  George  Charles   Clancy,  in   action,  October  9th,    1918. 
Euclid   Glass   Division.   Page   76. 

4.  Robert  Temple  Coughlin,  accidental,  October  I7th,  1917, 
Camp   Sheridan.    Cleveland   Wire   Division.    Page   76. 

5.  James  Wilbur  Doll,  pneumonia,  November   loth,   1918, 
in  France.  Loudon  Glass   Division.  Page  63. 

6.  Jesse  Sales  Gardner,  bronchial  pneumonia,  October  7th, 
1918.  Ohio  Division.  Page  58. 

7.  Clarence   Hammell,   in    action,    September    26th,    1918. 
Oakland    Mazda   Lamp    Division.    Page    60. 

8.  Edward    Franklin    Hartman,    influenza,    October    I2th, 
1918,   at   Belmont   Road   Military  Hospital,   Liverpool, 
England.   St.  Louis   Mazda  Lamp   Division.  Page  94. 

9.  Datzel  Frederick  Hitchcock,   accidental,  December  7th, 
1918,    at   sea.    Engineering    Department.    Page    112. 

10.  Joseph    Raymond    Ingram,    pneumonia,    October    2nd, 
1918.  Camp  Sherman.  Loudon  Glass  Division.  Page  100. 

11.  Francis  Lee  Judd,  in  French  Hospital,  December  i7th, 
1918.   Oakland   Mazda   Lamp   Division.    Page   60. 

12.  Frank  Joseph  Kearney,  in  action,  September  i2th,  1918. 
Niles  Glass  Division.  Page  71.  *4 

13.  Noble  Calvin  Lintz,  in  action,  July  2ist,  1918.  Detroit 
Miniature  Lamp  Division.  Page  75. 

14.  Michael  O'Donnell,  in  action,  date  unknown.  Operating 
Department.  Page  21. 

15.  Leslie  Willard  Parker,  influenza,  November  2gth,  1918, 
at  Cleveland  Marine  Hospital.  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp 
Division.  Page  119. 

16.  Harry  Edward  Peffer,  in  action,  July   i4th,  1918.    Niles 
Glass  Division.  Page  68. 


16  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

17.  James  Edward  Sullivan,  pneumonia,  October  gth,  1918, 
Camp   Sherman.   Niles   Glass   Division.   Page   62. 

1 8.  Ray  Leland  Swartz,  in   action,  September  29th,   1918. 
Ohio  Division.  Page  55. 

19.  Harmon   Edward   Whiteman,  from   wounds,  November 
8th,   1918.  Niles  Glass  Division.  Page  64. 

20.  William  A.  Wilcox,  pneumonia,  December,  1918.    Euclid 
Glass  Division.    Page  77. 

Another  death  which  occurred  among  National's  service 
men  was  that  of  Lewis  Comiskey  of  the  Ivanhoe-Regent 
Works.  Although  the  end  came  after  Mr.  Comiskey  was 
discharged  from  the  army,  we  feel  that  since  he  had  been 
out  of  military  life  such  a  short  time  mention  should  be  made 
of  him  at  this  point.  His  service  record  will  be  found  on  page  52. 

"  Though  love  repine,  and  reason  chafe, 

There  came  a  voice  without  reply, — 
'  '  Tis  man's  perdition  to  be  safe 

When  for  the  truth  he  ought  to  die.'  " 

Battle  The  story  of  the  National's  heroes  would  not  be 

Scarred  complete  without  special  mention  of  those  who 
Veterans  were  wounded  or  gassed  while  exposed  to  enemy 
fire.  More  detailed  information  as  to  the  degree 
of  their  injuries  can  be  learned  by  referring  to  the  pages 
indicated.  This  list  would  undoubtedly  have  been  much 
longer  had  every  man  filed  a  complete  record  of  his  service. 

1.  Harry    E.    Baldauf,    Euclid   Glass    Division.    Page  60. 

2.  James   Burns,  Niles  Glass   Division.   Page  73. 

3.  Joseph  Cardinale,  Providence  Base  Works.    Page  81. 

4.  Fred  Colcord,  Oakland  Mazda.    Page  93. 

5.  Leroy    C.    Doane,    Ivanhoe-Regent    Works.    Page  41. 

6.  Nicholas  V.   Duff,  Returned  Lamp  Inspection    Depart- 
ment. Page   24. 

7.  Roy    H.    Evans,    Miniature    Lamp    Sales    Department. 
Page  23. 

8.  Carmelo  Fotte,  Providence  Base  Works.     Page  72. 

9.  Arthur   D.   Gibbs,   Niles   Glass   Division.   Page   71. 
10.     Fred  S.  Gregory,  Ohio  Division.    Page  56. 

n.  Roger  F.  Hartman,  Puritan  Refilled  Lamp  Division. 
Page  86. 

12.  George  B.  Hayman,  Cleveland  Miniature  Lamp  Divi- 
sion. Page  59. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  '17 

13.  William  G.  Hilling,  Cleveland  Wire  Division.  Page  73. 

14.  Herbert    C.    Masonbrink,    Lamp    Equipment    Division. 
Page  74. 

15.  Joseph    S.    Merrick,    Loudon    Glass    Division.    Page  69. 

1 6.  George   M.   Nibeck,   Euclid  Glass   Division.   Page   61. 

17.  William   McLure   Rosborough,   Shelby  Lamp   Division. 
Page  47. 

1 8.  William  Ross,  Credit  Department.  Page  27. 

19.  T.  Harold  Sankey,  Operating  Department.    Page  21. 

20.  Francis  J.  Savage,  Nela  Press.     Page  27. 

21.  David  Stambler,  Puritan  Refilled  Lamp  Division.  Page  55. 

22.  William  F.  Steinhurst,  Loudon  Glass  Division.  Page  69. 

23.  Frank  C.  Williams,  Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Division. 
Page  99. 

There  were  among  National's  service  men  four  on  whose 
breasts  were  pinned  medals  awarded  by  the  .United  States 
Government,  or  the  governments  of  our  allies,  for  heroism 
on  the  field  of  battle  or  exceptional  services  rendered  in  in- 
dustry during  the  Great  War.  These  four  include  Nicholas  V. 
Duflf  of  the  Returned  Lamp  Inspection  Department  (see 
page  24),  who  was  awarded  the  French  Distinguished  Service 
Medal  for  bravery  in  the  Argonne  drive;  David  Stambler 
of  the  Puritan  Refilled  Division  (mentioned  further  on  page 
55),  the  Croix  de  Guerre  for  meritorious  service  at  Chateau- 
Thierry;  Horace  W.  Beck,  Jr.  of  the  Columbia  Lamp  Divi- 
sion, whose  service  record  will  be  found  on  page  54,  the  Croix 
de  Guerre,  and  Colonel  F.  M.  Dorsey  of  the  Lamp  Develop- 
ment Laboratory,  the  Distinguished  Service  Cross  for  work 
done  as  Chief  of  the  Development  Division  of  the  Chemical 
Warfare  Service.  Besides  these  men  Walter  Sturrock  of  the 
Engineering  Department,  referred  to  on  page  126,  was  cited 
by  General  Pershing  for  "exceptionally  meritorious  and 
conspicuous  services." 

Service  In  fulfilling  their  duties  "National"  men  saw  service 
in  Many  in  many  different  countries  and  territories.  From 
Climes  within  the  borders  of  their  own  land  they  went 
to  serve  in  the  trenches  along  the  frontiers  of 
France,  in  ravished  Belgium,  along  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  in  the  hills  of  sunny  Italy.  Some  traveled  among 
the  foothills  of  the  snow-peaked  Alps,  others  journeyed  to 


i8  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

little  Serbia  or  crossed  the  Pacific  to  the  balmy  islands  of 
Hawaii.  Many  did  duty  in  the  North  Sea,  while  in  the  Dardan- 
elles, too,  were  National  representatives.  Six  listed  themselves 
in  the  Canadian  Army  and  served  with  the  daring  which  was 
characteristic  of  that  splendid  body.  One  served  with  the 
British,  while  one  allied  himself  with  the  plucky  Serbians 
against  the  common  foe. 

In  going  over  the  data  available  for  this  volume  it  was 
found  that  the  National  was  represented  in  thirty-six  Amer- 
ican Army  Divisions,  and  in  the  American  Lafayette  Esca- 
drille  (aviation).  Among  the  overseas  combatant  divisions 
which  contained  lads  from  the  National  Lamp  Works  were 
the  ist,  2nd,  3rd,  4th,  5th,  6th,  26th,  27th,  28th,  29th,  joth, 
3 ist,  32nd,  33rd,  35th,  37th,  42nd,  77th,  78th,  79th,  8ist, 
82nd,  84th,  86th,  87th,  88th,  89th,  and  9 ist.  The  overseas 
depot  divisions,  4ist,  76th  and  83rd,  were  well  represented, 
as  were  also  the  nth,  I2th,  i4th,  i6th,  and  2oth  divisions, 
which  were  in  training  in  the  United  States  when  the  armistice 
was  signed. 

Several  of  the  above  mentioned  overseas  combatant  divi- 
sions were  particularly  active,  the  ist  taking  part  in  the  Mont- 
didier-Noyon  defensive  and  the  offensives  of  Aisne-Marne, 
St.  Mihiel  and  Meuse-Argonne;  the  2nd  Division  partici- 
pated in  the  same  three  offensives  and  in  the  defense  of  Aisne. 
The  26th  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  three  major  drives 
just  mentioned;  the  28th  Division,  besides  being  instrumental 
in  the  defense  of  Aisne  was  active  at  Aisne-Marne,  Oise-Aisne 
and  Meuse-Argonne,  while  the  37th  Division,  which  contained 
more  National  men  than  any  other  army  division,  aided 
in  the  offensives  of  Meuse-Argonne,  Ypres-Lys  and  St.  Mihiel. 
The  deeds  of  the  other  divisions  are  just  as  worthy  of  note, 
for  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  men  of  any  one  division  were 
more  capable  or  more  deserving  of  praise  than  the  lads  of 
any  other.  All  played  the  part  allotted  to  them  nobly  and  had 
the  opportunity  presented  itself  the  Yanks  who  never  aimed 
a  rifle  at  a  Hun  would  have  rendered  an  account  just  as 
brilliant  as  did  those  who  were  marched  to  the  front  lines. 

In  narrating  the  experiences  of  National  men  we  have 
deemed  it  advisable  to  separate  the  Army,  Navy  and  Air 
Forces.  Under  each  of  these  headings  the  National  is  taken 
up  by  the  following  sections: 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


FRANCO-AMERICAN 
OFFENSIVE     19t8 


The  darkest  areas 

are      those      most 

often    fought    over 

by  the  Allies. 


0  10  10  M 


PRINCIPAL 

BATTLE  AREAS 

ON  THE 

WESTERN 

FRONT 


Published 
by  Courtesy  of 

The 
Independent 


2O  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

1.  General  Offices  and  Laboratories. 

2.  Sales  Divisions. 

3.  Manufacturing  Divisions. 

The  purpose  of  the  Military  Service  Chapter  of  this  vol- 
ume has  been  to  describe  the  war  service  rendered  by  men 
and  women  who  were  in  the  employ  of  the  National  Lamp 
Works  at  the  time  of  entering  service.  Information  was  solicited 
from  these  persons  only.  However,  as  a  few  men,  who  were 
not  employed  by  the  National  organization  until  after  their 
return  to  civilian  life,  voluntarily  contributed  the  record 
of  their  experiences,  we  have  been  glad  to  interweave  their 
stories  among  the  rest. 

One  naturally  wishes  that  every  fellow  in  khaki,  blue 
or  kilts  had  engaged  an  expert  photographer  to  accompany 
him  in  the  service,  so  that  we  might  be  well  supplied  with 
photos,  both  personal  and  landscape.  But  as  Uncle  Sam's 
Army  Rules  decreed  that  all  photographic  paraphernalia 
should  be  left  at  home  we  are  consequently  made  to  suffer. 
Many  men  were  fortunate  enough  to  secure  casual  snapshots 
of  themselves  but  in  some  cases  these  pictures  were  not  clear 
enough  to  be  reproduced  in  an  engraving.  This  will  account 
for  the  omission  of  a  few  of  the  prints  which  our  friends  were 
kind  enough  to  submit  for  this  volume. 

Some  of  the  photographs  reproduced  in  this  volume  were, 
as  will  be  noted  by  the  captions,  supplied  by  National  Lamp 
men  and  women  who  were  in  service,  or  had  relatives  "over 
there."  A  majority  of  the  remaining  photographs  of  general 
interest  are  from  Underwood  and  Underwood,  New  York. 


W.  Carroll  Keenan 
William  Allsopp 
Myron  J.  Bechhold 


Horace  M.  Hitch 
Crawford  G.  Nixon 
George  H.  Smith 


Wilbur  M.  Johnson 
Frank  J.  Wishon 
Cormine  Dipietro 


Carl  C.  Walker 
John  Komick 
Herschel  R.  Gilbert 
Roy  H.  Evans 


Bradford  Whiting 
Charles  C.  Linerode 
John  S.  Allen 
Walter  L.  Warren 


Charles  E.  Savage 
PhiHp  Cress 
Louis  B.  Allen 
Nicholas  V.  Duff 


THE  ARMY  FORCES 

GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES 

THE  INFANTRY 

The  Infantry  asserted  itself  among  the  General  Offices 
and  Laboratories  as  the  greatest  employer  of  men.  Approxi- 
mately 19%  of  those  entering  service  from  this  section  of 
the  National  were  in  infantry  regiments  of  the  Regular  or 
National  Armies.  Among  these  Robert  F.  Baker  of  the  Engi- 
neering Department  had  a  unique  experience,  for  he  informs 
us  that  he  enlisted  three  times.  We  observe,  however,  that 
he  was  discharged  but  once.  Bob's  first  duty  was  along  the 
Mexican  border  in  1916,  and  when  war  broke  out  with  Germany 
he  re-enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  i45th  Infantry  of  the  37th 
Division,  stationed  at  Camp  Sheridan.  His  overseas  partici- 
pation consisted  of  nine  months'  service,  engaged  in  holding 
sectors  at  Baccarat,  St.  Mihiel  and  Avocourt  and  in  the 
Meuse-Argonne  and  the  two  Ypres-Lys  offensives.  He  was 
discharged  May  8th,  1919,  with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant. 

The  Operating  Department  was  represented  in  the 
Infantry  by  several  men,  six  of  whom  were  across.  Among 
them  was  W.  Carroll  Keenan,  a  member  of  Company  C  of 
the  33  ist  Infantry,  83rd  Division,  which  trained  at  Camp 
Sherman.  "Cal"  was  overseas  for  eight  months,  stationed 
at  Le  Havre,  Montargis,  La  Suze,  Noyon,  Chemire,  Bourdons, 
Le  Mans,  Brest  and  several  other  places.  He  was  discharged 
February  8th,  1919,  and  returned  to  Nela.  Walter  R.  Mattern 
was  also  with  the  33ist  Regiment  and  had  a  similar  service 
record,  while  T.  Harold  Sankey  was  drafted  October  2nd, 
1917,  and  sent  to  Camp  Sherman.  He  was  assigned  to  Company 
M  of  the  23rd  Infantry  and  later  transferred  to  Camp  Pike, 
Arkansas.  Sankey  arrived  in  France  July  7th  and  on  October 
2nd,  while  participating  in  the  action  along  the  Champagne 
Front,  between  Rheims  and  Verdun,  fell  into  a  shell-hole  and 
suffered  injuries  to  his  back  and  left  knee.  Upon  discharge  from 
service,  Sankey  returned  to  the  Operating  Department. 

Among  those  making  the  supreme  sacrifice  was  Michael 
O'Donnell,  who  was  employed  by  the  Operating  Department 
as  a  laborer.  He  was  inducted  September  i8th,  1917,  and 


22  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

assigned  to  Company  K,  Jjist  Infantry.  After  training  at 
Camp  Sherman  he  was  sent  overseas  in  December,  1917.  We 
were  unable  to  learn  the  details  of  his  death,  except  that  he 
died  a  soldier  and  a  hero  on  the  field  of  battle. 

Brothers  Laurence  Rossington  of  the  Publicity  Department, 
From  hailing  originally  from  Blighty,  couldn't  resist 

Blighty  the  call  from  across  the  Lake,  and  on  August  26, 
1916,  joined  the  2415!  Battalion  of  the  Canadian 
Scottish  Borderers.  He  was  later  transferred  to  the  48th 
Highlanders.  Laurence's  army  training  was  received  at  Wind- 
sor, Ontario,  Canada,  and  West  Sandling  and  Witley,  England. 
He  also  saw  service  in  France  but,  being  sworn  to  secrecy 
by  the  Canadian  Government,  he  refused  to  discuss  any  of 
his  personal  experiences.  Rossington  upon  receiving  his  dis- 
charge July  nth,  1919,  was  employed  by  the  Engineering 
Department. 

Laurence's  brother  Wallace,  of  the  Large  Lamp  Sales 
Department,  who  termed  himself  the  "Pocket  Hercules" 
with  his  106  pounds  avoirdupois,  enlisted  May  2ist,  1917, 
in  the  4th  Divisional  Signal  Company  of  the  Canadian  Army 
and  was  transferred  to  the  2nd  Eastern  Ontario  Infantry 
Regiment,  and  still  later  to  the  Royal  Canadian  Engineers. 
Wallace  was  more  talkative  than  his  brother,  and  told  the 
following  story  on  himself.  Going  on  sick  call  one  day,  he 
was  asked  by  the  medical  officer,  who  Wallace  admits  was  a 
fine  veterinary  surgeon,  what  his  physical  trouble  was.  Upon 
getting  this  information,  the  officer  exclaimed,  "But,  my  man, 
if  you  had  this  trivial  ailment  in  civil  life  you  wouldn't  come 
to  me,  would  you?"  to  which  Rossington  said  he  replied 
indignantly,  "No,  sir!  I'd  go  to  a  real  doctor!" 

Rossington  ranked  as  regimental  sergeant  major  and  was 
discharged  March  Jist,  1919. 

William  Allsopp  of  the  Equipment  Development  Depart- 
ment, a  Blighty  by  birth,  a  wood  pattern  maker  by  trade, 
and  an  infantryman  by  selective  service,  was  inducted  May 
24th,  1918  and  assigned  to  Company  A,  ist  Infantry  Replace- 
ment Regiment  at  Camp  Gordon  but  was  later  transferred  to 
Camp  Sherman.  He  was  discharged  January  22nd,  1919, 
ranking  as  sergeant.  George  E.  Hathaway  of  the  Nela  Re- 
search Laboratory  was  inducted  November  I2th,  1917,  and 
ordered  to  Camp  Sherman.  He  was  placed  on  the  roster  of 


THE  INFANTRY  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  23 

Company  C  of  the  33  ist  Infantry.  George  was  afterwards 
transferred  to  Fort  Leavenworth  and  from  there  to  Camp 
Meade,  meanwhile  being  assigned  to  a  signal  officers'  training 
school  where  he  ranked  as  sergeant. 

''''Zero  Hour'-  On  the  list  of  those  wounded  in  action  was 
Evans  Describes  Roy  H.  Evans  of  the  Miniature  Lamp 
//.  Sales  Department.  Entering  service  May 

25th,  1918,  he  was  sent  to  Camp  Gordon 
where  he  was  assigned  to  the  9th  Company  of  the  ist  Replace- 
ment Regiment.  He  trained  there  until  July  1510  when  his 
outfit  was  transferred  to  Camp  Merritt  and  prepared  for  over- 
seas. Seven  days  later  his  regiment  embarked  for  France,  sailing 
on  the  English  steamer  Carmania,  with  a  convoy  of  twenty- 
four  ships.  The  Carmania  docked  at  Liverpool,  England, 
on  August  3rd  and  August  9th,  under  cover  of  darkness,  the 
regiment  was  transported  to  Le  Havre,  France.  An  eight-mile 
hike  brought  them  to  Camp  Sinvic,  where  they  remained 
overnight.  The  following  day  the  men  were  loaded  on  those 
long-to-be-remembered  French  cars  marked  8  CHEVAUX 
ET  40  HOMMES  (8  horses  and  40  men).  After  travelling 
three  days  and  three  nights,  the  boys  arrived  at  St.  Aignan, 
where  a  large  classification  camp  was  located.  At  this  camp 
the  ist  Replacement  Regiment  was  divided,  Roy  being 
transferred  to  Company  A  of  the  39th  Regiment,  4th  Division. 
On  September  26th,  1918,  after  many  weeks  of  instruction 
in  throwing  bombs  and  hand-grenades  and  in  bayonet  and 
gas  drill  he  had  his  first  taste  of  trench  life  in  the  Argonne 
Forest.  The  following  day  he  went  over  the  top,  and  on  the 
29th  he  was  wounded  in  the  left  thigh  by  a  machine-gun 
bullet.  Due  to  bad  roads  and  heavy  traffic,  it  was  eighteen 
hours  before  he  reached  an  evacuation  hospital.  After  three 
days  in  Base  Hospital  No.  53,  twenty  days  in  Base  Hospital 
No  20  at  Chatel-Guyon,  and  in  hospitals  at  Savaney,  he  was 
declared  unfit  for  further  service,  due  to  "drop  foot,"  and 
was  returned  to  the  United  States.  On  December  i6th  he 
landed  at  Newport  News,  Virginia,  and  was  discharged  from 
service  at  Columbus  Barracks,  Columbus,  Ohio,  February 
3rd,  1919.  Evans  describes  a  Yank  onslaught  in  the  following 
words : 

"The  noise  and  the  fury  reached  its  crescendo,  or  most 
deafening  climax,  in  the  last  few  minutes  before  the  'zero  hour.' 


24  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Zero  hour  was  5:30  A.  M.,  and  we  had  been  instructed  that 
at  this  time  we  were  to  go  over  the  top.  At  five  o'clock  the  first 
faint  signs  of  dawn  began  creeping  through  the  mist  and  fog 
that  hung  low  over  the  ground,  and  at  5:15  we  were  ordered 
to  stand  to.  We  lined  up  in  the  trench,  made  the  straps  on 
our  light  packs  more  secure,  adjusted  our  equipment,  pulled 
in  our  belts  a  couple  of  notches  and  waited  for  the  zero  hour. 
This  is  the  period  of  most  painful  expectancy,  and  many 
anxious  eyes  followed  the  minute  hands  on  illuminated  watches. 
The  noise  sounded  as  if  the  gates  of  hell  had  opened  up.  At 
last,  5:30!  —  the  zero  hour  had  come.  At  a  given  command 
we  all  scrambled  up  and  out  and  over  the  top,  yelling  like 
madmen.  Forward  we  went — it  was  a  sight  to  carry  with  you 
to  the  grave — swarming  like  a  multitude  of  bees  from  a 
great  hive.  Out  and  on  and  over  the  top  we  went." 

Continuing,  he  says: 

"We  kept  pushing  ahead  for  the  next  two  days  over  hills, 
through  wee  small  towns  and  through  woods  and  ravines. 
Day  and  night  long  lines  of  prisoners  and  of  stretcher  bearers 
carrying  wounded  filed  to  the  rear.  Airplanes  fought  overhead 
and  crashed  to  earth.  Observation  balloons  came  down  in 
flames.  Machine-guns  spit  and  artillery  roared.  At  times  we 
literally  had  to  hack  our  way  through  the  jungle  of  woods 
growths.  At  times  it  was  like  playing  hide  and  seek,  as  very 
few  Jerries  could  be  seen.  They  were  like  will-o'-the-wisps, 
here,  there  and  everywhere,  concealed  in  underground  dug- 
outs and  trees,  always  with  an  eye  on  you — but  you  couldn't 
see  them." 

France  Awards  Among  the  wounded  and  medal  wearers 
D.  S.  Medal  was  Nicholas  V.  Duff  of  the  Returned  Lamp 

to  Duff  Inspection     Department.     Inducted     May 

24th,  1918,  assigned  to  the  59th  Infantry 
of  the  4th  Division,  securing  his  preliminary  training  at  Camps 
Gordon  and  Merritt,  Duff  was  sent  overseas  where  he  took  part 
in  the  action  at  Chateau-Thierry,  St.  Mihiel  and  in  the  Ar- 
gonne.  In  the  Argonne  drive  he  was  wounded  in  the  right  leg  by 
shrapnel,  but  recovered  sufficiently  to  resume  his  place  with 
the  regiment.  Late  in  September  he  was  again  overtaken  by 
misfortune,  this  time  being  so  severely  wounded  by  machine- 
gun  fire  that  the  vision  of  his  right  eye  was  affected.  We  are 
happy  to  record,  however,  that  his  services  did  not  go  un- 


Upper  Photo — Nela  Operating  Building. 
Middle  Photo — Administration  Building. 
Lower  Photo — Sales  Building. 


John  A.  Walsh 


Theodore  S.  Jewell 


Altamont  S.  Barker 


Laurence  Rossin^ton   Wallace  Rossington         William  Ross 
Thomas  J.  Cunningham  Robt.  F.  Baker 


George  F.  Smith 
Thomas  L.  Weir 


Charles  L.  Holm 
George  F..  Hathaway 


Herbert  W.  Ellis 
Lincoln  J.  Tefft 


THE  INFANTRY  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  25 

rewarded,  for  Duff  was  given  the  French  Distinguished 
Service  Medal  for  his  valorous  deeds  in  the  Argonne. 

Louis  B.  Allen  and  John  Stewart  Allen,  twin  brothers, 
were  born  September  26th,  1893.  On  May  25th,  1918,  both  were 
inducted  and  sent  to  Camp  Gordon,  where  Louis  was  attached 
to  Company  I  of  the  28th  Infantry,  ist  Division,  and  John 
to  the  29th  Company  of  the  3rd  Infantry  Replacement  Regi- 
ment, and  later  to  Company  M,  the  1 8th  Infantry,  ist  Division. 
On  September  25th,  1919,  Louis  was  discharged  from  the 
Army  at  Camp  Meade;  but  John  lies  where  he  fought  and  died 
—in  France. 

Embarking  for  overseas  July  22nd,  1918,  Louis  Allen 
of  the  Operating  Department  landed  in  Cherbourg,  France. 
His  part  was  taken  in  the  defense  of  Saizerais  sector,  the 
St.  Mihiel  offensive  and  the  Meuse-Argonne  drive,  October 
ist  to  October  I2th,  1918.  On  December  I3th,  1918  Louis 
marched  with  the  Army  of  Occupation  into  Germany  and 
remained  in  that  country  until  August  I5th,  1919.  He  landed 
at  Hoboken  September  4th  and  was  discharged  at  Camp 
Meade  September  25th,  1919. 

John  Allen,  who  was  employed  as  a  lamp  inspector  by 
the  Returned  Lamp  Inspection  Department,  went  to  France 
with  the  ist  Division.  For  a  time  he  was  located  south  of  Toul 
and  on  August  4th,  1918,  his  Regiment  was  transferred  to  the 
Seizanes  sector,  subsequently  moving  to  the  Vaucouleurs  area 
and  Sevigny.  From  September  I3th  to  September  i6th  he 
was  in  the  St.  Mihiel  sector  and  proceeded  from  there  to 
Bois-la-ville.  It  was  in  the  Argonne  drive,  in  which  he  took 
part  from  October  ist  to  October  nth,  that  Allen  was  wounded 
several  times,  and  gassed.  On  October  I2th,  1918,  he  died 
from  the  effect  of  these  wounds.  He  was  buried  in  the  American 
Cemetery  at  Froides,  Chateau-de-Salvange,  France. 

Harold  C.  Boulton  of  Company  C,  329th  Infantry,  83rd 
Division,  saw  overseas  service  with  that  body  and  was  sta- 
tioned in  the  training  area  of  Yvre  La  Polin,  France.  Boulton 
narrated  the  following  conversation  as  taking  place  between 
an  American  negro  who  had  just  arrived  overseas,  and  a 
coal-black  Algerian.  The  American  darkey,  having  addressed 
the  Algerian  and  receiving  no  reply,  could  not  understand 
why  the  latter  did  not  answer,  and  believing  him  to  be  a 
newly-arrived  American  soldier  exclaimed  pitifully,  "Partner, 


a6  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

you  don't  mean  to  say  you-all  done  lost  yo'  speech  already?" 

Boulton  upon  returning  from  service  was  employed  by 
the  Glass  Technology  Department. 

George  F.  Smith  of  the  Chemical  Laboratory  was  drafted 
September  3rd,  1918,  into  the  34th  Company,  9th  Training 
Battalion  of  the  I58th  Depot  Brigade  at  Camp  Sherman, 
but  was  later  given  an  indefinite  furlough  to  teach  chemistry 
in  the  Student  Army  Training  Corps  at  the  University  of 
Michigan.  John  Komick  of  the  Operating  Department  re- 
nounced his  allegiance  to  the  German  Emperor  that  he  might 
fight  for  his  adopted  country.  Komick  was  drafted  October 
3rd,  1917,  and  served  at  Camps  Sherman  and  Lee.  He  was 
attached  to  the  25th  Company,  7th  Training  Battalion, 
and  later  to  the  9th  Company,  3rd  Battalion,  being  discharged 
December  3ist,  1918. 

Drafted  September  7th,  1917,  John  L.  Eddy  of  the 
Operating  Department  was  sent  to  Camp  Sherman  and 
attached  to  a  supply  company  of  the  33ist  Infantry.  He 
went  overseas  with  the  83rd  Division,  sailing  from  Montreal, 
Canada,  June  6th,  1918.  Upon  his  arrival  in  France,  Eddy 
was  transferred  to  Company  I  of  the  H2th  Infantry,  28th 
Division.  He  saw  action  at  Thiaucourt,  where  he  went  over 
the  top  twice  and  brought  back  prisoners  each  time.  After 
eleven  months  overseas  he  was  ordered  home,  and  was  dis- 
charged May  I7th,  19.19. 

Another  infantryman  was  Edward  du  Bois  Stryker,  Jr., 
who  enlisted  in  July,  1915,  in  the  7th  New  York  National 
Guard.  The  7th  Regiment  was  later  known  as  the  io7th 
Infantry  and  Stryker  was  on  its  roster  for  three  years.  For 
a  time  he  served  along  the  Texas  border  and  was  then  detailed 
to  Camp  Wadsworth,  Spartanburg,  South  Carolina.  Stryker 
was  later  employed  by  the  Engineering  Department. 

Others  in  the  Infantry  were  Ira  Talbott  of  the  Equipment 
Development  Department,  who  was  drafted  September  3rd, 
1918  and  served  three  months  in  the  i6th  Company,  4th 
Training  Battalion,  I58th  Depot  Brigade  at  Camp  Sherman; 
Carmine  Dipietro  of  the  Operating  Department  who  was 
inducted  July  24th,  1918,  and  attached  to  the  2nd  Provincial 
Regiment,  I56th  Depot  Brigade  at  Camp  Jackson,  South 
Carolina,  and  Fred  C.  Kathe  who  was  transferred  from  the 
Student  Army  Training  Corps  detachment  at  Michigan 
Agricultural  College  to  Company  I,  2nd  Battalion  of  the 


THE  ARTILLERY  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  27 

Central  Infantry  Officers'  Training  School  at  Camp  McArthur, 
Waco,  Texas.  He  was  in  the  service  from  October  2nd,  1918  to 
December  2nd,  1918.  Upon  being  released  Kathe  was  employed 
by  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory. 

Three  Nela  Press  boys  in  the  infantry  were  William  E. 
Schroeder,  Paul  Catano  and  James  F.  Savage.  Schroeder  was 
drafted  May  24th,  1918,  and  sent  to  Camp  Gordon  where 
he  was  with  the  2jrd  Company  of  the  ist  Replacement  Regi- 
ment. Other  camps  at  which  he  served  were  Upton,  Merritt 
and  Sherman.  He  was  discharged  as  a  private,  ist  class, 
May  ijth,  1919.  Catano,  who  was  employed  by  Nela  Press 
as  a  press  feeder,  was  in  an  infantry  regiment  but  information 
concerning  his  army  service  is  not  available.  Savage  was 
drafted  September  29th,  1917,  and  assigned  to  the  5th  Train- 
ing Battalion  at  Camp  Sherman.  He  was  transferred  to  the 
348th  Infantry,  8yth  Division,  at  Camp  Pike  but  went  over- 
seas as  a  replacement.  He  eventually  entered  the  ranks  of 
Company  A,  2jrd  Infantry,  2nd  Division,  and  participated 
with  that  outfit  in  several  actions.  Besides  being  wounded  in 
the  heel  by  a  machine-gun  bullet  while  taking  part  in  the 
Argonne  Drive,  Savage  suffered  the  effects  of  a  German 
gas  attack. 

ARTILLERY 

Field  Artillery. —  Curiously  enough,  some  men  wanted 
to  look  into  something  bigger  and  more  destructive  than  an 
Army  Springfield  and  consequently  enlisted  in  the  various 
branches  of  the  artillery.  Among  this  number  were  five  Nela 
boys  who  enlisted  in  the  I35th  Field  Artillery,  namely  Alta- 
mont  S.  Barker  of  the  Engineering  Department,  Fred  I. 
Sheppard  of  Statistical,  William  Ross  of  Credit,  Lincoln 
J.  Tefft  of  Administration  and  Rudolph  T.  Bard  of  Nela  Press. 

Barker  enlisted  April  2jrd,  1917,  and  was  stationed  at 
Camp  Sheridan,  Alabama.  After  landing  in  France  he  was 
in  the  following  engagements: 

Marbache  sector,  Lorraine,  October  2nd  to  October  igth, 
1918. 

Troyon  sector,  St.  Mihiel  Front,  October  2oth  to  No- 
vember 8th,  1918. 

Thiaucourt,  November  gth  to  November  nth,  1918. 

Rudolph  Bard  enlisted  April  I2th,  1917,  and  was  attached 


28  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

to  Battery  C.  He  attained  the  rank  of  sergeant  and  was  in 
these  actions: 

Marbache  sector,  Lorraine,  October  I2th  to  October 
23rd,  1918. 

Troyon  sector,  St.  Mihiel,  October  28th  to  November  8th. 

Thiaucourt  sector,  November  9th  to  November  nth. 

Sheppard,  Ross  and  Tefft  were  in  Battery  F,  iJ5th 
Artillery,  and  participated  in  the  same  engagements  as  Barker 
and  Bard.  Ross  was  the  only  unfortunate  man,  being  slightly 
wounded  while  under  enemy  fire  in  the  Marbache  sector 
near  Pont-a-Mousson.  All  five  were  discharged  from  the 
Army  April  nth,  1919,  and  returned  to  Nela. 

Lieutenant  Sidney  Caswell,  whose  service  record  is  to 
be  found  on  page  42,  commanded  the  firing  battery  to  which 
Ross  was  attached.  Concerning  Ross,  Caswell  wrote: 

"The  night  that  Bill  was  wounded,  our  position  near 
Pont-a-Mousson  was  being  very  heavily  shelled  by  210  m.  m. 
guns.  The  Germans  continued  this  shelling  for  seven  hours, 
making  the  position  quite  uncomfortable. 

"Ross  was  telephone  operator  in  the  telephone  dugout. 
Very  early  in  the  evening  our  communication  was  cut  off  and 
Bill  endeavored  on  several  different  occasions  to  re-establish 
communication  under  heavy  shell  fire.  Later  we  had  a  direct 
hit  on  the  telephone  dugout,  the  shell  getting  about  fifteen 
men,  among  them  being  Ross.  We  had  to  pull  him  out  and  I 
ordered  him  to  the  rear.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  he  was 
very  badly  wounded  and  could  hardly  talk,  he  wished  to  stay 
at  the  position. 

"On  another  occasion,  when  he  was  not  in  a  fit  condition, 
I  visited  him  at  the  hospital  and  he  begged  me  to  take  him 
back  to  the  front,  which  of  course  was  impossible  at  that  time. 

"Ross  displayed  unusual  heroism  during  the  entire  time 
he  was  at  the  front." 

Corwin  T.  Kirkpatrick  enlisted  May  28th,  1918,  in  the 
4th  Field  Artillery  Regiment  and  was  located  at  Camp  Shelby, 
Mississippi;  Camp  Logan,  Texas;  Fort  Sill,  Oklahoma,  and 
with  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces  from  October  28th, 
1918  to  January  28th,  1919.  Before  going  overseas  he  was 
transferred  to  the  8jrd  Regiment  and  while  in  France  was  a 
member  of  the  Guard  of  Honor  to  President  Wilson  when  the 
latter  landed  in  Brest  for  the  first  time.  On  being  discharged 


THE  ARTILLERY  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  29 

from  the  Army  February  I9th,  1919,  Kirkpatrick  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Equipment  Development  Department. 

Inducted  October  5th,  1917  as  a  private,  Charles  L. 
Holm  of  the  Engineering  Department,  after  eleven  months' 
Army  training,  was  promoted  to  second  lieutenant  of  artillery. 
He  reported  at  Camp  Taylor,  Kentucky,  early  in  October, 
1917,  and  was  assigned  to  Company  C  of  the  JO9th  Field 
Signal  Battalion.  He  was  later  transferred  to  Camp  Jackson 
and  after  a  period  of  training  at  that  camp  was  detailed  over- 
seas. Holm  arrived  in  France  July  5th,  1918,  and  from 
July  loth  to  September  I5th  was  at  the  Saumur  Artillery 
School,  where  he  was  commissioned  and  assigned  to  the  31 2th 
Field  Artillery. 

Crawford  G.  Nixon  of  Standardizing  Department,  upon 
entering  service  July  8th,  1918,  was  attached  to  the  5th 
Company,  2nd  Battalion,  I54th  Depot  Brigade,  at  Camp 
Meade,  Maryland.  He  had  been  on  duty  there  but  a  short 
time,  however,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  artillery  station 
at  Camp  Taylor,  Kentucky.  At  the  time  of  his  discharge  from 
service  Nixon  had  attained  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant. 

A  TASK  WITH  A  REAL  "PUNCH"  To  IT 

Coast  This  branch  was  represented  by  Edward  N.  Horr 
Artillery  of  the  Engineering  Department,  who  enlisted  as  a 
second  lieutenant,  October  26th,  1917.  He  was 
detailed  as  an  instructor  in  orientation  and  heavy  artillery 
gunnery.  Ed  used  to  take  keen  delight  in  watching  a  brig- 
adier-general and  four  colonels  hit  the  "punch"  in  a  dry  state, 
but  does  not  say  whether  he  was  always  an  onlooker  or  at 
times  may  have  been  the  sixth  member  of  the  party.  At  any 
rate  Horr  took  great  pride  in  the  fact  that  he  was  not  dis- 
charged from  the  Army.  He  "resigned"  January  loth,  1919, 
after  attaining  the  rank  of  captain. 

Heavy  Ray  B.  Griffing  enlisted  July  I7th,  1918,  and  was 
Artillery  assigned  to  Battery  E  of  the  38th  Regiment.  He 
trained  at  Fort  Hamilton,  Camp  Stuart  and  Camp 
Wads  worth  where  he  was  promoted  to  sergeant.  On  Nov- 
ember nth,  1918,  Ray  was  in  mid-ocean  on  his  way  to  France 
and  was  very  disappointed  that  he  could  not  at  least  have  put 
foot  on  foreign  soil.  Upon  his  discharge  from  the  Army, 
Griffing  was  employed  by  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory. 


30  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

MACHINE-GUN 

Enlisting  February  2ist,  1918,  in  the  Western  Ontario 
Reserves,  Joseph  A.  Molloy  of  the  Operating  Department 
received  his  preliminary  training  at  Queens  Park,  London, 
Canada.  He  was  then  sent  to  England  where  he  secured 
additional  intensive  training  at  Bramshott  and  Seaford.  On 
August  1 7th,  1918,  he  arrived  in  France.  Meanwhile  he 
had  been  transferred  to  the  jrd  Canadian  Machine-Gun 
Battalion,  with  which  outfit  he  experienced  all  the  thrills  of 
his  active  service.  On  August  2oth,  Joe  was  marched  to 
the  front  line  and  on  the  following  day  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Arras.  Other  engagements  in  which  he  saw  action 
were  the  battles  of  Queant  Drocourt,  Bourlon  Woods, 
Cambrai  and  Valenciennes.  He  returned  to  Nela  upon 
being  discharged  from  the  Canadian  Army  March  29th,  1919. 

ENGINEER  CORPS 

Carl  C.  Walker  and  Charles  Elmer  Savage,  being  con- 
nected with  the  Engineering  Department  at  Nela,  thought 
it  sound  logic  to  join  the  Engineers.  Elmer's  "hunch"  was  a 
very  good  one,  as  will  appear  presently.  Enlisting  April  joth, 
1917,  in  the  H2th  Regiment  of  the  37th  Division,  he  spent 
several  months  at  Fort  Sheridan,  Illinois,  and  Camp  Sheridan, 
Alabama;  after  which  he  went  overseas,  seeing  action  at 
Meuse-Argonne,  St.  Mihiel,  Scheldt- Ypres,  Ypres-Lys  and 
in  the  Baccarat  sector.  Savage  must  have  enjoyed  his  trip 
immensely,  for  his  letters  home  always  dealt  with  the  humorous 
side  of  the  life.  For  example,  he  gave  us  the  following  con- 
versation overheard  between  two  negroes.  They  were  dis- 
cussing the  U.  S.  and  U.  S.  N.  A.  buttons.  Said  the  one, 
"What's  the  U.  S.  N.  A.  stand  for  anyway?"  Retorted  the 
other,  "Say,  Nigger,  you  mus'  be  ignorant.  That  means  Uncle 
Sam's  Nigger  Army."  Savage  was  discharged  April  i6th,  1919. 

Carl  Walker  entered  service  May  nth,  1917,  with  Com- 
pany B  of  the  1 1 2th  Engineers  and  trained  at  Fort  Sheridan, 
Illinois;  Camp  Sheridan,  Alabama,  and  Camp  Lee,  Virginia. 
He  was  discharged  February  I2th,  1919,  being  at  that  date 
with  the  Central  Records  Office  of  General  Headquarters. 

Monroe  J.  Fried  of  Nela  Press  also  enlisted  in  the  ii2th 
Engineers  and  was  assigned  to  Company  B.  His  training 
was  received  at  Camp  Willis,  Ohio;  Fort  Sheridan,  Illinois; 


The  First  American  Flag  to  fly  over  a  German  Fort  across  the  Rhine 
Fort  Ehrenbreitstein 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Lieut.  Wilber  Johnson) 


There  were  Play  Hours  as  Well  as  Work  Hours 


U.  S.  Mail  for  the  Army  of  Occupation  arriving  at 
Coblenz,  Germany,  in  U.  S.  Mail  Cars 
(Photograph   furnished   by  Lieut.  \Vilber  Johnson) 


Doughboys  of  the  ist  Division  cross  the  Moselle  River 
into  Germany 


THE  SIGNAL  CORPS  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES          31 

Camp  Sheridan,  Alabama,  and  Camp  Lee,  Virginia.  Fried 
had  the  distinction  of  being  one  of  the  first  National  men 
to  enlist,  entering  service  June  29th,  1916,  at  the  age  of 
forty-three  years.  He  was  discharged  April  I9th,  1919. 

Frank  J.  Wishon,  an  Operating  Department  patriot, 
enlisted  February  ijth,  1918,  and  was  assigned  to  Company 
B  of  the  37th  Regiment  of  Engineers  which  trained  at  Fort 
Myer,  Virginia.  Overseas,  this  regiment  operated  with  the  ist 
Army  and  took  part  in  the  following  actions: 

Aisne-Marne  offensive,  July  26th  to  August  6th,   1918. 

St.  Mihiel  offensive,  September  i2th  to  September  i6th. 

Meuse-Argonne  offensive,  September  26th  to  November 
nth. 

Before  coming  back  to  us  again,  Wishon  had  the  pleasure 
of  crossing  the  Rhine  with  the  Army  of  Occupation.  He  was 
in  Germany  from  November  26th,  1918  to  January  9th,  1919. 
Part  of  this  period  was  spent  in  Coblenz. 

SIGNAL  CORPS 

Wilber  M.  Johnson,  a  cinematographic  engineer  with  the 
Engineering  Department,  enlisted  August  27th,  1917,  in  the 
Second  Officers'  Training  School  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison, 
Indiana,  where  upon  completion  of  his  course  he  was  commis- 
sioned a  second  lieutenant  in  the  Signal  Corps.  He  was  then 
assigned  to  the  joSth  Field  Signal  Battalion  of  the  8jrd 
Division  at  Camp  Sherman.  Upon  arriving  overseas  this 
battalion  operated  with  the  Third  Army  Corps  and  Wilber 
was  detailed  as  radio  officer.  It  was  his  duty  to  keep  open  the 
lines  of  communication  between  the  field  and  general  head- 
quarters, and  in  this  capacity  he  participated  in  the  offensives 
of  Aisne-Marne,  Oise-Aisne  and  Meuse-Argonne.  From  De- 
cember I4th,  1918  to  July  9th,  1919,  Johnson  was  with  the 
American  Army  of  Occupation.  Incidentally,  he  celebrated 
the  Fourth  of  July  in  Berlin. 

Sergeant,  ist  class,  Herbert  W.  Ellis,  an  electrical  en- 
gineer of  the  Engineering  Department,  was  inducted  January 
2jrd,  1918.  He  was  ordered  to  Fort  Leaven  worth,  Kansas, 
and  assigned  to  Company  G  of  the  Second  Depot  Battalion. 
Ellis  had  one  year's  service  in  France,  being  located  in 
Tours  where  he  was  doing  equipment  engineering  work  in 
the  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Division  of  the  Office  of  the 


32  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Chief  Signal  Officer  of  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces. 
He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  June  and  was  dis- 
charged July  3rd,  1919. 

AMMUNITION  TRAIN 

The  only  Nela  man  attached  to  this  service  was  Walter 
L.  Warren  of  the  Engineering  Department.  Inducted  March 
29th,  1918,  he  was  sent  to  Camp  Sherman  and  assigned  to 
Company  F  of  the  joSth  Ammunition  Train,  8jrd  Division. 
A  few  months  later  Walter  sailed  for  France,  where  he  saw 
action  with  the  32nd  Division  at: 

West    Meuse,    September    26th    to   October    2nd,    1918. 

Bois  de  la  Grande  Montaigne,  October  4th  to  October  joth. 

East   Meuse,  November  9th   to  November   nth. 

The  308 th  Regiment  also  operated  for  a  short  time 
with  the  29th,  89th  and  9ist  Divisions,  but  saw  no  action 
while  working  with  these  divisions. 

MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS 

Not  all  of  the  active  military  work  was  done  overseas 
and  it  remained  for  a  few  Nela  men  to  carry  on  their  indis- 
pensable part  in  this  country  with  Motor  Transport  units. 
Myron  J.  Bechhold  of  the  Operating  Department  was  in- 
ducted September  3rd,  1918,  and  sent  to  Camp  Sherman. 
After  a  short  stay  with  the  3Oth  Company,  8th  Training 
Battalion,  I58th  Depot  Brigade,  he  was  transferred  to  a 
transport  unit  at  Camp  Jessup,  Georgia.  Rudolph  L.  Nusker 
was  also  located  at  Camp  Jessup,  having  been  transferred 
from  the  Student  Army  Training  Corps  detachment  at  Toledo 
University.  Upon  being  discharged  from  service  April  5th, 
1919,  he  was  employed  by  the  Equipment  Development 
Department.  Henry  Herrman  of  the  Credit  Department 
was  the  other  Nela  man  in  the  motor  transport  service.  He 
enlisted  June  I5th,  1918,  and  was  discharged  January  ist,  1919. 

CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE 

One  of  the  important  branches  of  the  service  which  men 
from  the  General  Offices  of  the  National  entered  was  the 
Chemical  Warfare  Service.  Their  work  here  was  extremely 
essential  and  required  unceasing  effort. 

The  pages  of  Part  II  (Chemical  Warfare  Service)  are 
evidence  of  the  sterling  war  record  of  Colonel  Frank  M. 


CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  33 

Dorsey.  At  the  time  he  was  loaned  to  the  government  by 
the  National  Lamp  Works,  Mr.  Dorsey  was  Chemical  Engi- 
neer of  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory.  He  was  chosen 
by  the  government  as  one  of  the  men  best  fitted  for  the  task  of 
perfecting  materials  needed  in  the  manufacture  of  gas  masks. 
He  played  his  part  well  because  he  possessed,  to  quote  a 
staff  officer  who  worked  side  by  side  with  Colonel  Dorsey, 
"technical  ability,  courage  and  tremendous  driving  energy." 
Colonel  Dorsey  eventually  became  Chief  of  the  Development 
Division  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service. 

The  first  month  of  the  United  States'  participation  in 
the  war,  Mr.  Dorsey's  principal  interest  was  concentrated 
on  the  then  serious  problem  of  developing  a  satisfactory 
absorbent  for  the  gas  mask.  By  November,  1918,  however, 
his  duties  as  Chief  not  only  consisted  of  the  supervision 
of  the  work  at  the  Defense  Section  of  the  Development 
Division  at  Nela  Park  but  also  placed  him  in  charge  of  the 
manufacturing  development  division  of  the  American  Uni- 
versity, and  the  development  work  at  Midland,  Michigan, 
at  Hastings-on-Hudson  and  at  the  ijist  street  Laboratory, 
Cleveland.  He  was  also  acting  as  technical  advisor  for  the 
defense  work  at  Astoria,  Long  Island. 

J.  Fred  Donovan,  manager  of  the  Equipment  Develop- 
ment Department,  concerning  whom  more  detailed  information 
is  to  be  found  on  page  226,  received  a  captaincy  in  the 
Development  Division  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service 
in  October,  1918.  His  commission  was  the  merited  reward  for 
the  valuable  service  he  had  rendered  the  Government  for 
many  months  as  a  civilian  worker. 

On  August  loth,  1918,  Mr.  J.  Roy  Duff,  manager  of 
the  Chief  Accounting  Department,  severed  his  connection 
with  the  National  Lamp  Works  that  he  might  accept  a  com- 
mission as  captain  in  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service.  Further 
reference  to  Mr.  Duff's  service  may  be  found  on  page  186. 

Edwin  J.  Haefeli,  a  glass  worker  with  the  Lamp  Devel- 
opment Laboratory,  was  inducted  as  a  government  civilian 
employe  August  24th,  1917,  and  assigned  to  the  Gas 
Defense  Division.  In  September,  1917,  while  stationed  at  the 
government  arsenal  at  Astoria,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  he  per- 
formed a  very  commendable  bit  of  work.  Seeing  the  dire  need 
for  chemical  apparatus  at  that  plant,  he  voluntarily  worked 
three  days  and  three  nights  without  sleep  until  he  had  pro- 


34  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

duced  the  equipment  needed  to  test  material  used  in  gas 
masks.  On  December  8th,  1917,  he  was  transferred  to  Cleve- 
land, where  he  supervised  the  work  of  installing  glass-working 
equipment  in  the  Gas  Defense  Laboratory  at  Nela  Park. 
He  was  released  from  government  service  February  iyth,  1919. 

Ralph  B.  Thomas  was  drafted  October  jrd,  1917,  and 
assigned  to  Company  G  of  the  353rd  Infantry,  89th  Division, 
at  Camp  Funston,  Kansas,  but  was  soon  transferred  to  the 
Development  Division  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service. 
He  was  connected  with  the  Cleveland  branch  of  the  Edgewood 
Arsenal  and  later  with  the  Development  Division  Laboratory 
at  Willoughby,  Ohio.  Upon  being  discharged  February  5th, 
1919,  he  was  employed  by  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory. 
Marvin  Pipkin  took  a  position  with  the  same  Department 
upon  returning  from  service.  He  had  enlisted  in  Jacksonville, 
Florida,  November  5th,  1917,  in  the  Gas  Defense  Department, 
as  a  private.  He  was  posted  at  the  Laboratories  at  Nela  Park 
for  some  time,  where  he  attained  the  rank  of  master  engineer, 
senior  grade. 

Upon  being  discharged  from  the  Chemical  Warfare  Ser- 
vice, May  23rd,  1918,  George  E.  Inman  took  employment  with 
the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory. 

Conrad  Peterson  enlisted  in  the  Ordnance  Department 
but  was  transferred  to  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  Cleve- 
land. He  was  located  at  the  Defense  Laboratory,  East  13151 
and  Taft  Ave.,  at  the  Nela  Park  Defense  Laboratory,  and 
later  the  Development  Division,  Willoughby.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory  upon  being 
discharged  from  service. 

Joseph  A.  Wei  ton  of  the  Glass  Technology  Department 
was  drafted  September  5th,  1918,  and  sent  to  the  Syracuse 
Recruit  Camp  where  he  was  assigned  to  the  io2nd  Company, 
25th  Battalion.  He  was  later  transferred  to  a  casual  company 
at  the  Edgewood  Arsenal,  Edgewood,  Maryland,  where  he 
was  posted  until  discharged  from  service  December  27th, 
1918.  Herbert  J.  Morgenstern  of  Standardizing  Department 
was  inducted  September  4th,  1918.  After  serving  in  the  depot 
brigade  at  Camp  Sherman  for  a  few  weeks  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service.  Elmer  H-  Beckman  of  the 
Chemical  Laboratory,  in  the  performance  of  his  duties  as 
chemist,  became  thoroughly  convinced  that  all  the  righting 


ORDNANCE  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  35 

was  not  done  in  the  trenches,  for  he  found  his  work  to  be 
arduous  and  not  always  free  from  danger. 

Dale  C.  Hughes  of  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory 
was  engaged  from  May  ist,  1917  to  June  i8th,  1918,  as  a 
civilian  worker  in  the  development  of  gas  masks  and  was 
located  in  the  chemical  laboratories  at  Nela  Park.  On  June 
1 8th,  1918,  he  received  a  commission  as  first  lieutenant  in 
the  Sanitary  Corps,  but  being  familiar  with  Chemical  Warfare 
problems  was  transferred  to  the  Gas  Defense  Division  of  the 
Chemical  Warfare  Service.  Dale  was  ordered  to  the  Astoria 
Cantonment  at  Astoria,  Long  Island,  where  he  was  located 
until  discharged  from  the  service  February  2 ist,  1919.  Upon 
returning  to  the  National  he  became  Secretary  of  the  Manu- 
facturing Committee. 

Others  in  this  service  'were  Glen  F.  Boruff,  Walker  J. 
King  and  Kenneth  G.  Reider.  Boruff  was  located  at  Fort 
Oglethorpe,  Georgia,  and  later  at  the  Astoria  Arsenal,  Long 
Island.  He  was  employed  by  the  Lamp  Development  Labo- 
ratory upon  being  discharged  February  24th,  1919.  King  was 
stationed  at  the  American  University,  Washington,  D.  C., 
being  discharged  April  i6th,  1919;  later  accepting  a  position 
with  the  Chemical  Laboratory.  Kenneth  Reider  of  the  Glass 
Technology  Department  enlisted  May  25th,  1918,  in  the 
Medical  Corps  but  after  some  time  at  Camp  Greenleaf, 
Georgia,  was  transferred  to  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service 
and  located  at  the  Edgewood  Arsenal  Laboratory,  Cleveland, 
and  later  at  the  Development  Division  Laboratory  at  Wil- 
loughby,  Ohio.  He  was  discharged  December  I9th,  1918, 
ranking  as  sergeant. 

ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT 

Many  men  were  connected  with  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment at  Washington,  D.  C.  and  at  various  camps.  George  H. 
Smith  of  the  Engineering  Department  was  inducted  January 
1 6th,  1918,  and  assigned  for  active  duty  at  the  United  States 
Arsenal  at  San  Antonio,  Texas.  George  also  saw  service  in 
the  office  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance,  Washington,  D.  C.  and 
at  the  Proving  Grounds,  Aberdeen,  Maryland.  He  attained 
the  rank  of  second  lieutenant. 

Charles  C.  Linerode  of  the  Auditing  Department  enlisted 
January  25th,  1918,  in  the  Supply  Division  of  the  Ordnance 


36  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Department  and  was  commissioned  a  second  lieutenant. 
Charley  informs  us  that  his  most  interesting  experiences 
were  "getting  into  the  service,  and  being  discharged." 

Thomas  L.  Wier  of  the  Operating  Department  was 
detailed  with  an  ordnance  supply  squadron  which  outfitted 
divisions  for  overseas  duty.  He  enlisted  July  ist,  1918,  and 
was  stationed  at  Camps  Gordon,  Georgia;  Sheridan,  Alabama; 
Raritan,  New  Jersey,  and  Sherman,  Ohio.  Tom  was  discharged 
March  ist,  1919.  Horace  M.  Hitch  of  Statistical  Department 
was  in  the  Cost  Accounting  Branch  from  September  iyth, 
1917  to  June  25th,  1919,  while  Leslie  P.  Tyler  was  in  the 
Ordnance  Machine-Gun  School  at  Camp  Hancock,  Georgia, 
and  later  the  Light  Mobile  Repair  Section.  He  was  hoaorably 
discharged  March  3Oth,  1919,  and  entered  the  employ  of 
the  Equipment  Development  Department. 

I*..  Irving  i H.    Gerlach    of   Bulb    and   Tubing    Department 
enlisted  in  the  Ordnance  Department  of  the  Army  in  August, 

1917,  as  a  Cost  Accountant.  In   1918,  he  was  promoted  to 
the  position   of  Accountant   in    Charge  of  the  Government 
work  at  the  Symington  Bros.  Machine  Corporation,  of  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  which  position  he  held  until  the  first  of  1919, 
when  he  was  made  Assistant  Supervisor  of  the  Rochester 
district  comprising  the  entire  state  of  New  York,  excepting 
New  York  City.  He  held  this  latter  position  until  March  of 
1919,  when  he  was  honorably  discharged. 

Thomas  J.  Kavanagh  was  honorably  discharged  Septem- 
ber 1 5th,  1919  from  the  Ordnance  Department,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant,  and  employed  by 
Equipment  Development  Department. 

MEDICAL  CORPS 

Only  three  men  from  Nela  Park,  Dr.  Percy  W.  Cobb, 
Leroy  F.  Price  and  George  D.  Sligen,  were  in  medical  units. 
Dr.  Cobb,  a  physiologist  with  Nela  Research  Laboratory, 
was  commissioned  a  captain  in  the  Medical  Corps  April  I7th, 

1918,  and  reported   at   Camp  Hancock,   Georgia,   where  he 
was  on  duty  until  July  i3th,  1918.  He  was  then  detailed  to 
the   Medical   Research   Laboratory,   Hazelhurst   Field,   Min- 
eola,  Long  Island.  At  the  date  our  volume  went  to  press  Dr. 
Cobb  was  located  at  Mitchell  Field,  Garden  City,  Long  Island. 

LeRoy  F.  Price,  who  was  in  charge  of  photometry  work 
in  the  Engineering  Department,  was  inducted  September 


AMBULANCE  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  37 

5th,  1918.  He  was  assigned  to  the  Medical  Corps  and  spent 
his  entire  army  period  at  Camp  Greenleaf,  Georgia,  with  the 
7th  Battalion. 

George  D.  Sligen  of  the  Auditing  Department  was  with 
a  medical  supply  detachment  and  spent  considerable  time  af 
Debarkation  Hospital  Number  51  at  Hampton,  Virginia. 
He  was  also  detailed  during  his  Army  career  at  Camp  Zachary 
Taylor,  Kentucky  and  Camp  Stuart,  Virginia. 

AMBULANCE  UNITS 

John  A.  Walsh  of  Equipment  Development  Department 
enlisted  August  i6th,  1917,  in  Section  548  of  the  Ambulance 
Service  and  was  ordered  to  report  at  Camp  Crane,  Allentown, 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  later  transferred  to  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment and  assigned  to  Camp  Hancock,  Georgia.  He  left 
the  United  States  August  i4th,  1918,  as  Sergeant,  Third 
Heavy  Mobile  Ordnance  Repair  Shop.  He  arrived  at  Brest, 
France,  August  26th  and  proceeded  to  Libourne,  Gironde,  the 
heavy  artillery  training  center.  On  October  28th,  Walsh  was 
assigned  to  the  First  Army  Artillery.  The  signing  of  the  armis- 
tice prevented  his  reaching  the  front  lines.  He  sailed  from 
Bordeaux,  France,  April  24th,  1919,  arriving  in  New  York 
May  6th.  On  May  23rd,  he  was  discharged  at  Camp  Sherman, 
and  on  June  2nd,  received  a  belated  commission  as  second 
lieutenant  of  Ordnance. 

William  J.  Kavanaugh  of  the  Engineering  Department 
entered  Packard  Ambulance  Unit  55,  June  i6th,  1917,  and 
was  located  at  Camp  Persons,  Allentown. 

S.  A.  T.  C. 

Eleven  boys  were  affiliated  with  the  Army  through  the 
Student  Army  Training  Corps.  They  were: 

1.  Lowell  M.  Keister,  Jr.,  Realty  Department;  Carnegie 

Institute  of  Technology,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

2.  Coursen  W.  Sponsler,  Bulb  and  Tubing  Department; 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  Delaware,  Ohio. 

3.  Gunner  B.  Nystrom,  later  of  Equipment  Development 
Department,  Baldwin-Wallace    College,  Berea,  Ohio. 

4.  Wayne   G.   Henderson,   Chemical  Laboratory;   Case 
School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


38  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

5.  Gerald  H.  Coleman,  later  of  the  Chemical  Laboratory; 
Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

6.  John  Belford,  Engineering  Department;  University 
of  Pittsburg,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

7.  Donald  Burdette,    Engineering    Department;    Case 
School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

8.  Jos.  Glasser,  Engineering  Department;  Kenyon  Col- 
lege, Gambier,  Ohio. 

9.  John    Rice,    Engineering    Department;    St.    Ignatius 
College,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

10.  Ralph    Curth,    Nela     Research     Laboratory;    Ohio 
State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

11.  Erwin     E.     Lehmann,     Standardizing     Department; 
Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


Theodore  S.  Jewell  of  the  Operating  Department  and 
Charles  D.  Spencer,  who  was  later  employed  by  the  Glass 
Technology  Department,  were  both  in  the  service  of  the 
Quartermaster  Corps.  Jewell  was  located  at  Camp  Sherman 
until  discharged  October  2oth,  1918,  while  Spencer  served 
at  Camps  Jackson  and  Sevier,  being  discharged  January  Jist, 
1919. 

Lamp  Inspector  Bradford  Whiting  of  the  Returned  Lamp 
Inspection  Department,  upon  entering  service  became  a 
fireman.  He  was  inducted  August  5th,  1918,  and  sent  to  Camp 
Hill,  Newport  News,  Virginia,  where  he  was  attached  to  the 
326th  Company,  Fire  and  Guard  Detachment.  He  was  hon- 
orably discharged  August  28th,  1919. 

In  December,  1917,  Eugene  W.  Commery  left  the  employ 
of  the  Engineering  Department  to  accept  a  position  as  assist- 
ant physicist  with  the  Bureau  of  Standards  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  His  task  pertained  to  the  testing  and  approving  of 
military  searchlights,  trench  signal  lamps,  signalling  flares 
and  acetylene  generators  for  field  work.  Commery  remained 
with  the  Bureau  of  Standards  until  April  ist,  1919,  resuming 
at  that  time  his  work  with  the  Engineering  Department. 


Sidney  C.  Caswell  Horace  W.  Beck  Douglass  M.  Wood 

William  McLure  Rosborough  John  H.  Gage 

Robert  C.  Hennecke  William  H.  Pindell  Joseph  J.  Rick 


Raymond  Perry 
Ralph  Nash 
Andrew  J.  Brown 


Frank  E.  Kopecky 
Howard  Sotzen 

Lester  W.  Lyons 
Lance  C.  Ballon 


Charles  C.  Doty 


Russell  P.  Askue 


Perry  M.  Frear 


THE  ARMY  FORCES 


SALES  DIVISIONS 

The  service  which  the  men  in  the  Sales  Divisions  of 
the  National  rendered  was  varied  and  interesting.  Every 
branch  of  the  service  was  represented,  ten  men  fancying  the 
Infantry,  four  the  Engineers,  two  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Service,  seven  the  Artillery,  and  so  on  through  the  different 
branches.  Forty-five  men  in  all  went  from  the  Sales  Divisions 
and  about  eighteen  of  these  had  crossed  the  sea  before  the 
Germans  saw  the  folly  of  their  efforts. 

THE  INFANTRY 

Lance  C.  Ballou,  a  salesman  with  the  Bryan-Marsh 
Division,  Central  Falls,  was  a  member  of  the  distinguished 
26th  Division.  Being  commissioned  a  second  lieutenant  in 
the  lojrd  Infantry  at  the  time  of  his  enlistment  May  8th, 

1917,  he  trained  with  his  regiment  at  Camp  Bartlett,  West- 
field,  Massachusetts.  He  embarked  with  his  outfit  and  upon 
arriving  in  France  was  soon  marched  to  the  front  where  he 
saw    action    at    Chemin-des-Dames,    Toul,    Chateau-Thierry 
and  St.  Mihiel.  From  October,  1918  to  January,  1919,  Ballou 
was    attached   to   the   Aviation    Section,   where   he   received 
training  as  an  aerial  observer. 

At  Ease,       Frank  R.  Kopecky,  who  in  civil  life  was  a  southern 
Men!  representative  for  the  Shelby  Lamp  Division,  was 

a  "rookie 
proper"  when  he  reached 
Camp  Pike,  July  25  th, 

1918.  Outfitted  in    army 
shoes,  size  I4EE,  and  an 
olive  drab  uniform  four 
sizes  too    large    for    his 
slender  frame,  he  recalled 
the  days  he  spent  as  a 
rookie    at    Nela     Camp 
when    he   was    initiated 
into    the   mystic  waters 
of   the    swimming   pool. 
Upon  standing  retreat  he 


4O  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

had  his  first  taste  of  army  entertainment,  for  the  bugler  ran 
out  of  breath  and  Kopecky  with  the  other  newcomers  consid- 
ered this  a  cause  for  much  jollification.  We  must  admit, 
however,  that  Frank  was  diplomatic,  for  rather  than  take  a 
chance  at  being  reproved  for  disrespect  to  a  superior  he  saluted 
a  Y.  M.  C.  A.  officer.  As  to  his  military  service,  Kopecky 
trained  at  Camp  Pike,  Arkansas,  and  Camp  Dodge,  Iowa, 
being  discharged  from  the  army  January  8th,  1919. 

The  twelve  General  Orders  were  troublesome  at  times, 
as  William  C.  McGrath  of  the  Columbia  Lamp  Division 
can  testify  for  a  lad  in  his  company.  One  night  while  resting 
in  the  guard  house  between  reliefs,  McGrath  noticed  the 
Officer  of  the  Day  approaching.  The  guard  at  the  post,  for- 
getting the  proper  way  to  recognize  and  advance  the  officer, 
exclaimed:  "Halt!  Who  is  thy?"  McGrath  was  drafted 
September  4th,  1918,  and  discharged  December  i7th,  1918. 
He  entered  service  in  St.  Louis  and  was  sent  to  Camp  Mac- 
Arthur,  Texas,  where  he  was  placed  with  Company  D  of 
the  jrd  Replacement  Battalion.  He  was  later  transferred  to 
Camp  Funston,  Kansas. 

Walter  E.  Trittipo  of  the  Ivanhoe-Regent  Works  en- 
listed May  ijth,  1917,  in  the  First  Officers'  Training  Camp 
at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison  and  upon  completing  the  course 
was  commissioned  a  captain  of  Infantry.  He  was  assigned  to 
the  1 58th  Depot  Brigade  at  Camp  Sherman,  where  his  duties 
consisted  of  training  and  equipping  raw  recruits.  He  was  dis- 
charged July  1 5th,  1919,  holding  at  that  date  the  rank  of  major. 

Russell  P.  Askue,  who  prior  to  entering  service  was 
Advertising  Manager  of  the  Ivanhoe-Regent  Works,  was 
assigned  to  the  4ist  Company,  nth  Battalion,  i59th  Depot 
Brigade  at  Camp  Taylor.  During  the  influenza  epidemic 
at  that  camp,  Russell  was  detailed  as  stretcher  bearer  with 
an  ambulance  unit.  He  observes  that  the  names  of  the  other 
members  of  the  crew  were  Oxley,  Minks  and  Fox  and  that  the 
job  was  a  beastly  one.  He  was  soon  transferred  to  the  Central 
Officers'  Training  School  at  Camp  Pike,  Arkansas,  where  he 
was  stationed  at  the  close  of  hostilities.  Upon  leaving  the 
army,  he  was  employed  by  the  Publicity  Department. 

Ralph  C.  Nash  of  the  Peerless  Lamp  Division  was  in- 
ducted April  ist,  1918,  and  assigned  to  the  33ist  Infantry 
of  the  83rd  Division  at  Camp  Sherman.  He  was  later  trans- 
ferred to  the  officers'  training  school  at  Camp  Taylor.  Upon 


Doughboys  Watching  an  Exciting  Game — Can   the   Reader  Guess? 


(Both  photographs  supplied  by  M.  S.  E.,  Hollis  Townsend) 


Loading  Bread  for  Soldiers'  Rations 


Rheims  in  Rums 


Ruins      at  Chateau-Thierry 


THE  ARTILLERY  —  SALES  DIVISIONS  41 

the  completion  of  his  course  he  went  overseas  with  the  32ist 
Field  Artillery  as  second  lieutenant. 

Drafted  in  September,  1917,  William  A.  Wallace,  a  born 
Scot  and  a  Yankee  doughboy,  was  sent  to  Camp  Grant  where 
he  was  stationed  for  several  months  with  Headquarters 
Company  of  the  343rd  Infantry,  86th  Division.  Upon  arriving 
in  France,  Sergeant  Wallace  was  attached  to  Headquarters 
Company  of  the  4th  Provisional  Regiment  and  located  at 
Le  Mans.  Prior  to  entering  the  Infantry,  Wallace  was  chief 
clerk  at  the  Sunbeam  Incandescent  Lamp  Division. 

Captain  William  H.  Pindell,  Jr.,  a  Sterling  salesman, 
was  commissioned  upon  completing  the  course  at  the  First 
Officers'  Training  School  at  Camp  Lee,  Virginia.  He  was 
assigned  to  the  yth  Company,  5th  Provisional  Regiment, 
at  Fort  Myer,  Virginia,  and  later  commanded  the  48th  Ma- 
chine-Gun Battalion  of  the  i6th  Division.  Pindell  was  dis- 
charged December  5th,  1918,  after  being  on  duty  at  Camp 
Gordon,  Camp  Perry  and  Camp  Kearny. 

William  F.  Hanneman  of  the  Bryan-Marsh  Division, 
Chicago,  was  drafted  September  5th,  1918,  and  entrained  for 
Camp  Grant  where  he  was  attached  to  the  I5th  Company, 
2nd  Regiment,  i6ist  Depot  Brigade.  He  was  discharged 
from  the  Army  March  3rd,  1919,  and  accepted  an  appoint- 
ment as  Army  Field  Clerk  at  Camp  Grant. 

THE  ARTILLERY 

Field  To   Lieutenant   Leroy    C.    Doarie,    known    among 

Artillery  his  friends  as  "Tiny,"  with  his  six  feet,  three 
inches  of  manhood,  goes  the  honor  of  being  in 
several  major  actions  engaged  in  by  the  American  troops. 
Enlisting  May  I5th,  1917,  he  was  commissioned  a  second 
lieutenant  and  assigned  to  Battery  D  of  the  iO3rd  Field 
Artillery,  26th  Division.  He  went  to  France  the  first  of  Sep- 
tember, 1917,  and  on  February  ist,  1918,  was  along  the  front 
line  trenches,  where  he  was  stationed  for  ten  months.  During 
this  time  he  saw  action  in  the  following  sectors:  Chemin- 
des-Dames,  Toul,  Chateau-Thierry,  St.  Mihiel,  Verdun  and 
Argonne.  He  was  wounded  in  the  leg  by  a  high  explosive 
shell  and  spent  six  weeks  in  the  hospital.  Regarding  this 
experience,  Tiny  wrote  from  France: 

"At  about  four  in  the  morning  the  Huns  landed  six 
shells  near  our  Post  of  Command,  which  consisted  of  a  piece 


42  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

of  canvas  stretched  across  a  rope.  These  shells  knocked  out 
three  of  our  telephone  men,  and  myself.  One  man  was  rather 
seriously  injured,  but  the  rest  only  slightly  shaken!  My  leg 
felt  as  if  someone  had  hit  me  in  the  shin  with  a  good  sized 
club.  It  didn't  bother  me  much,  so  I  went  along  until  after 
eight  o'clock  before  the  doctor  caught  me.  The  Doc  shipped 
me  off",  much  to  my  disgust  but,  as  usual,  he  was  right.  At 
the  first  hospital  they  took  an  X-ray  and  found  some  splinters 
or  something.  Anyway,  they  found  an  excuse  to  slice  me 
open  along  the  shin-bone  from  the  ankle  to  about  half-way 
to  the  knee  and  I  haven't  walked  since.  They  sewed  me  up 
yesterday  and  told  me  I  ought  to  be  out  in  a  couple  of  weeks — 
that  is — walking  around.  Wasn't  it  rotten  luck  to  get  knocked 
out  of  that  pretty  job  of  Hun-chasing?  The  fellows  that  got 
part  way  over  before  they  stopped  something,  say  that  our 
artillery  simply  chewed  the  German's  fortifications  to  pieces. 
I  hope  I  am  back  again  before  it  is  too  late  to  get  a  crack 
at  Metz."  Tiny's  wish  came  true,  for  he  returned  to  the  front 
before  the  armistice  was  signed. 

It  must  be  said  that  Tiny  remained  very  faithful  to 
his  friends  on  this  side  of  the  water,  sending  them  many 
interesting  letters.  For  example,  a  few  lines  written  before 
going  to  the  front: 

"I  wish  you  folks  would  write  me  some  news  about  the 
war.  We  don't  get  much  about  it  over  here,  except  the  little 
sham  battles  that  we  play  at  every  day.  We  have  been  prom- 
ised a  Christmas  present  of  practice  in  the  gas  chambers  and 
shooting  gas  shells  at  dogs,  but  that  hasn't  any  thrilling 
appeal  to  me.  The  only  thing  that  surprises  me  is  that  they 
don't  call  for  volunteers  to  take  the  places  of  the  dogs." 

After  being  at  the  front  for  some  time,  he  writes: 

"When  I  am  at  headquarters  I  have  a  room  in  a  wooden 
shack  and  it  is  very  comfortable,  but  at  the  battery  position 
we  live  in  dugouts  about  twenty  feet  underground  and  the 
quarters  are  extremely  cramped  for  one  of  my  architecture 
(six  feet,  three  inches).  But  I'd  rather  be  bent  double  from 
living  in  a  hole  in  the  ground  than  get  bent  double  by  a  Boche 
cannon — and  then  get  put  in  a  hole."  Doane  was  discharged 
April  i5th,  1919. 

The  i35th  Field  Artillery  drew  Sydney  C.  Caswell  of 
Nela  Specialties  Division.  He  enlisted  July  3Oth,  1917, 
and  was  assigned  to  Battery  F.  After  training  at  Camp  Sher- 


THE  ARTILLERY  —  SALES  DIVISIONS  43 

idan,  Alabama,  he  went  overseas,  being  located  for  some  time 
at  Camp  De  Souge,  Bordeaux,  France.  Sid  was  promoted 
to  first  lieutenant  and  saw  action  at  St.  Mihiel,  Marbache  and 
Meuse-Argonne. 

Perry  M.  Frear,  also  of  Nela  Specialties,  enlisted  in  the 
Second  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Camp  at  Fort  Benjamin 
Harrison,  August  27th,  1917,  and  received  a  commission  as 
second  lieutenant.  He  was  assigned  to  the  igth  Field  Artillery, 
5th  Division,  and  before  going  overseas  was  stationed  at 
Leon  Springs,  Texas,  and  Camp  Upton,  Long  Island.  Upon 
reaching  France,  Frear  spent  six  weeks  on  the  Western  Front 
during  the  months  of  July  and  August,  1918. 

What's  in  Lieutenant  Andrew  J.  Brown  of  the  New  York 
a  Name?  Federal  Miniature  Lamp  Division  began  service 
October  3rd,  1917,  with  the  31 8th  Field  Artillery, 
8  ist  Division,  at  Camp  Jackson,  and  was  later  transferred  to 
the  35th  Field  Artillery,  I2th  Brigade,  I2th  Division,  at 
Camp  McClellan,  where  he  was  on  duty  as  regimental  sub- 
sistence officer,  regimental  exchange  officer  and  in  charge  of 
the  Officers'  Mess  and  Officers'  Club.  "Joe"  tells  this  one  on 
himself.  The  second  day  in  camp  his  name  was  confused 
with  that  of  an  illiterate's  and  he  was  transferred  to  a 
company  of  illiterates  and  put  on  duty  driving  four  mules 
to  a  refuse  wagon.  Brown  confesses  that  he  soon  proved 
his  normal  mentality  and  was  again  placed  in  good  standing. 

Another  artilleryman  was  Clyde  W.  Scharringhausen, 
who  was  employed  as  a  stock  clerk  with  the  Columbia  Lamp 
Division.  He  was  drafted  July  23rd,  1918,  and  attached  to 
Headquarters  Company,  2gth  Regiment,  at  Camp  Funston, 
Kansas.  He  was  discharged  February  4th,  1919. 

John  H.  Gage  of  the  Fostoria  Incandescent  Lamp  Divi- 
sion enlisted  August  24th,  1917,  in  the  Second  Officers' 
Training  Camp  at  Fort  Niagara,  New  York.  He  successfully 
completed  the  course  and  was  commissioned  a  lieutenant  of 
Field  Artillery.  His  first  assignment  was  at  Camp  Devens, 
Massachusetts,  where  he  remained  until  called  for  overseas. 
In  France  "General"  Gage  was  located  at  Camp  Valdahon 
and  Camp  De  Souge. 

Philip  J.  Bauman  was  called  to  the  army  August  2ist, 
1918.  After  some  time  at  Camp  Zachary  Taylor  with  the  38th 
Company,  I59th  Depot  Brigade,  he  was  transferred  to  Camp 


44 


Knox,  Kentucky,  where  he  was  on  the  roster  of  Battery  D, 
67 th  Field  Artillery  Regiment.  When  discharged  December 
2 ist,  1918,  he  was  employed  by  the  Ivanhoe-Regent  Works. 
Howard  J.  Tait,  also  of  the  Ivanhoe-Regent  Works, 
was  inducted  May  24th,  1918,  and  sent  to  Camp  Gordon 
where  he  was  with  the  3rd  Company,  ist  Infantry  Replace- 
ment Regiment.  He  was  transferred  to  Camp  McClellan, 
Alabama,  and  still  later  to  Camp  Zachary  Taylor,  Kentucky, 
where  he  attended  the  Field  Artillery  Training  School.  At 
the  date  of  his  discharge,  December  6th,  1918,  he  ranked  as 
regimental  sergeant-major. 

COAST  ARTILLERY 

Lamp  Salesmen  Two  Chicago  Bryan-Marsh  boys,  Walter 
Make  Creditable  Hall  and  Douglass  Wood,  had  similar 
Records  experiences.  Both  enlisted,  and  both 

were  commissioned  lieutenants  in  the 
Coast  Artillery.  Each  was  stationed  for  a  time  at  Fort  Monroe, 
later  met  overseas  and  participated  in  the  same  sectors. 

Hall  enlisted  May  I5th,  1917,  in  the  First  Reserve 
Officers'  Training  Camp  at  Fort  Snelling,  Minnesota,  and  was 
transferred  to  the  officers'  training  camp  at  Fort  Monroe, 
Virginia.  He  was  commissioned  a  first  lieutenant  August  i5th, 
1917,  and  on  the  7th  day  of  September  embarked  at  Hoboken 
for  France.  Arriving  at  St.  Nazaire,  September  2oth,  he  was 
assigned  to  the  Heavy  Artillery  School  at  Camp  de  Mailly, 
where  he  was  on  duty  until  December.  Hall  was  then  trans- 
ferred for  duty  with  the  5 ist  Regiment  of  Coast  Artillery  until 
March,  1918.  Subsequent  points  in  Hall's  service  record  were : 

(a)  Army  Artillery  Headquarters,  First  Army,  March, 
1918  to  June,  1918. 

(b)  5  ist   Coast  Artillery,  Toul   Sector,   June,    1918. 

(c)  Duty  L'Ecole  de  Telemetrie  d'Artillerie,  American 
Section,  June  to  September,  1918. 

(d)  Promoted  to  captain,  September,  1918. 

(e)  Commanding   Officer,    ist   Provisional   High    Burst 
Ranging  Section,   Verdun  sector,    October   to   No- 
vember, 1918. 

(f)  Duty    Heavy    Artillery    School,    November,    1918. 

(g)  With   Battery  F,  641(1   Coast  Artillery   Regiment, 
December,  1918  to  March,  1919. 


Ready  to  Fire 

(Photograph  furnished   by  Private  William  Ross) 


Near  Verdun 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Lieut.  Wilber  Johnson) 


Entrance  to  a  Dugout 

(Photo  furnished  by  Private  William  Ross) 


Near  Chateau-Thierry — Hill  204  in  the  Background 
(Photo  supplied  by  Miss  Laura  E.  Moore,  S.  R.  C.) 


THE  ARTILLERY  —  SALES  DIVISIONS  45 

Walter  sailed  from  France  February  loth,  1919,  and 
was  discharged  from  service  at  Camp  Grant,  Illinois,  April 
2nd,  1919. 

Douglass  Wood  entered  the  Second  Reserve  Officers' 
Training  Camp,  August  27th,  1917,  and  received  his  com- 
mission as  second  lieutenant  at  Fort  Monroe,  Virginia.  He 
left  for  overseas  immediately  after  being  commissioned, 
and  upon  arriving  in  England  was  stationed  at  the  American 
Rest  Camp,  Morn  Hill,  Winchester,  from  January  ist  to 
January  nth,  1918.  On  January  I2th  he  crossed  the  Channel 
to  Le  Havre,  France,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Heavy  Artillery 
School  at  Camp  de  Mailly.  The  following  month  was  taken 
up  with  a  tour  of  observation  and  instruction  along  the  French 
Fourth  Army  front,  north  of  Chalons-sur-Marne.  On  March 
I3th  "Doug"  was  assigned  to  Battery  "A,"  5jrd  Regiment 
of  Heavy  Artillery,  and  was  on  duty  with  that  outfit  until 
April  6th,  1918,  when  he  was  assigned  to  the  5ist  Field  Artil- 
lery Brigade  of  the  26th  Division  as  Intelligence  Officer  on  the 
staff  of  Brigadier-General  Lassiter  and  later  Brigadier-General 
Dwight  E.  Aultman.  From  April  7th  to  November  nth,  1918, 
Major  Wood,  as  he  later  became,  was  occupied  in  the  following 
operations: 

(a)  defence  of  Toul  sector,  April  7th  to  June  28th. 

(b)  defence  of  the   Marne,    from  Hill   204   to  west   of 
Torcy,  July  loth  to  i8th. 

(c)  offensive,    "Second    Battle    of    the    Marne,"    July 
1 8th  to  August  4th. 

(d)  reconnaissance  and  preparation  for  the  St.  Mihiel 
offensive,   last  week    in  August  and  first   week   in 
September. 

(e)  Intelligence  and  Assistant  Operations  officer,  Aisne 
Grouping,  Army  Artillery. 

(f)  Meuse-Argonne    offensive,  October    I7th,    1918    to 
Nov.   nth,   1918;  headquarters  Fifth    Army    Corps 
under  command   Major-General   Charles    P.    Sum- 
merall, — Artillery   Section,  Brigadier-General   Ault- 
man. Remained  with  this  organization. 

Wood  was  discharged  April   I2th,   1919. 

Mr.  G.  E.  Summerhayes,  who  was  assistant  to  the  sales 
manager  of  the  Duplex  Lighting  Works,  was  called  in  October, 
1918,  and  assigned  to  Battery  E  of  the  joth  Regiment  of 
Coast  Artillery.  He  was  stationed  at  Camp  Eustis,  Virginia. 


46  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

MACHINE-GUN 

On  December  ist,  1918,  a  new  sales  department  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works  was  organized.  It  was  known  as  the 
Duplex  Lighting  Works,  and  in  its  personnel  were  several 
ex-service  men  whom  it  is  a  pleasure  to  consider  as  being 
National  men  in  the  war.  Among  this  number,  in  addition 
to  Mr.  Summerhayes,  just  mentioned,  was  its  Assistant 
General  Manager,  Guy  P.  Norton,  who  was  a  member  of 
the  Machine-Gun  Company  of  the  23rd  Regiment,  New  York 
Guards.  He  enlisted  in  the  summer  of  1918. 

Raymond  Perry  of  the  Ivanhoe-Regent  Works  was 
commissioned  a  first  lieutenant  of  Infantry  after  completing 
the  course  at  the  Second  Officers'  Training  Camp.  He  was 
assigned  to  Camp  Sherman  and  transferred  to  the  322nd 
Machine-Gun  Battalion,  with  which  regiment  he  went  over- 
seas. Perry  was  discharged  April  24th,  1919. 

Marvin  L.  Moran  was  drafted  and  assigned  to  the  Machine 
Gun  Company  of  the  77th  Infantry,  i4th  Division,  at  Camp 
Custer,  Michigan.  Upon  being  discharged  from  service, 
January  lyth,  1919,  he  was  employed  by  the  Michigan  Bryan- 
Marsh  Division. 

ENGINEER  CORPS 

The  Sales  Divisions  established  an  unique  record  in 
that  every  man  enlisting  in  the  Engineer  Corps  saw  service 
overseas.  John  C.  Murray,  stockman  for  the  Buckeye  Lamp 
Division,  enlisted  July  i4th,  1917,  with  the  H2th  Engineers 
Upon  reaching  Camp  Sheridan,  Alabama,  he  was  assigned  to 
Company  E.  On  July  5th,  1918,  Murray  landed  in  France 
and  two  weeks  later  the  H2th  Regiment  was  moved  to  the 
Alsace-Lorraine  sector,  where  it  held  the  lines  until  September 
i4th.  Other  engagements  in  which  Murray  took  part  were: 

Argonne  offensive,  September   i4th  to  September  23rd. 

Thiaucourt,  St.  Mihiel  sector,  October  ist  to  October  I2th. 

Ypres-Lys,  ist  and  2nd  offensives. 

On  November  nth,  1918,  Murray  was  at  Synghen, 
Belgium. 

Charles  C.  Doty  of  the  Buckeye  Division  had  an  inter- 
esting army  life.  He  was  drafted  April  29th,  1918,  and  assigned 
to  Company  F,  3o8th  Engineers,  at  Camp  Sherman,  where 
he  was  stationed  until  May  27th.  On  June  4th  he  sailed  for 


THE  TANK  CORPS  —  SALES  DIVISIONS  47 

France  aboard  the  steamer  Kyber,  landing  at  Liverpool, 
England,  June  i6th.  Arriving  in  France,  another  month  was 
spent  in  further  preparation  for  duties  at  the  front.  His 
regiment  left  Chaugey  for  the  front  on  July  25th  and  then 
began  Doty's  participation  in  the  following  battles: 

Aisne-Marne  offensive,  July  28th  to  August  6th,   1918. 

Oise-Aisne  offensive,  August   i8th  to  September  9th. 

Meuse-Argonne  offensive,  September  26th  to  November 
nth. 

The  morning  of  December  ist,  Doty  arrived  at  Oldsdorf, 
Germany,  and  on  December  i4th,  he  crossed  the  Rhine  at 
Urnietz.  He  remained  with  the  American  Army  of  Occupation 
until  May  ijth,  1919,  returning  to  the  United  States  aboard 
the  French  liner  La  Savior. 

Inducted  September  2ist,  1917,  Joseph  J..Rick  of  the 
Sterling  Division  was  sent  to  Camp  Grant,  Illinois,  and 
assigned  to  Company  A  of  the  3iith  Engineers,  86th  Divi- 
sion. After  eleven  months'  training  at  Camps  Grant,  Pike, 
Dix,  Merritt  and  Upton,  Rick  was  sent  overseas  where  he 
was  on  duty  for  six  months  in  England  and  France.  He  had 
meanwhile  been  transferred  to  Headquarters  Company  of 
the  345th  Infantry,  8yth  Division.  Rick  was  discharged 
February  3rd,  1919. 

TANK  CORPS 

William  McLure  Rosborough,  when  the  United  States 
declared  war  with  Germany,  was  southern  manager  for  the 
Shelby  Division  and  had  his  office  in  Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Rosborough  applied  for  a  commission  in  the  Engineer 
Reserve  Corps  and  was  granted  a  ist  lieutenancy.  He  was 
called  to  active  duty  on  September  2nd,  1917,  and  was  or- 
dered to  the  Second  Engineers'  Training  Camp  at  American 
University,  D.  C.,  where  he  remained  on  duty  six  weeks. 
He  was  then  assigned  to  the  General  Engineer  Depot,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  In  February,  1918,  while  he  was  acting  as 
assistant  to  Col.  W.  H.  Rose,  Commanding  Officer,  he  was 
allowed  to  transfer  to  the  65th  Engineers  (the  Tank  Detach- 
ment of  the  Engineers).  After  a  month  in  Washington  where 
he  was  on  duty  with  Colonel  H.  G.  Ferguson,  Tank  Corps 
organizer,  he  was  ordered  to  Company  C,  3oist  Battalion, 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


Tank  Corps.  He  joined  his  organization  at  Camp  Meade  and 
one  month  later  was  on  his  way  to  the  other  side. 

The  joist  arrived  in  England  early  in  April.  The  entire 
outfit  was  detailed  under  British  instruction  at  Wareham, 
England,  until  August,  moving  from  that  center  to  the  port 
of  debarkation  at  Havre,  France.  Here  they  remained  but 
a  few  days  before  entraining  for  the  front.  At  Bapaume  they 
took  over  and  added  to  the  equipment  of  the  loth  Battalion, 
British  Tank  Corps,  until  it  had  reached  a  strength  of  forty- 
eight  of  the  heavy  tanks  known  as  English  Mark  5  and  Mark 

5*- 

"Rosie"  went  into  action  in  the  Second  Battle  of  Cam- 

brai  on  the  morning  of  Sunday,  September  29th,  1918,  ex- 
periencing in  this  engagement  the  thrills  of  action,  wounds, 
capture,  escape  and  all  the  lurid  thoughts  and  fears  which 
must  necessarily  possess  the  mind  of  one  who,  alone  on  hos- 
tile terrain  and  without  means  of  protection,  roams  and  suffers 
for  two  days  and  two  nights. 

The  army  objective  in  this  drive  was  the  tunneled  por- 
tion of  the  St.  Quentin  Canal  midway  between  Cambrai 
and  St.  Quentin.  It  was  a  four-mile  stretch  and  was  strongly 
fortified,  being  a  part  of  the  renowned  and  "unbreakable"  (?) 
Hindenburg  Line.  The  American  line  at  this  date  was  approx- 
imately four  kilometers  west  of  this  point.  According  to  the 
plan  of  advance,  Rosie's  platoon  of  five  tanks,  posted  near 
the  town  of  Ronssoy,  was  directed  to  form  a  part  of  the  second 
wave  of  the  attack,  following  up  and  assisting  the  infantry 
of  the  27th  Division  of  the  American  troops. 

At  zero  hour  (5:40  A.  M.),  Lieutenant  Rosborough  gave 
the  tank  commanders  the  order  to  advance.  Due  to  darkness 
and  climatic  conditions  the  attack  was  not  carried  out  as 
organized  and  before  seven  o'clock,  after  advancing  a  distance 
of  less  than  two  miles,  the  tank  in  which  Rosie  was  riding 
became  separated  from  the  other  four  tanks  of  his  platoon 
and  got  considerably  in  advance  of  the  infantry  as  well. 

Besides  Lieutenant  Rosborough,  the  tank  on  which  our 
interest  centers  contained  a  second  lieutenant  and  ten 
enlisted  men,  one  of  whom  was  killed  shortly  after  the  advance 
was  begun,  being  struck  by  an  anti-tank  rifle  bullet  which 
had  penetrated  the  tank. 

The  terrain  in  this  vicinity  was  moderately  hilly  and  from 
a  depression  down  which  ,the  huge  caterpillar  was  crawling, 


THE  TANK  CORPS  —  SALES  DIVISIONS 


49 


it  was  possible  to  observe  the  enemy  trenches  as  they  zig-zagged 
away  up  the  slopes.  Some  of  them  contained  only  a  few  men 
and  the  machine  gunners  fired  on  these  as  their  tank  crossed 
over.  But  finally,  as  one  trench  was  approached,  it  was  seen 
that  it  was  strongly  held  by  German  machine  gunners  farther 
up  the  hillside.  So  the  tank  crossed  it  and  began  nosing  along 
behind  it,  meanwhile  pouring  machine-gun  and  six-pounder 
fire  into  the  enemy.  At  this  point  a  German  field  piece,  con- 
cealed in  a  hedge  at  the  crest  of  the  slope,  took  a  hand  in 
the  game  and  scored  a  hit,  but  got  it  down  in  the  running 
gear  where  it  did  no  material  damage.  The  crew  recognized 
the  danger,  and  immediately  turned  their  attention  to  this 


more  formidable  enemy,  but  he  was  so  located  that  he  got 
in  another  shot  before  those  in  the  tank  could  maneuver 
into  a  position  from  which  to  fire  upon  him  effectively.  This 
last  shot  was  well  aimed.  It  penetrated  the  tank  armor  at 
the  front  of  the  machine  and  exploded  in  the  midst  of  the 
crew.  The  engine  was  put  out  of  commission  and  five  men 
were  killed.  The  remaining  six  were  all  wounded  but  were 
able  to  get  out  of  the  tank  and  into  a  shell  .hole.  Rosie,  besides 
being  wounded  in  the  right  wrist  and  left  shoulder  was  badly 
burned  on  the  hands  and  face  by  a  gasoline  blaze.  They  re- 
moved the  large  first-aid  kit  from  the  tank  as  well  as  two 
machine-guns  with  which  to  protect  themselves  should  the 
enemy  attack,  and  lay  in  waiting  all  that  day,  giving  one 
another  first  aid  and  wondering  what  their  fate  was  to  be. 
Their  position  was  serious  because  the  trench  which 
they  had  been  firing  upon  was  only  about  three  hundred 


50  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

yards  away  and  was  between  them  and  their  own  troops. 
Rosie  decided  that  the  safety  of  his  men  depended  upon 
getting  back  to  the  American  lines  and  summoning  help. 
Starting  out  alone,  he  crept  from  shell-hole  to  shell-hole, 
taking  a  roundabout  course  in  order  to  avoid  detection. 
Finally,  having  gone  as  far  as  was  prudent  in  daylight,  he 
waited  for  darkness  and  then  started  again.  Soon  afterwards 
he  came  upon  a  group  of  wounded  Yanks  who  informed  him 
that  an  American  machine-gun  crew  had  set  out  a  short  time 
before  in  the  direction  of  the  tank.  Desirous  of  overtaking 
this  party  and  of  effecting  the  rescue  of  his  men,  Rosie  turned 
back  again. 

In  the  darkness  it  was  hard  to  distinguish  friend  from 
foe,  and  the  machine-gun  that  he  was  headed  for  was  firing 
spasmodically  as  temporary  halts  were  made.  Obviously, 
he  was  in  no  little  danger  of  being  mistaken  for  an  enemy. 
At  last,  edging  his  way  around  an  angle  in  the  trench  to  which 
he  had  trailed  the  machine-gun,  he  saw  faintly  silhouetted 
against  the  sky,  two  unmistakably  German  helmets.  Thinking 
that  possibly  he  had  not  been  observed,  Rosie  slipped  into 
a  small  ammunition  dug-out  to  await  developments. 

Captured—  These  came  only  too  soon.  He  had  barely 
For  a  Few  hidden  himself  when  a  third  German  filed 
Minutes  past,  said  a  few  words  to  the  other  two,  and 

then  retraced  his  steps.  When  directly  in  front 
of  Lieutenant  Rosborough ,  he  stopped  and  drew  his  pistol. 
Realizing  that  resistance  was  worse  than  useless,  and  believing 
his  only  hope  for  safety  depended  upon  giving  himself  up 
and  feigning  injuries  more  serious  than  they  were,  Rosborough 
stood  up,  explaining  to  his  captor  that  he  was  in  dire  need  of  aid. 
Unheeding  his  plea  and  making  no  effort  to  search  him 
for  possible  weapons  or  valuables,  the  three  Germans  started 
to  march  Rosie  off  in  the  direction  of  their  rear.  His  only  hope 
lay  in  attempting  to  break  away  and  escape  in  the  darkness. 

Rosborough  The  Hun  who  led  the  way  was  short  of  stature 
Escapes  in  and  Rosie,  as  if  unable  to  advance  unaided, 
the  Night  '  placed  his  left  hand  upon  the  German's  left 
shoulder.  The  German  did  not  resent  this,  so 
he  brought  his  right  hand  to  his  captor's  right  shoulder,  mean- 
while watching  for  a  place  where  some  friendly  shell  had  battered 


THE  TANK  CORPS  —  SALES  DIVISIONS 


down  the  side  of  the  trench  sufficiently  to  help  him  get  away 
quickly.  He  had  not  gone  far  when  the  opportunity  came. 
Giving  the  leading  Boche  a  sudden  thrust  forward,  he  jumped 
over  the  parados  and  was  swallowed  up  by  the  night  before 
his  enraged  captors  could  make  a  move  to  stop  him. 

Hours  elapsed.  Finally,  after  much  wandering  about 
between  the  German  lines,  Rosie  succeeded  in  getting  back 
to  his  tank,  only  to  find  the  second  lieutenant  and  his  men 
gone. 

Weary,  and  unprotected  from  the  rain  which  had  been 
falling  all  night,  Lieutenant  Rosborough  secured  rations 
from  the  tank  and  in  the  early  hours  of  Monday  morning  dug 
himself  in  under  the  battle-scarred  old  hulk.  Here  he  rested 
all  that  day  and  the  next  night,  hoping  that  on  Tuesday 
he  would  be  sufficiently  recuperated  to  make  his  way  to  the 
American  lines. 

He  was  awakened  Tuesday  morning  by  voices  coming 
from  the  direction  of  a  plane,  which  had  been  shot  down  not 
far  from  the  tank.  Still  weak  and  slightly  shell-shocked  from 
his  experiences  of  the  past  two  days  and  nights,  he  crawled 
out  'and  got  up  into  the  wreck  of  his  Juggernaut.  He  could 
see  the  strangers  but  was  unable  to  tell  positively  whether 
they  were  friends  or  foes.  They  wore  the  helmet-covering 
and  the  blouse  peculiar  to  the  Australians  but  still  Rosie 
was  not  firmly  convinced  that  he  should  show  himself.  He 
did  not  know  that  pressure  on  each  side  of  his  position  had 
made  the  Germans  evacuate  the  whole  area,  and  he  did  not 
propose  to  take  chances  on  being  captured  again. 

Once  more  summoning  his  strength,  he  left  the  tank  and 
crept  from  shell-hole  to  shell-hole  until  within  hearing  dis- 
tance of  the  group.  Meanwhile,  a  few  of  the  onlookers  had 
rambled  off  in  the  direction  of  the  tank  and  as  they  were 
retracing  their  steps  passed  the  shell-hole  in  which  Rosie  lay. 
Convinced  that  he  was  in  friendly  hands,  Lieutenant  Ros- 
borough made  himself  known  to  a  surprised  and  welcoming 
group  of  Australians  who  gave  him  medical  attention  and 
brought  him  to  an  American  first-aid  station. 

He  was  removed  to  a  hospital  at  Rouen,  where  he  met 
his  second  lieutenant.  The  latter  and  his  men  had  given  Rosie 
up  for  dead  and  had  set  out  to  work  their  way  through  the 
German  lines.  Fortunately,  they  had  escaped  capture  and 


52  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

had  arrived  within  the  American  lines  early  Monday  morning. 

From  Rouen,  Rosie  was  removed  to  a  hospital  in  London 
where  he  was  under  treatment  until  December  ist,  1918,  when 
he  rejoined  his  battalion  in  France.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  March,  going  to  Walter  Reed  Hospital 
in  Washington,  D.  C.,  to  have  shrapnel  removed  from  his 
left  shoulder.  Upon  being  discharged  in  July,  1919,  he  joined 
the  Engineering  Department. 

The  National  laments  the  death  of  Lewis  Mark  Comiskey, 
which  occurred  nine  days  after  he  had  been  discharged  from 
service.  Lewis  was  born  August  26th,  1899,  in  Chicago, 
Illinois,  and  at  the  time  he  entered  service  was  employed 
by  the  Ivanhoe-Regent  Works.  He  applied  for  enlistment 
in  the  Marines,  Aviation  and  Tank  Corps  and  was  called 
October  26th,  1918,  in  the  latter  branch  of  the  service.  Com- 
iskey was  assigned  to  Company  A,  34Oth  Battalion,  which  was 
mustered  in  at  Camp  Polk,  Raleigh,  North  Carolina.  Lewis 
was  later  transferred  to  Camp  Greene  where  he  was  attached 
to  the  72nd  Company,  1 8th  Training  Battalion  of  Infantry. 

While  Comiskey  was  stationed  at  Camp  Greene  the 
armistice  was  signed  and  he  was  soon  sent  to  Camp  Grant 
to  be  mustered  out.  He  received  his  honorable  discharge 
January  2nd,  1919,  and  died  January  nth.  Comiskey's 
life  was  an  exemplification  of  true  and  stanch  American 
principles.  He  enlisted  at  the  age  of  nineteen  years  and  would 
have  been  in  service  earlier  had  his  brother,  who  was  with 
the  American  forces  in  France,  not  insisted  that  his  duty 
was  at  home.  In  his  death  we  lost  a  "one  hundred  per  cent 
American." 

GAS  REGIMENT 

Among  those  on  the  roster  of  a  gas  regiment  company 
was  Joseph  J.  Hannemann  of  the  Bryan-Marsh  Division, 
Chicago.  Entering  service  February  25th,  1918,  he  was  as- 
signed to  Company  E  of  the  First  Gas  Regiment  at  Fort 
Myer,  Virginia.  Upon  landing  in  France,  he  was  detailed  to 
the  front,  where  he  saw  action  at: 

St.   Mihiel,   September   I2th   to  September   i5th,    1918. 

Argonne  Forest,  September  25th  to  October   i8th. 

Meuse-Argonne,  October  joth   to  November    iith. 

Unfortunately  Hannemann  gave  us  none  of  his  experiences, 

but  as  he  participated  in  three  big  offensives  we  know  his 


THE  SIGNAL  CORPS  —  SALES  DIVISIONS  53 

overseas    period   must    have  included  a  great  many  thrilling 
moments. 

SIGNAL  CORPS 

The  one  National  salesman  in  this  branch  of  the  service 
was  Robert  C.  Hennecke  of  the  Federal  Miniature  Lamp 
Division,  Chicago.  He  was  voluntarily  inducted  June  28th, 
1918,  and  sent  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  where  he  was 
detailed  with  the  i5th  Service  Company  from  June  28th  to 
July  2jrd.  He  was  then  transferred  to  Company  B  of  the  2i4th 
Field  Signal  Battalion  at  Camp  Custer,  Michigan,  where 
he  was  stationed  until  .discharged  from  the  Army  January 
2jrd,  1919.  Bob  rose  to  the  rank  of  sergeant,  ist  class. 

CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE 

Two  men  from  the  Sales  Divisions  enlisted  in  the  Chemical 
Warfare  Service.  Walter  H.  Weeks  of  the  Bryan-Marsh 
Division,  Rhode  Island,  enlisted  August  ist,  1918,  in  the 
Research  Division  and  was  located  for  some  time  at 
American  University,  Washington,  D.  C.  He  later  passed 
an  examination  for  a  commission  as  first  lieutenant  in  the 
Motor  Transport  Corps  and  was  about  ready  to  leave  for 
overseas  duty  when  the  armistice  was  signed.  Walter  was 
discharged  December  ist,  1918.  Howard  Sotzen  of  the  Shelby 
Lamp  Division  enlisted  July  3 ist,  1918,  in  the  Defense 
Division  and  was  commissioned  as  second  lieutenant.  He 
was  located  at  the  Offense  Laboratories  in  Cleveland  until 
discharged,  January  9th,  1919. 

ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT 

Fred  C.  Laufketter  of  the  Fostoria  Lamp  Division  en- 
tered the  Ordnance  Department  October  8th,  1918,  with  the 
rank  of  production  engineer  in  the  St.  Louis  District.  He  was 
kept  busy  with  the  task  of  increasing  shell  production.  Under 
his  jurisdiction  were  contracts  amounting  to  nearly  two 
hundred  million  dollars.  As  a  reward  for  his  work  he  received 
from  the  Government  a  Loyal  Service  Medal  and  a  Certificate 
of  Loyalty. 

QUARTERMASTER  CORPS 

Benjamin  H.  Hoerlein  of  the  Buckeye  Lamp  Division 
was  a  sergeant  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  having  enlisted 


54  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

in  Chicago,  Illinois,  December  igth,  1917.  Ben  was  located 
at  Camp  Johnston,  Jacksonville,  Florida,  and  later  at  Eberts 
Field,  Lonoke,  Arkansas. 

MEDICAL  UNIT 

Lester  W.  Lyons  of  the  Sunbeam  Division  enlisted  in 
the  Medical  Corps  at  Fort  Jay,  Governor's  Island,  New  York, 
December  loth,  1917.  After  spending  some  time  in  the  Stores 
Distribution  Department,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Base 
Hospital  at  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico.  He  was  later  assigned  to 
Camp  Las  Casas  where  he  was  made  sergeant.  Lyons  was 
discharged  April  3Oth,  1919. 

AMBULANCE 

Columbia  Lad  One  of  the  medal  wearers  of  the  National 
Earns  Croix  Lamp  Works  was  Horace  W.  Beck,  Jr.,  of 
de  Guerre  the  Columbia  Lamp  Division.  He  enlisted 

November  5th,  1917,  in  St.  Louis,  in  the 
Ambulance  Service  and  upon  arriving  at  Allentown,  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  assigned  to  Section  516,  with  which  outfit  he  went 
overseas.  Beck  took  part  in  the  following  engagements: 

(a)  Alsace  defensive,  February  nth  to  April  2nd,  1918. 

(b)  Soissons-Noyon  defensive,  April  I2th  to  April  2oth. 

(c)  Somme  defensive,   April   26th   to   August   7th. 

(d)  Somme   offensive,   August    8th    to   August    nth. 

(e)  Oise-Aisne  offensive,  August  28th  to  September  i8th. 

(f)  Oise-Somme  offensive,  October  13 th  to  November  9th. 
As  a  reward  for  his  brilliant  and  heroic  conduct  under 

fire,  he  was  awarded  on  February  i4th,  1919,  the  Croix  de 
Guerre  and  a  citation  covering  the  periods  from  August  9th 
to  September  I5th  and  from  October  loth  to  November  4th, 
1918.  Beck  was  discharged  April  25th,  1919. 


These  men  ti-ere  among  those  who  died  for  thtlr  Country 

Harry  E.  Peffer  Jesse  S.  Gardner  Ray  L.  Swartz 

Robert  T.  Coughlin 

Harmon  E.  Whiteman  Edward  F.  Hartman 

Enoch  E.  Brooks 


James  E.  Sullivan 


George  C.  Clancy 


Clarence  Hammell 


Herbert  L.  Anderton            Arthur  J.  White  Uhl  M.  Smith 

Theodore  G.  Chadwick  Charles  Jones     Robert  Jones  Clarence  Clark 

Leo  Lucas                                  Frank  C.  Williams  Herman  Glave 

John  H.  Ziegler                      John  F.  Cannon  David  Stambler 


THE  ARMY  FORCES 

MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS 

The  Manufacturing  Divisions  gave  by  far  the  largest 
number  of  men  to  the  war  from  the  National  and  fully  45% 
of  those  going  into  service  went  overseas,  participating  in 
some  of  the  most  gruesome  and  significant  engagements 
fought  during  the  entire  conflict.  Six  of  these  men  were  killed 
in  action;  two  died  from  the  effects  of  wounds;  one  met  death 
in  an  accident,  while  eight  died  from  natural  causes. 

THE  INFANTRY 

One  of  the  most  notable  of  National's  heroes  was  David 
Stambler  of  the  Puritan  Refilled  Division.  This  lad,  nineteen 
years  of  age,  measuring  but  five  feet,  four  inches  in  height,  en- 
listed on  May  2  ist,  1917,  in  Company  H  of  the  iO4th  Regiment, 
26th  Division.  After  a  period  of  infantry  training  at  Lynnfield, 
Massachusetts,  he  was  sent  overseas  where  he  served  fourteen 
months,  six  of  them  at  the  front.  He  saw  action  with  the  26th 
Division  at  Soissons,  Toul,  Seichprey,  Apremont  and  Chateau- 
Thierry.  It  was  in  the  battle  of  Chateau-Thierry  that  he 
was  so  badly  wounded  as  to  be  crippled  for  life.  For  his  heroism 
and  devotion  to  duty  in  this  battle  he  was  decorated  by  the 
French  Government  with  the  Croix  de  Guerre.  Young  Stambler 
was  a  hero  among  heroes,  for  his  regiment  was  the  first  American 
regiment  decorated  by  a  foreign  country. 

Ray  Swartz  Another  hero  and  a  man  who  died  fighting 
Meets  Death  for  his  country  was  Ray  Leland  Swartz 
in  the  Argonne  of  Ohio  Division.  Enlisting  in  the  5th  Ohio 
National  Guard,  he  first  saw  duty  along  the 
Texas  border  during  the  Mexican  trouble  in  1916.  From  there 
he  was  sent  to  Camp  Sheridan,  where  he  was  promoted  to  ser- 
geant. He  went  overseas  with  the  i45th  Regiment  of  Infantry, 
37th  Division,  and  while  playing  his  part  in  the  action  in 
the  Argonne  Forest  on  September  29th,  1918,  he  was  hit 
between  the  eyes  by  a  machine-gun  bullet  and  instantly 
killed.  The  death  of  Swartz  was  a  sad  loss  to  his  comrades 
and  the  following  letter,  written  to  Ray's  mother  by  his 


56  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

former  commander,  shows  the  high  esteem  in  which  the  lad 
was  held: 

"Your  letter  in  regard  to  the  death  of  your  son  fortunately  came  to 
me  as  I  am  now  in  command  of  Company  D.  I  joined  Company  D  at 
Camp  Sheridan  and  there  first  became  acquainted  with  your  son.  From 
then  until  his  death  he  was  my  platoon  sergeant,  always  faithful,  always 
dependable  and  a  strong  and  popular  leader  of  men. 

''For  a  whole  month  Sergeant  Swartz  was  in  sole  command  of  a  platoon 
on  our  first  trench  occupation  against  the  enemy.  He  carried  himself  with 
credit  and  held  the  confidence  of  his  men  in  danger. 

"In  the  Argonne  battle,  our  first  offensive,  he  was  my  invaluable  aid 
in  cheering  and  inspiring  the  men  and  in  his  aid  to  the  wounded.  Our 
platoon  advanced  the  farthest  objective  of  the  first  day  and  held  it  over 
night.  The  next  day  we  advanced  farther  forward,  making  our  total  gain 
on  the  Germans  about  ten  miles.  It  was  on  the  third  day,  while  advancing 
under  terrific  machine  gun  and  artillery  fire,  that  your  son  was  killed.  He 
was  not  over  a  foot  from  me  when  he  was  hit  by  the  bullet  of  the  machine 
gun.  He  said,  'Lieutenant,  I  am  hit',  very  calmly.  I  asked  him  'Where?' 
and  he  said  'pretty  high.'  He  died  a  few  minutes  later. 

"We  have  never  ceased  to  miss  this  sterling,  brave,  indomitable 
Sergeant. 

"The  Chaplain,  Charles  Funnell,  remembers  having  found  the  body 
and  says  that  he  gave  him  an  honorable  burial. 

"I  hope  this  letter  will  be  satisfactory  to  you.  I  am  very  much  in  sym- 
pathy with  you,  his  mother.  He  died  for  a  great  cause;  he  died  a  man,  a 
soldier  respected  and  honored;  he  died  a  hero  in  the  service  of  the  great 
American  army. 

Sincerely, 

W.  H.  STEWART, 

Lt.  Inf.,  U.  S.  A." 

Fred  S.  Gregory,  another  Ohio  Division  employee,  like- 
wise served  along  the  Mexican  border  with  the  Ohio  National 
Guard  and  was  l,ater  transferred  to  Camp  Sheridan  with  the 
i45th  Infantry,  37th  Division,  eventually  landing  in  France. 
After  a  period  of  training  at  Illuod,  France,  his  regiment 
was  ordered  to  the  Alsace-Lorraine,  Baccarat  sector,  where 
they  occupied  trenches  for  eight  weeks,  moving  on  September 
26th  to  a  sector  near  Verdun.  Here  on  September  26th  they 
entered  the  Argonne  Forest  drive.  They  were  located  at  this 
point  until  October  yth,  when  they  were  removed  to  the 
St.  Mihiel  sector  at  Thiaucourt,  where  they  held  the  lines  until 
October  2oth.  Once  more  were  they  moved,  this  time  to  a 
sector  west  of  Thielt,  Belgium,  where  on  October  jist  they 
began  another  offensive.  On  the  same  day  Gregory  was  wound- 
ed and  taken  to  British  Expeditionary  Force  Hospital  No.  8. 
He  remained  there  until  December  nth,  1918,  when  he  was 


THE  INFANTRY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  57 

removed  to  the  United  States  Hospital  No.  37  at  Dartford, 
Kent,  England.  On  January  2oth,  Gregory  sailed  for  home. 
Upon  being  discharged  from  service  he  took  employment 
with  the  Pitney  Glass  Division. 

From  Mexico  Thomas  J.  Molloy  of  the  Nela  Lamp  Division 
to  France  was  another  boy  who  saw  strenuous  service. 

Enlisting  in  1916,  in  the  i45th  Infantry, 
he  was  for  a  time  along  the  Mexican  border,  but 
finally  reached  France,  where  he  saw  action  in  the  following 
engagements: 

(a)  Baccarat  sector,  August  4th  to  September  i6th,  1918. 

(b)  Avocourt  sector,  September  2ist  to  Septmber  25th. 

(c)  Meuse-Argonne  offensive,  September  25th     to  Oc- 
tober ist. 

(d)  St.    Mihiel   sector,   October  yth   to  October    i6th. 

(e)  Flanders    offensive,    forcing    crossing    of   Lys    and 
Escaut  Rivers,  October  jist  to  November  4th. 

(f)  Flanders  offensive,  forcing  crossing  of  Escaut  River 
at  Lyngem,  November  9th  to  November  nth. 

Anthony  S.  Greisen  of  the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp 
Division  entered  service  with  Company  D  of  thej52nd  Infantry, 
88th  Division,  and  was  transferred  April  6th,  1918,  to  Com- 
pany H,  I32nd  Infantry,  33rd  Division.  After  training  at 
Camps  Dodge,  Iowa,  and  Logan,  Texas,  he  sailed  for  France. 
Among  the  engagements  in  which  Greisen  took  part  were  the 
following: 

(a)  Occupation   of  Vaden   Line   with    the  jrd    Corps, 
British  Expeditionary  Force,  June  2jrd  to  August 
23rd,  1918. 

(b)  Amiens  sector,  attack   on  Hamel  Woods,  July  4th. 

(c)  Verdun  sector,  west  of  the  Meuse,  September  8th 
to  September  25th. 

(d)  Meuse-Argonne  offensive,   September   26th   to  Oc- 
tober 2oth. 

(e)  Offensive  of  Troyon-sur-Meuse  sector,  October  25th 
to  November  nth. 

The  33rd  Division,  to  which  Greisen  was  attached,  claims 
to  be  the  only  Division  that  fought  with  the  English,  Austral- 
ians and  French.  It  also  served  in  five  armies  and  eleven  Army 


58  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

corps.  Greisen  was  one  of  the  twelve  National  men  with  theArmy 
of  Occupation,  wintering  in  Luxemburg.  Upon  receiving  his 
discharge  from  service  May  26th,  1919,  he  returned  to  his 
former  position  as  foreman  in  the  Basing  Department  at 
Minnesota. 

Another  infantryman  was  Edward  P.  Brennan  of  the 
St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp  Division.  He  enlisted  July  24th,  1917, 
and  trained  at  Camp  Doniphan  and  Fort  Sill,  Oklahoma. 
Going  across  with  Company  L,  ijSth  Infantry,  35th  Division, 
he  participated  for  five  nights  and  five  days  in  the  Argonne 
drive,  besides  holding  lines  in  four  other  sectors  at  various 
times.  He  witnessed  and  suffered  many  hardships,  and  although 
engaging  in  several  trench  raids  was  never  wounded.  While 
active  in  the  Vosges  sector,  his  company  had  forty-two  cas- 
ualties in  one  night's  operations.  Brennan  was  discharged 
May  i2th,  1919. 

Among  those  dying  while  in  the  service  was  Jesse  Sales 
Gardner  of  Ohio  Division.  He  was  born  in  Bristolville,  Ohio, 
November  i4th,  1896,  and  at  the  time  of  his  induction, 
August  29th,  1918,  was  employed  in  the  assistant  superin- 
tendent's office,  where  he  was  doing  clerical  work.  He  was 
sent  to  Camp  Zachary  Taylor  and  attached  to  the  I9th 
Company,  5th  Training  Battalion,  I59th  Depot  Brigade. 
On  September  28th  Gardner  was  transferred  to  Battery  A 
of  the  6yth  Field  Artillery  at  Camp  Knox,  West  Point,  Ken- 
tucky, and  a  few  days  later  was  taken  ill  with  influenza. 
He  was  brought  back  to  Camp  Taylor,  October  2nd,  and  died 
five  days  later  at  the  base  hospital,  of  bronchial  pneumonia. 
His  body  was  interred  in  Oakwood  Cemetery,  Warren,  Ohio. 

Leland  R.  Ensign,  a  coil  bender  with  Ohio  Division, 
was  mustered  into  Headquarters  Company  of  the  33ist 
Infantry,  83rd  Division,  at  Camp  Sherman,  January  22nd, 
1918.  He  arrived  in  France  June  24th,  1918,  and  was  sent 
to  the  vicinity  of  Chaumont,  where  the  regiment  was  kept 
in  reserve  for  four  weeks.  Ensign  was  afterwards  sent  to  a 
signal  school  and  returned  to  his  company  as  a  signal  in- 
structor. 

Herman  H.  P.  Marshall  of  the  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp 
Division  entered  the  army  September  i8th,  1917.  Upon  reaching 
Camp  Funston  he  was  assigned  to  the  354th  Infantry,  89th 
Division.  Arriving  in  France,  he  was  transferred  to  a  trench 


THE  INFANTRY — MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  59 

mortar  platoon  of  the  i4<Dth  Infantry,  35th  Division.  He  took 
part  in  the  following  engagements: 

(a)  Somme  sector,   May    I2th   to  June   9th,    1918. 

(b)  Thann  sector,  June  2jrd  to  July  ist. 

(c)  Vosges    Mountains,    Gerard    sector,    July    I9th    to 
September  2nd. 

(d)  Argonne  sector,   September   2oth   to  October  yth. 

(e)  Sommedieu,  Verdun  front,  October  i2th  to  Novem- 
ber 5th. 

The  day  fighting  was  halted,  Marshall  was  marching  to 
Metz  with  his  regiment  for  an  attack  which  was  scheduled 
for  two  days  later. 

Missing          Lewis    E.    Burdick,    a    flange-machine    operator 
Death  with  the  Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp  Division, 

By  Inches  was  drafted  February  2jrd,  1918.  He  was  as- 
signed to  Company  K,  3o6th  Infantry,  yyth 
Division,  at  Camp  Devens.  After  intensive  training  at  that 
camp  he  was  sent  to  France,  where  he  participated  in  the 
Oise-Aisne  drive  in  August,  1918.  In  that  offensive  his  squad 
was  among  those  picked  as  machine-gun  carriers.  While 
digging  in  for  the  night  under  enemy  fire,  a  large  shell  burst 
just  behind  the  tree  where  Burdick  and  his  buddies  were 
busy.  Thinking  nothing  of  this,  they  kept  digging  in  with 
their  mess-kits,  there  being  but  one  shovel  in  the  squad, 
but  the  next  morning  upon  reconnoitering  they  found  that 
three  men  in  the  machine-gun  company  had  been  burned 
to  cinders  on  the  other  side  of  the  tree.  Burdick  was  discharged 
August  n,  1919. 

Travelling  across  in  the  Italian  cattle  boat  Caserta  was 
the  preliminary  experience  of  George  B.  Hayman.  Arriving 
in  Brest,  France,  July  5th,  1918,  with  the  i45th  Infantry, 
37th  Division,  he  was  soon  under  way  again,  this  time  to  a 
prison  camp  at  Grieves,  France,  where  he  was  detailed  to 
guard  prisoners.  On  August  5th  he  went  into  the  trenches 
in  the  Toul  sector,  along  the  Lorraine  front,  where  he  remained 
until  September  I5th.  Dispatched  to  the  Meuse-Argonne 
Forest,  fifteen  kilometers  northwest  of  Verdun,  he  saw  action 
there  from  September  26th  to  October  2nd.  In  this  offensive 
he  was  wounded  in  the  back  of  the  head  with  a  high  explosive 
shell,  causing  perforation  of  the  left  ear  drum.  Recovering 
from  this  injury,  he  was  sent  to  Thiaucourt  in  the  St.  Mihiel 


60  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

sector  for  two  weeks  and  upon  being  relieved  at  that  point 
was  sent  on  October  lyth  to  an  officers'  training  school  at 
La  Valbonne,  near  Lake  Geneva,  where  he  remained  until 
the  armistice  was  signed.  Upon  being  discharged,  March  I5th, 
1919,  Hayman  was  employed  by  the  Cleveland  Miniature 
Lamp  Division. 

A  transfer  from  the  8jrd  to  the  ist  Division  brought 
Harry  E.  Baldauf  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Works  action  and 
wounds.  Harry  was  drafted  September  lyth,  1917,  and  as- 
signed to  the  supply  company  of  the  33ist  Infantry,  8jrd 
Division,  at  Camp  Sherman.  He  was  transferred  to  Company 
M  of  the  28th  Infantry,  ist  Division,  and  upon  his  arrival 
in  France  was  dispatched  to  the  front,  where  he  saw  action 
at: 

St.   Mihiel,   September   i2th   to  September    i6th,    1918. 

Argonne  Forest,  October  ist  to  October  6th,  1918. 

On  October  6th,  in  the  Argonne  Forest,  Baldauf  was 
wounded  in  the  left  hand  by  shrapnel,  and  gassed,  conse- 
quently seeing  no  further  action.  He  was  discharged  April 
1 5th,  1919. 

11  The  noblest  death  is  surely  in  the  glorious  heat  of  strife, 
where  man  by  courage  and  true  sacrifice,  can  prove  to  God  his 
manhood  as  he  dies." 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Div- 
ision we  were  able  to  obtain  information  regarding  two  of 
its  employees  who  died  in  service,  Private  Francis  Lee  Judd 
and  Private  Clarence  H.  Hammell.  Both  were  attached  to 
the  363rd  Infantry  Regiment  and  both  received  their  death 
wounds  on  September  26th,  1918,  in  the  Argonne  drive. 

Francis  Judd  was  drafted  in  August,  1918,  and  detailed 
to  the  363rd  Regiment  of  Infantry,  9  ist  Division,  at  Camp 
Lewis.  He  went  direct  to  France,  where  his  regiment  was 
stationed,  and  when  troops  were  placed  for  the  Argonne 
offensive  the  363rd  Regiment  was  dispatched  to  a  point  near 
Verdun.  On  the  first  day  of  the  drive,  September  26th,  1918, 
they  were  advancing  fifteen  miles  southwest  of  Verdun  when 
a  shell  exploded  in  the  midst  of  the  company.  Judd  was  hit 
by  a  number  of  fragments  and  lay  stunned.  He  was  revived 
and  moved  to  an  evacuation  hospital,  where  his  wounds  were 
dressed.  Although  severely  hurt,  Judd  appeared  to  be  doing 
well  and  later  wrote  home  that  he  had  recovered  sufficiently 


Upper  Photo — Niles  Glass  Division,  Niles,  Ohio. 

Middle  Photo — St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp  Div.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Lower  Photo — Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp  Div.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 


Illinois  Miniature  Lamp  Division,  Chicago,  Illinois. 


Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division,  Oakland,  California 


THE  INFANTRY- — MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  61 

to  help  about  the  hospital  with  light  tasks.  The  next  news 
brought  word  that  he  had  died  suddenly,  December  iyth, 
1918.  Judd  was  but  twenty-three  years  old  at  the  date  of 
his  death  and  previous  to  entering  service  had  been  employed 
in  the  shipping  department  of  the  Oakland  plant.  Letters 
from  his  superior  officers  characterize  him  as  a  very  good 
soldier,  honest  and  faithful  in  every  particular. 

The  other  Oakland  man  to  die  in  action  was  Clarence 
Hammell.  He  was  born  January  I5th,  1895,  and  at  the  time 
he  was  inducted,  October  13 th,  1917,  was  employed  as  a  fore- 
man. After  some  training  at  Camp  Lewis  he  was  transferred 
to  Company  D  of  the  363^  Infantry  and  sent  to  France. 
Like  his  buddy,  Lee  Judd,  he  received  his  wounds  in  the 
Argonne  drive.  The  following  extract  from  a  letter  written 
by  a  platoon  commander  of  the  363rd  Infantry,  tells  something 
of  the  lad's  death: 

"Clarence  Hammell  was  a  runner  in  my  platoon  and  I 
considered  him  one  of  the  best  soldiers  in  the  company.  He 
was  always  very  faithful  and  obedient  to  all  orders.  When 
our  company  received  final  instructions  before  going  over  the 
top  in  the  Argonne  sector  offensive,  I  detailed  Hammell  as  a 
runner  or  message  bearer  between  my  platoon  and  the  company 
commander.  Hence  I  did  not  see  his  death.  I  am  told  he  was 
killed  while  advancing  with  the  captain  and  that  he  died  the 
death  of  a  hero  in  the  full  performance  of  his  duty.  This  was 
north  of  the  Cheppy  Woods,  which  is  near  Vauquois,  France, 
in  the  Verdun  region.  Our  division  had  a  post  of  honor  in 
the  beginning  of  this  wonderful  fight  of  the  American  Army. 
It  was  here  that  the  drive  for  freedom  was  begun  and  it  was 
here  that  the  Kaiser's  mailed  fist  was  shattered  and  peace 
brought  to  a  war-torn  Europe.  It  was  here  these  heroes  of 
the  French  in  1914  said  'they  shall  not  pass,'  and  we  all  know 
the  results  of  that  great  stand.  Clarence  HammeH's  body 
lies  in  this  famous  battle-field.  He  was  indeed  a  true  soldier 
and  fearless  under  his  baptism  of  fire." 

The  devotion  and  heroism  of  these  two  lads,  Lee  Judd 
and  Clarence  Hammell,  makes  every  National  man  and  woman 
think  more  reverently  of  the  twenty  fellow-workmen  and 
comrades  who  "went  West"  in  the  war.  Their  sacrifices  were 
of  the  noblest  kind  that  men  can  make. 

Corporal  George  M.  Nibeck,  a  bulb  blower  with  the 
Euclid  Glass  Division,  was  drafted  May  28th,  1918.  At  Camp 


62  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Gordon,  Nibeck  was  assigned  to  Company  D,  59th  Infantry, 
4th  Division.  After  a  short  period  of  training  at  that  camp  he 
was  sent  to  France,  where  he  was  over  the  top  in  the  Metz 
sector,  at  St.  Mihiel  and  in  the  Meuse-Argonne  offensive. 
George  was  gassed  October  igth,  1918,  in  the  Argonne  Forest. 

The  National  Army  drew  George  W.  Myers  of  the  Euclid 
Glass  Works.  Becoming  a  soldier  April  28th,  1918,  he  received 
his  training  at  Camp  Sherman  and  Camp  Merritt,  being 
attached  to  Headquarters  Company  of  the  inth  Infantry, 
28th  Division,  as  a  private.  Myers  saw  action  in  theThiaucourt 
sector  with  the  same  outfit.  He  was  discharged  from  service 
May  i9th,  1919. 

William  C.  Boehning  of  the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp 
Division  was  drafted  July  25th,  1918.  At  Camp  Wadsworth, 
South  Carolina,  he  was  attached  to  Company  D  of  the  Third 
Pioneer  Infantry.  Boehning  also  trained  at  Camp  Stuart, 
Virginia,  before  going  to  France.  He  took  his  part  in  the 
Meuse-Argonne  offensive  from  September  26th  to  November 
nth,  1918.  Russell  A.  Paine  of  the  same  Lamp  Division 
entered  service  May  3Oth,  1918,  and  trained  at  Camps  Gordon, 
Merritt  and  Devens.  In  France  he  was  on  the  roster  of  Com- 
pany D,  iO4th  Infantry,  26th  Division. 

Joseph  V.  Hamey,  a  glass  worker  with  the  Euclid  Glass 
Division,  was  inducted  April  28th,  1918.  After  one  month 
at  Camp  Sherman  with  Company  G  of  the  329th  Infantry, 
8jrd  Division,  he  was  detailed  overseas  and  transferred  to 
Headquarters  Company  of  the  ii2th  Infantry,  28th  Division, 
which  was  located  for  some  time  at  Le  Mans,  France.  William 
D.  Jones,  a  coiling-machine  operator  with  Ohio  Division, 
was  called  to  Camp  Gordon,  May  26th,  1918.  He  was  assigned 
to  the  nth  Company,  jrd  Battalion,  ist  Replacement  Reg- 
iment. Jones  went  to  France  several  weeks  later. 

James  Edward  Sullivan  was  a  glass  blower  with  the 
Niles  Glass  Works.  He  was  born  in  Niles,  Ohio,  October  loth, 
1896.  On  September  6th,  1918,  Sullivan  was  drafted  into  the 
army  and  ordered  to  Camp  Sherman,  where  he  was  assigned 
to  the  28th  Company,  yth  Training  Battalion,  I58th  Depot 
Brigade.  He  was  taken  ill  soon  afterwards  with  pneumonia 
and  died  October  gth,  1918. 

Two  other  glass  workers,  entering  service  from  the  Euclid 
Glass  Division,  were  Wayne  F.  Price  and  William  R.  Walsh. 
Price  was  drafted  September  iyth,  1917,  and  upon  reaching 


THE  INFANTRY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  63 

Camp  Sherman  was  assigned  to  a  supply  company  of  the 
33  ist  Infantry,  83rd  Division.  Walsh  was  called  July  22nd, 
1918,  and  sent  to  Camp  Jackson,  South  Carolina.  He  was 
placed  with  Company  I,  89th  Infantry,  2oth  Division.  Walsh 
was  later  transferred  to  Camp  Sevier  where  he  remained 
until  discharged  from  the  army  December  23rd,  1918. 

Drafted  into  Company  L  of  the  33ist  Infantry,  overseas 
with  the  1 9th  Engineers  and  then  transferred  to  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  was  the  service  record  of  Walter  W.  Dieckow 
of  the  Lamp  Equipment  Division.  He  was  drafted  September 
1 8th,  1917,  and  trained  at  Camps  Sherman,  Grant  and  Mer- 
ritt.  Joseph  Palermo,  also  of  Lamp  Equipment,  saw  action 
at  St.  Mihiel,  Argonne  and  Verdun.  For  five  days  his  company 
was  without  rations  but  the  morale  of  the  men  never  waned. 
Palermo  was  drafted  May  24th,  1918  and  trained  at  Camp 
Gordon,  Georgia. 

Two  boys  from  the  Loudon  Glass  Division  died  of  pneu- 
monia while  in  service.  One  of  these  was  Joseph  Raymon  d 
Ingram,whose  service  record  will  be  found  on  page  100.  The 
other  was  James  Wilbur  Doll,  employed  by  Loudon  as  a  fireman. 
He  was  drafted  July  loth,  1918,  and  ordered  to  Camp  Sherman 
where  he  was  assigned  to  Company  E  of  the  334th  Infantry, 
84th  Division.  Doll  went  overseas  and  was  in  Exnal,  France,  at 
the  time  he  was  taken  ill  with  pneumonia.  He  died  one  day 
before  the  signing  of  the  armistice. 

Robert  C.  Milliken,  later  with  Trumbull,  was  connected 
with  the  Personnel  Office  at  Camp  Sherman,  where  his  work 
consisted  of  interviewing  drafted  men  as  to  their  educational, 
industrial  and  military  qualifications.  He  was  discharged 
March  ist,  1919. 

Joseph  L.  Vanness  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  entered 
service  May  28th,  1918.  He  was  called  to  Camp  Gordon  and 
assigned  to  the  35th  Company,  9th  Battalion,  3rd  Replace- 
ment Regiment,  while  William  J.  Hultyman  who  was  later 
employed  by  the  Euclid  Glass  Works,  enlisted  May  28th, 
1917,  in  Cleveland,  and  trained  at  Camp  Perry,  Ohio,  and 
Camp  Mills,  Long  Island.  He  was  assigned  to  Company  E,  i66th 
Infantry,  42nd  Division,  and  after  five  months'  home  training 
went  to  France.  He  participated  in  the  following  operations: 

Luneville  sector,   February   2ist   to   March   2ist,    1918. 

Baccarat  sector,  March  3Oth  to  April  23rd. 

St.    Mihiel,    September    I2th    to    September    i8th. 


64  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

When  the  armistice  was  signed  Hultyman's  work  was 
not  done,  for  he  was  with  the  American  Army  of  Occupation 
from  January  I4th  to  April  7th,  1919. 

Richard  E.  Dare,  later  with  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp 
Division,  enlisted  July  1st,  1917,  in  the  63rd  Infantry  of  the 
Regular  Army.  He  was  made  an  instructor  in  grenade  bay- 
onet work  and  while  stationed  at  Camp  Meade,  Maryland, 
won  second  prize  and  honorable  mention  in  the  Division 
rifle  championship  contest.  On  November  3rd,  1918,  he  qual- 
ified as  an  expert  rifleman.  As  early  as  1916,  Dare  was  in  the 
British  Merchant  Marine  service,  aboard  the  S.  S.  Atlantian 
which  steamed  between  New  Orleans  and  Liverpool.  He  was 
discharged  from  the  army  January  27th,  1919. 

With  the  Providence  Base  Works  were  three  boys  of 
Italian  birth  who  served  in  the  Infantry.  Sylvester  Minncuci, 
a  machine  operator,  was  drafted  May  1st,  1918.  He  was 
assigned  to  Company  K,  Ii6th  Infantry,  29th  Division, 
and  trained  at  Camp  McClellan,  Alabama,  and  St.  Lizzare, 
France.  Pietro  Paolella  was  attached  to  the  24th  Company, 
1 52nd  Depot  Brigade  at  Camp  Upton,  Long  Island,  from 
August  3rd,  1918  to  December  I2th,  1918,  while  Cosmo  Cas- 
trovillari  was  assigned  to  the  7ist  Infantry  at  Camp  Meade.  He 
was  inducted  June  24^1,1918,  and  discharged  January  315^1919. 

Hugo  Johnson  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  entered  the 
army  June  24th,  1918.  Upon  reaching  Camp  Upton  he  was 
assigned  to  Company  L,  322nd  Infantry,  8ist  Division,  as  a 
private.  The  following  month  Johnson  went  to  France,  where 
he  saw  action  in  the  St.  Die  sector,  Sommedieu  sector  and  in 
the  Meuse-Argonne  offensive.  He  remained  with  the  American 
Expeditionary  forces  until  June  I9th,  1919. 

All  Out  Being  listed  for  early  embarkation  and  then  to 

of  Luck  have  righting  cease  was  the  luck  of  Oswald  H. 

Niehus  of  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division.  He  was 
originally  attached  to  the  36th  Company,  9th  Training 
Battalion,  I58th  Depot  Brigade,  at  Camp  Sherman  but  was 
transferred  to  an  infantry  regiment  which  was  assigned  for 
convoy  November  2oth.  The  signing  of  the  armistice  spoiled 
the  fun,  for  Niehus  was  eagerly  waiting  his  chance  to  wallop 
the  enemy. 

Niles  Glass  Division  learned  with  sorrow  of  the  death 
in  action  of  Harmon  Edward  Whiteman.  He  was  born  in 


Bernard  P.  Snee 
Duke  Rodgers 
Everett  VV.  Himeon 
Roland  S.  Brown 


Paul  J.  Jeffries 
Roger  F.  Hartman 
Louis  F.  Steen 
Glenn  E.  Norton 


Walter  E.  Briggs 
Albert  Cunningham 
Ralph  P.  Mylechraine 
John  J.  Stock 


Fred  A.  Gregory 
Patrick  Murphy 
Arthur  H.  Chiconi 
William  \V.  Cook 


Roy  P.  Kaye 

Anthony  S.  Greison 
Walter  A.  Kelly 
Percy  A.  Wentworth 


Charles  C.  Ivesler 
Joseph  E.  Varnam 
James  Mahoney 
Edward  E.  Rummell 


THE  INFANTRY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  65 

Tiffin,  Ohio,  February  I9th,  1895,  and  at  the  time  he  was 
called  to  the  colors  October  5th,  1917,  was  employed  as  a 
bulb  gatherer  at  Niles.  He  was  sent  to  Camp  Sherman  and 
in  December,  1917,  was  transferred  to  Camp  Sheridan,  Ala- 
bama, where  he  was  attached  to  Company  L,  i48th  Infantry, 
37th  Division.  He  went  to  France  with  his  Regiment  and  soon 
afterwards  marched  to  the  front.  On  November  3rd,  1918, 
while  in  action  near  the  village  of  Heule,  Belgium,  he  was 
wounded  in  the  hip  by  shrapnel  and  died  November  8th, 
as  a  result  of  these  injuries.  He  was  buried  at  Stadem,  Bel- 
gium. Regarding  his  service,  Major  Roldon  O.  Nichols  of 
the  i48th  Infantry  wrote  to  Whiteman's  sister: 

"Captain  Stewart  of  Company  L,  i48th  Infantry,  stated 
that  your  brother  was  a  very  good  soldier  and  that  he  was 
wounded  in  action  in  Belgium  on  November  jrd,  1918,  and 
had  been  removed  to  a  field  hospital,  where  he  died.  The 
captain  did  not  know  which  hospital  or  where  he  had  been 
buried.  We  simply  receive  a  notice  that  our  men  who  have 
been  sent  to  the  hospitals,  which  are  far  to  the  rear,  have  died 
and  the  cause  of  their  death.  Consequently  it  is  very  seldom 
that  we  know  much  more  about  it.  Unless  we  are  wounded 
and  sent  to  a  hospital  it  is  very  seldom  we  have  even  a 
chance  to  visit  them. 

"I  inquired  of  the  men  of  Company  L,  i48th  Infantry, 
who  had  been  intimately  acquainted  with  him.  Corporal 
Samuel  Jenkins,  Company  L,  i48th  Infantry,  stated  that  he 
had  known  your  brother  all  the  time  he  had  been  with  the 
company  and  that  he  had  been  well  liked  by  every  man  of 
the  company  and  had  been  a  very  good  soldier. 

"Private  Adolph  Pequignot,  Company  L,  148 th  Infantry, 
stated  that  he  had  known  your  brother  and  had  gone  to  a 
school  of  Gas  Instruction  for  several  days  with  him  at  'Gits,' 
a  small  town  in  Belgium,  just  before  our  division  went  into 
battle  in  Flanders.  Your  brother  qualified  as  an  instructor 
in  Gas  and  would  have  been  made  a  non-commissioned 
officer  in  a  short  time.  Pequignot  stated  that  your  brother 
was  a  very  good  soldier  and  was  well  liked  by  his  comrades. 

"Company  L,  148 th  Infantry,  was  one  of  the  companies 
that  was  the  first  to  cross  the  Escaut  River  in  Belgium  on 
November  jrd,  1918.  In  the  big  combat  the  37th  Division  was 
operating  with  the  French  Army.  There  were  only  two  Amer- 


66  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

lean   Divisions  assigned   to   the  French  Army  operating  in 
this  part  of  Belgium,  near  Ghent,  opposite  Brussels. 

"The  37th  Division  was  the  first  to  reach  and  cross  the 
Army  objective  (the  Escaut)  and  was  farther  advanced  than 
any  other  organization  operating  with  the  French  troops  in 
this  sector.  I  speak  of  this  as  you  can  readily  understand  the 
gallant,  brave  and  spirited  soldiers  our  American  boys  were  and 
can  be  justly  proud  that  your  brother  was  one  of  them. 

"Corporal  Jenkins  and  Private  Pequignot  were  with  your 
brother  at  the  time  he  was  wounded  and  helped  to  take  care 
of  him.  Harmon  was  wounded  by  shrapnel  and  was  struck 
in  the  right  hip. 

"This  occurred  on  the  bank  of  the  Escaut  River,  about 
4:30  P.  M.  November  3rd,  1918,  near  the  village  of  Heule, 
Belgium.  These  two  men  made  a  bed  of  straw  for  your  brother 
and  helped  him  all  they  could  until  he  was  sent  back  to  the 
field  hospital. 

"The  Germans  were  putting  down  at  this  time  a  very 
heavy  artillery  barrage  and  machine-gun  fire.  The  artillery 
and  machine-gun  fire  of  the  Boche  was  very  heavy  during 
the  whole  engagement  and  all  of  us  suffered  casualties. 

"You  have  my  heartfelt  sympathy  in  the  loss  of  your 
brother;  but  I  trust  you  may  be  consoled  in  the  thought  that 
he  was  a  brave  and  spirited  soldier  and  died  as  a  soldier  for 
his  country. 

(Signed)     R.  O.  NICHOLS 

Major,  I48th  Infantry." 

Private  Patrick  Murphy  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division 
was  drafted  May  28th,  1918.  He  was  stationed  for  some  time 
at  Camp  Gordon,  Georgia,  where  he  was  attached  to  the  29th 
Company,  Auto  Replacement  Regiment.  In  France,  he  was 
located  in  Chaumont  with  a  Provisional  Infantry  Company 
which  served  as  Guard  of  Honor  for  General  Pershing  at 
several  decoration  ceremonies.  Murphy  was  discharged  July 
9th,  1919. 

Walter  A.  Kelly,  also  of  Euclid  Glass,  was  drafted  May 
25th,  1918.  He  was  ordered  to  Camp  Gordon  and  later  trans- 
ferred to  Camp  Mills.  In  France,  Kelly  was  attached  to 
Company  M,  i8th  Infantry,  ist  Division,  and  saw  action 


Victory  Theatre  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  at  Bordeaux 


Assignment  to  Quarters 


Salvation  Army  Hut  at  Bordeaux 

(The  photographs  appearing  above  were  supplied  by  M.  S.  E.,  Hollis  Townsend) 


With  the  37th  Division — Olsene,  Belgium 


(The  photographs  on  this  page  were  supplied  by  Mrs.  Rowlands,  Engineering  Department) 


Infantry  of  jyth  Division  on  Way  to  Front 


THE  INFANTRY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  67 

in  the  Toul  sector,  St.  Mihiel,  Argonne  Forest  and  at  Meuse- 
Argonne.  He  was  discharged  September  24th,  1919. 

Battling  Two  Youngstown  Mazda  men,  Albert  Handel 
Huns  and  and  Walter  Baeckler,  went  to  France  with 
Cooties  infantry  regiments.  Handel  entered  service  Sep- 

tember 1 9th,  1917.  He  trained  at  Camp  Sherman 
for  three  weeks  and  was  then  transferred  to  Camp  Sheridan, 
Alabama.  On  May  1st,  1918,  Albert  embarked  for  France, 
where  he  took  part  in  the  following  activities  with  Company 
B,  iO2nd  Infantry,  26th  Division: 

(a)  Seichprey  Raid,  Pos  Fini  sector,  July  I5th  to  July 
i8th,  1918. 

(b)  Marne  defensive,  July   I5th  to  i8th. 

(c)  Aisne-Marne  offensive,  July   i8th   to  July  25th. 

(d)  St.  Mihiel  salient,  September  1 2th  to  September  i6th. 

(e)  Troyon  sector,  September  iyth  to  October  8th. 
(0     Meuse-Argonne  offensive,  October  1 1  th  to  Novem- 
ber nth. 

Walter  Baeckler  was  drafted  into  Company  K,  Ji6th 
Infantry  of  the  79th  Division  but  later  was  transferred  to 
Company  E  of  the  H2th  Engineers,  37th  Division.  He  admits 
that  he  went  without  a  bath  from  October  27th  to  December 
1 7th,  1918,  and  that  in  one  battle  with  his  enemy,  the  cootie, 
he  counted  twenty  dead,  with  himself  the  only  wounded. 

Among  the  Central  Falls  Division  infantry  quota  were 
Joseph  P.  Handrigan,  Albert  E.  Bouvier  and  Everett  W. 
Himeon.  Handrigan  had  eighteen  months'  service  in  the 
Rhode  Island  National  Guard  before  being  drafted  August 
29th,  1918,  so  was  well  acquainted  with  military  life.  He 
was  sent  to  Camp  Upton,  New  York,  where  he  was  with  the 
ist  Company,  Army  Service  Corps.  Arriving  in  England, 
Joe  was  stationed  at  Camp  Knotty-Ash  and  Camp  Winnell 
Downe.  Handrigan  had  crossed  the  Channel  to  Le  Havre 
and  was  about  to  leave  for  the  front  when  hostilities  closed. 

Albert  Bouvier  was  inducted  June  24th,  1918,  and  trained 
at  Camp  Meade,  Maryland,  with  a  supply  company  of  the 
7 ist  Infantry.  He  was  assigned  as  a  cook,  and  claims  that  his 
work  about  the  furnaces  at  Central  Falls  was  a  great  help 
to  him.  Himeon,  who  was  a  sealing  machine  operator,  entered 
service  October  3rd,  1917.  He  trained  at  Camps  Devens, 
Gordon  and  Upton  with  Company  C  of  the  326th  Infantry, 


68  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

8  ist  Division,  before  going  overseas.  Himeon  was  billeted  in 
France  for  some  time,  but  saw  no  action  along  the  front.  He 
was  discharged  at  Camp  Upton,  June  5th,  1919. 

Lieutenant  Bradford  H.  Kenyon,  Superintendent  of  the 
Providence  Base  Works,  entered  military  service  April  27th, 
1918.  He  spent  his  period  of  preparation  at  Camp  Dix  with 
the  jioth  Infantry,  78th  Division,  and  then  went  overseas, 
being  stationed  in  England  for  a  brief  period  before  going 
to  France.  Kenyon  participated  in  the  battles  of  St.  Mihiel  and 
Argonne.  In  1919  he  resumed  his  duties  at  the  Base  Works. 

Attending  the  First  Infantry  Officers'  Training  School 
at  Plattsburg,  New  York,  Thomas  E.  Beatty,  who  towers 
six  feet,  one  and  one-half  inches  from  the  ground,  was  com- 
missioned a  second  lieutenant  and  detailed  to  regimental 
or  divisional  headquarters  work  at  Camps  Wadsworth, 
Sherman,  Gordon  and  Perry.  At  the  time  he  was  discharged, 
March  i8th,  1919,  he  had  been  promoted  to  first  lieutenant. 
Beatty  later  assumed  a  position  with  the  Oakland  Mazda 
Lamp  Division. 

Paul  R.  Hamrick,  stock  clerk  of  Lamp  Equipment  Divi- 
sion, was  inducted  April  ist,  1918.  At  Camp  Sherman  he  was 
assigned  to  Company  I,  3J2nd  Infantry,  83rd  Division,  as  a 
private.  He  went  overseas  from  Camp  Upton,  New  York, 
being  stationed  at  Camp  Standon,  England,  before  going  to 
France.  Upon  arriving  on  the  continent  Hamrick  saw  service 
in  Metz  as  a  sniper;  was  attached  to  Model  Company  at  the 
ist  Corps  Gas  school,  Gondrecourt,  France;  and  still  later  was 
on  duty  in  Luxemberg  and  Germany. 

Niles  Boy  One  of  the  five   Niles   Glass   Division   boys 

Killed  in  to  die  in  service  was  Harry  Edward  Peffer. 

Great  Defensive  He  was  small  of  stature,  being  five  feet, 
three  and  one-half  inches  tall  and  weighing 
but  one  hundred  and  fourteen  pounds.  Harry  left  the  employ 
of  the  Niles  Division,  where  he  was  engaged  as  a  gatherer, 
in  July,  1917,  and  on  July  5th  enlisted  at  Columbus,  Ohio, 
in  the  Infantry.  He  was  sent  to  Camp  Greene,  North  Carolina, 
where  he  was  assigned  to  Company  E  of  the  7th  Infantry.  He 
was  later  transferred  to  Company  D,  9th  Machine-Gun 
Battalion,  with  which  outfit  he  saw  action.  PeflFer  was  killed 
by  shrapnel  while  participating  in  the  Champagne-Marne 
Defensive,  at  about  8  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  July  I5th,  1918. 


THE  INFANTRY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  69 

Under  date  of  July,  1919,  the  following  letter  was  sent 
to  Harry's  mother,  Mrs.  Emma  Peffer,  336  Vine  Avenue, 
Niles,  Ohio,  at  the  direction  of  the  commanding  officer  of  the 
3rd  Division: 

"It  is  the  desire  of  the  Commanding  General  of  this 
Division  (Third  Regular)  that  on  this  date,  the  anniversary 
of  the  great  Champagne-Marne  Defensive,  one  of  the  greatest 
battles  of  the  World  War,  a  letter  be  written  to  show  the 
relatives  of  those  who  lost  their  lives  on  the  field  of  battle, 
the  great  appreciation,  esteem  and  devotion  in  which  these 
men  are  held  by  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  organization 
in  which  they  fought. 

"Your  son  was  killed  in  action  on  July  I5th,  1918,  during 
the  Champagne-Marne  Defensive,  July  I5th  to  July  i8th, 
1918. 

"Inclosed  you  will  find  a  certificate  of  Military  History 
together  with  Victory  Ribbon  with  appropriate  stars  denoting 
the  several  major  operations. 

"I  take  pleasure  in  advising  you  that  recommendations 
have  been  forwarded  to  the  Adjutant-General,  recommending 
your  son  for  the  Distinguished  Service  Cross. 

(Signed)     A.  H.  INGOLD 

Captain,  9th  Machine-Gun  Battalion." 

Harry  Peffer  was  but  twenty-four  years  of  age  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  having  been  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania, January  igth,  1894. 

Patrick  Griffin  and  John  F.  Drew  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Glass  Division  both  enlisted  June  24th,  1918.  Griffin  was  sent 
to  Camp  Meade,  Maryland,  where  he  was  attached  to  a 
depot  brigade  for  a  short  time,  later  being  transferred  to 
Headquarters  Company  of  the  Jist  Infantry,  nth  Division. 
Drew  was  also  ordered  to  Camp  Meade  where  he  rose  to  the 
rank  of  sergeant  in  the  7th  Company,  I54th  Depot  Brigade. 
He  was  discharged  February  I3th,  1919. 

London  Boys       Loudon  Glass  employees  took  a  decided  liking 
Join  j/'th  to  the  i47th  Infantry  of  the  37th  Division, 

Division  for  Hurley  Potteiger,  William  F.  Steinhurst 

and  Joseph  S.  Merrick  all  enlisted  in  that 
regiment.  All  three  saw  action  and  two  of  them  received 
wounds.  Merrick  was  a  carry-over  boy  before  enlisting  in 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


the  Army  May  7th,  1917.  At  Camp  Sheridan,  Alabama,  he 
was  assigned  to  Company  D,  i47th  Infantry,  37th  Division. 
He  was  outfitted  for  overseas  at  Camp  Lee,  Virginia,  and 
after  landing  in  France  participated  in  the  Meuse-Argonne 
and  Ypres-Lys  offensives.  In  the  Argonne  skirmish,  on  Sep- 
tember 28th,  he  was  wounded  in  the  left  leg  by  a  machine- 
gun  bullet. 

Hurley  Potteiger  enlisted  December  28th,  1917,  and  was 
also  in  Company  D.  He  embarked  for  France  May  2jrd  and 
arrived  at  Brest  July  5th.  Hurley's  fighting  was  done  in  the 
Alsace-Lorraine  sector  and  at  Ypres-Lys. 

The  third  Company  D  boy,  William  Steinhurst,  was  em- 
ployed by  Loudon  as  a  tube  drawer.  He  enlisted  January 
2  ist,  1918,  and  was  in  the  fray  at  Argonne  Forest,  St.  Mihiel 
and  the  Ypres-Lys  offensive,  being  wounded  in  the  right 
knee  by  shrapnel  October  3Oth,  1918.  One  thing  which  im- 
pressed Bill  particularly  was  the  solemn  moments  of  prayer 
which  the  soldiers  had  by  themselves  as  they  were  marching 
to  and  from  the  front,  sometimes  under  hostile  fire.  "Address- 
ing the  man  at  your  side,  you  would  receive  no  reply  and  a 
few  minutes  later  your  pal  would-  have  the  same  experience 
when  he  would  attempt  to  open  up  a  conversation  with  you." 
Steinhurst  was  discharged  April  I9th,  1919. 

The  Niles  Glass  Division  had  an  enviable  infantry  record. 
Eighteen  were  in  this  service  and  eleven  saw  duty  overseas. 
One  of  these  was  Gower  L.  Beake  who  was  attached  to  Com- 
pany A  of  the  33  ist  Infantry,  83rd  Division,  at  Camp  Sher- 

man. He  arrived  in  France 
on  the  25th  day  of  June, 
1918.  In  August  he  was 
transferred  to  Company  I, 
H9th  Infantry,  3Oth  Di- 
vision, and  on  August  3  ist, 
he  went  over  the  top  for 
the  first  time  at  Ypres, 
helping  to  hold  the  lines 
at  that  point  until  Sep- 
tember 9th  when  his  regi- 
ment was  dispatched  to 
the  Hindenburg  Line  and  succeeded  in  taking  the  towns  of 
Ballicourt  and  Nauroy.  Early  in  October  the  Americans 
captured  the  towns  of  Busigny,  Vaux,  Aubigny,  St.  Souplet,' 


THE  INFANTRY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  71 

Mont  and  Brancourt,  while  from  October  i6th  to  October 
1 9th  they  took  the  towns  of  Molhain  and  Ribeauville.  In 
all,  Beake  was  over  the  top  fourteen  times,  yet  was  never 
once  wounded  or  gassed.  He  was  discharged  from  service 
April  1 5th,  1919. 

•  Arthur  D.  Gibbs,  also  of  Niles,  was  drafted  October 
5th,  1917,  into  the  ranks  of  the  8jrd  Division  and  was  later 
transferred  to  the  6th  Infantry  Regiment  of  the  5th  Division. 
He  trained  at  Camp  Sherman  and  Camp  Forest,  Georgia. 
On  August  nth,  1918,  while  in  France,  he  received  honorable 
mention  in  dispatches  for  liaison  work  at  Frappell,  the  first 
German  town  captured  by  the  Americans.  Gibbs  was  active 
in  several  raids,  in  one  of  which  only  twelve  lads  returned  of 
seventy-five  who  went  out.  In  the  St.  Mihiel  sector  he  took 
shelter  in  a  machine  gun  pit  along  with  twelve  other  dough- 
boys. Unfortunately,  Fritz  had  the  correct  range  and  Gibbs 
was  the  only  one  not  killed.  He  was  internally  injured,  how- 
ever, and  suffered  shell  shock.  Gibbs  also  informs  us  that  he 
did  six  months'  "compulsory  service"  with  Pancho  Villa  in 
Sonora,  Mexico,  before  the  United  States  went  into  the  war. 

Two  brothers,  Charles  H.  Jones  and  Robert  Jones,  both 
of  whom  were  employed  by  the  Niles  Glass  Division,  saw 
extensive  service  overseas.  Charles  was  with  Company  H, 
59th  Infantry,  4th  Division,  and  was  overseas  one  year 
while  Robert,  who  was  with  Company  L,  54th  Infantry, 
6th  Division,  was  in  France  thirteen  months. 

Jack  C.  Racey  of  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division  was  con- 
nected with  Headquarters  Company,  1 64th  Infantry,  at  Camp 
Gordon  and  while  in  France  was  located  in  a  classification 
camp  at  St.  Aignan.  He  was  discharged  April  27th,  1919. 

The  noblest  sacrifice  made  in  war  is  that  of  the  man 
who  falls  on  the  battlefield  with  his  face  towards  the  foe. 
Such  was  the  case  with  Frank  Joseph  Kearney  of  Niles,  Ohio. 
Kearney  was  born  in  that  city  August  ist,  1884,  and  at  the 
time  he  was  inducted,  September  26th,  1917,  was  in  the 
service  of  the  Niles  Division  as  a  gatherer.  Sent  to  Camp 
Sherman,  Kearney  was  assigned  to  Headquarters  Company, 
33 ist  Infantry,  83rd  Division,  as  a  private.  After  a  period 
of  training  at  that  camp  he  was  sent  to  Fort  Oglethorpe, 
then  to  Camp  Gordon  and  later  to  Camp  Merritt,  where  he 
was  outfitted  for  overseas.  Arriving  in  France,  Frank  was 


72  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

transferred  to  Company  E  of  the  nth  Infantry,  5th  Division, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  sergeant.  It  was  on  the  twelfth  day 
of  September,  1918,  that  Kearney  met  his  death.  While  ad- 
vancing under  enemy  fire  in  the  St.  Mihiel  drive,  he  was 
struck  by  a  German  shell  and  instantly  killed. 

The  National  Lamp  Works  feels  deeply  the  loss  of  this, 
man  for  he  was  known  to  his  associates  as  a  conscientious 
and  reliable  worker,  and  every  inch  of  his  six  feet  of  manhood 
was  filled  with  the  stuff  that  makes  for  true  friendship  and 
helpfulness. 

Bulb  Inspector  Nick  Catatto  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Divi- 
sion was  introduced  to  the  pleasures  of  drill  and  guard  duty 
March  i6th,  1918.  He  was  attached  to  Company  M  of  the 
5oth  Infantry  and  before  being  discharged,  November  2ist, 
1918,  had  been  stationed  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  Camp 
Sevier,  South  Carolina. 

Emilio  Santoro  of  the  Providence  Base  Works  went  to 
France  September  ist,  1917,  with  the  26th  Division.  He 
saw  action  on  eleven  fronts,  including  Soissons,  Toul  Sector, 
Chateau-Thierry,  St.  Mihiel,  Belleau  Woods  and  Verdun. 
Carmelo  Fotte,  likewise  of  the  Providence  Base  Works, 
sailed  for  France,  June  I4th,  1918,  with  the  n6th  Infantry 
of  the  2gth  Division.  He  fought  on  several  different  fronts, 
being  wounded  and  gassed.  Fotte  was  discharged  January  4th, 
1919. 

To  be  in  a  boat  fired  upon  by  a  German  submarine  was 
the  experience  of  Ernest  J.  Griffiths  of  the  Niles  Glass  Division. 
Embarking  for  France  August  26th,  1918,  things  progressed 
quietly  on  the  voyage  until  September  6th,  when  a  submarine 
appeared  and  fired  upon  the  transport.  The  torpedo  missed 
its  aimed-for  objective  but  struck  a  transport  in  the  rear. 
The  American  submarine  chasers  in  the  convoy  gave  battle 
to  the  under-water  boat  and  sank  it.  Griffiths  was  drafted 
October  6th,  1917,  and  assigned  to  the  27th  Company,  7th 
Training  Battalion,  I58th  Depot  Brigade,  at  Camp  Sherman. 
He  was  later  transferred  to  Company  M,  348th  Infantry, 
87th  Division,  at  Camp  Pike,  Arkansas.  Ernest  was  attending 
an  officers'  training  school  in  France  when  the  armistice  was 
signed,  and  consequently  saw  no  front-line  action. 

Lieutenant  Samuel  C.  Thompson  was  on  the  roster  of 
the  i47th  Infantry.  He  enlisted  June  24th,  1916,  and  saw 
duty  at  Fort  Bliss,  Texas;  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  Indiana, 


THE  INFANTRY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  73 

and  Camp  Sherman.  Upon  being  discharged,  December  iyth, 
1918,  he  was  employed  by  the  Trumbull  Mazda  Lamp  Divi- 
sion. 

Over  the  Top  A  National  man  experiencing  the  many  thrills 
at  St.  Mihiel  which  army  life  had  to  offer  was  William 
G.  Hilling,  who  previous  to  his  induction 
was  employed  by  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division.  He  became 
a  soldier  of  the  83rd  Division  November  ijth,  1917,  and  was 
sent  to  Camp  Sherman  and  attached  to  a  supply  company  of 
the  33 ist  Infantry.  Finishing  training  there,  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Camp  Merritt,  outfitted  for  overseas  duty  and  sent 
to  France.  Arriving  on  the  other  side,  Hilling  was  transferred 
on  July  29th,  1918,  to  the  26th  Division  and  then  began  an 
active  participation  in  the  war  which  he  will  long  remember. 
At  Chateau-Thierry  he  was  assigned  with  support  troops,  but 
in  the  St.  Mihiel  drive  he  went  over  the  top  with  the  doughboys. 
He  was  also  in  the  Argonne  Forest  drive  and  in  this  offensive 
was  made  a  runner.  Bill  was  shelled  twice  while  carrying  mes- 
sages, and  on  October  26th,  1918,  was  severely  wounded  by 
a  German  shell  and  was  removed  to  Base  Hospital  No.  13 
at  Limoges.  Recovering  from  the  wounds,  he  rejoined  his 
company.  Hilling  was  discharged  from  service  April  28th, 
1919. 

James  B.  Burns  of  the  Niles  Glass  Division  was  another 
of  National's  men  who  was  incapacitated  by  wounds  received 
in  battle.  Detailed  with  Company  M  of  the  31 5th  Infantry, 
79th  Division,  at  Camp  Meade,  Maryland,  he  went  to  France 
with  the  same  regiment  and  took  part  in  the  action  at  Verdun. 
In  that  encounter  two  fingers  and  a  part  of  his  hand  were 
shot  off,  rendering  him  unfit  for  further  service.  He  was  dis- 
charged from  the  army  April  22nd,  1919. 

Pneumonia  was  fatal  to  six  of  National's  service  men. 
Among  this  number  was  Enoch  Edward  Brooks,  who  had  been 
a  bulb  gatherer  with  the  Niles  Glass  Works.  He  was  born 
in  Youngstown,  Ohio,  on  the  28th  day  of  December,  1895, 
and  enlisted  about  August  I3th,  1917,  in  Youngstown  as  a 
private  in  Company  L,  38th  Infantry,  3rd  Division. 
During  the  seven  and  one-half  months  he  served  his 
country  as  a  soldier,  Enoch  had  been  stationed  in  Syracuse, 
New  York;  Columbus  Barracks,  Columbus,  Ohio;  Camp 
Greene,  North  Carolina,  and  Camp  Merritt,  New  Jersey. 


74 


He  was  at  Camp  Merritt  when  stricken,  passing  away  in  the 
camp  hospital  on  April  3rd,  1918. 

11  They  never  fail  who  die 
In  a  great  cause" 

(Byron.} 

Herbert  C.  Masonbrink,  a  machinist  with  the  Lamp 
Equipment  Division,  enlisted  May  25th,  1918,  in  the  47th 
Infantry  of  the  4th  Division,  then  located  at  Camp  Gordon. 
Upon  arriving  overseas  he  was  sent  to  the  training  area  at 
Larave,  France.  After  some  time  along  the  Flanders  front  the 
regiment  was  transferred  to  the  Verdun  sector,  where  Mason- 
brink  went  over  the  top  five  times.  In  the  Argonne  Forest 
Masonbrink  and  one  other  soldier  volunteered  to  get  water 
during  a  heavy  shell  fire,  and  while  on  the  trip  his  canteen 
and  right  coat  pocket  were  shot  off.  Shortly  afterwards,  in 
an  adventure  over  the  top,  Masonbrink  was  hit  seven  times. 
He  was  sent  to  a  hospital  on  the  Mediterranean,  where  he 
received  treatment  for  four  weeks.  After  another  month  in 
a  hospital  at  Bordeaux,  Masonbrink  received  transportation 
to  the  United  States. 

Georgia,  Twenty-six  months'  service  gave  David  O. 

France  and  Firm  an  intimate  knowledge  of  army  life  and 
Germany  ways.  He  was  inducted  May  25th,  1917,  and 

soon  entrained  for  Camp  Gordon,  Georgia, 
where  he  was  placed  on  the  roster  of  Company  D,  47th  U. 
S.  Infantry,  4th  Division.  Upon  arriving  in  France,  his  first 
taste  of  action  was  experienced  at  Tuleon,  from  September  6th 
to  September  loth,  1918.  He  also  participated  in  the  following 
engagements: 

St.  Mihiel  offensive,  September  I2th  to  September  i4th. 

Meuse-Argonne  sector,  September  26th  to  October  i8th. 

After  the  armistice  was  signed,  Firm  was  lucky  enough 
to  be  with  a  regiment  which  was  detailed  to  move  with  the 
American  Army  of  Occupation  into  Germany.  He  was  in 
that  country  from  December  I5th,  1918  to  July  nth,  1919. 
On  August  4th,  1919,  he  was  discharged  from  the  army  and 
returned  to  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  where  he  resumed  his 
work  as  bulb  blower. 

A  Euclid  Glass  boy  who  went  overseas  was  Robert  J. 
Walters.  He  was  inducted  May  27th,  1918,  and  sent  to  Camp 


Emilio  Santoro     Harry  McElhaney     Charles  Mahoney     Ovide  L.  Barry 
Raymond  B.  Littlefield  Selden  G.  Hill  Luke  P.  Wolfford 

Richard  Molloy  Philip  P.  Smoots  Raymond  Leonard 

James  C.  Lindsay  Hugo  Johnson  Joseph  Potter 


John  Russell 

Oscar  E.  Johnson 

Norman  A.  Brown 
Dennis  Foley 


Charles  J.  Motto 
Earl  T.  Martin 
Fred  J.  Gilmour 
Raymond  E.  Purser 
Raymond  Mentz 


John  J.  Lyons 
Fred  Colcord 

Charles  O'Grady 
Emit  Teschke 


THE  INFANTRY — MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  75 

Gordon,  where  he  was  placed  in  the  J2nd  Company,  jrd 
Replacement  Regiment.  After  a  short  period  of  training  there 
he  was  transferred  to  Camp  Merritt  and  then  embarked 
for  overseas.  Arriving  in  England,  he  was  for  some  time  at 
Camp  Knotty-Ash,  Liverpool,  and  Camp  Winnell  Downe, 
Winchester.  Crossing  to  France,  his  time  was  spent  at  three 
places,  the  American  Replacement  Camp  at  Saint  Aignan, 
in  the  Noyon  sector;  Camp  La  Valbonne  and  Camp  Ain. 
He  was  in  an  infantry  casual  section  and  saw  no  action  along 
the  front.  Walters  was  discharged  June  6th,  1919. 

The  name  of  Noble  Calven  Lintz  appears  on  the  list 
of  National  men  killed  in  action.  He  was  born  March  2jrd, 
1896,  and  at  the  time  he  was  drafted,  January  list,  1918,  was 
in  the  employ  of  the  Detroit  Miniature  Lamp  Division, 
doing  clerical  work.  He  entered  service  in  Warren,  Ohio, 
and  was  sent  to  Camp  Sherman,  where  he  was  assigned  to 
the  4th  Company,  Jjist  Infantry,  8jrd  Division.  He  went 
to  France  with  that  Division  but  was  apparently  transferred 
to  another,  for  the  8jrd  saw  no  active  service  on  the  front. 
We  were  unable  to  obtain  detailed  information  as  to  the 
sector  in  which  he  was  operating  when  he  lost  his  life,  learning 
only  that  the  supreme  sacrifice  was  made  July  2ist,  1918. 
Noble  was  but  a  stripling,  for  though  five  feet,  nine  inches 
in  height  he  weighed  less  than  one  hundred  and  ten  pounds. 
His  lack  of  weight,  however,  was  amply  overbalanced  by  his 
courage  and  by  his  deeds  he  showed  himself  worthy  of  the 
name  he  bore. 

Smoots  Crosses  One  of  the  many  National  men  who  served 
Into  Germany  in  the  Army  of  Occupation  was  Phillip  P. 
Smoots  a  tube-coverer  employed  by  the 
Euclid  Glass  Division.  He  was  of  the  far-famed  2nd  Division, 
operating  with  the  2jrd  Infantry  in  several  drives.  He  was 
drafted  October  2nd,  1917,  and  his  period  of  training  in 
the  United  States  was  spent  at  Camps  Sherman,  Merritt 
and  Pike.  Smoots  arrived  in  France  July  nth,  1918,  and 
subsequently  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Champagne,  St. 
Mihiel  and  Meuse-Argonne.  The  company  of  which  he  was 
a  member  suffered  192  casualties  in  the  battle  of  Champagne. 
From  December  22nd,  1918  to  July  i6th,  1919,  he  was  in 
German  territory  and  four  weeks  of  that  period  was  spent 
in  a  hospital  at  Vallendar,  recovering  from  influenza.  He 


j6  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

returned  to  this  country  early  in  August,  1919,  and  was 
discharged  on  the  i4th  day  of  that  month. 

The  privilege  of  overseas  service  was  denied  to  many 
men,  some  of  whom  even  had  to  forego  the  honor  of  an  ex- 
tensive period  of  home  training.  John  M.  Doyle,  due  to  no 
fault  of  his  own.  was  in  the  latter  class.  Inducted  May  28th, 
1918,  he  was  called  to  Camp  Gordon  and  assigned  to  Com- 
pany B  of  the  3rd  Infantry  Replacement  Regiment.  He  was 
promoted  from  private  to  acting  sergeant,  but  after  two 
months  of  field  work  was  sent  to  the  base  hospital,  and  on 
August  28th,  1918,  was  honorably  discharged  from  service 
because  of  defective  eyes.  He  returned  to  the  Cleveland 
Wire  Division  in  the  capacity  of  draftsman. 

The  first  National  man  to  meet  with  a  fatal  accident 
in  military  service  was  Robert  Temple  Coughlin.  He  enlisted 
May  yth,  1917,  in  the  Cleveland  Grays,  which  outfit  upon 
arriving  at  camp  became  known  as  the  i48th  Infantry. 
Coughlin  was  born  February  ist,  1898,  in  a  small  town  in 
Massachusetts  but  early  came  to  Cleveland  and  at  the  time 
he  entered  service  was  employed  in  the  laboratory  of  the 
Cleveland  Wire  Division.  With  his  company  he  went  to 
Camp  Sherman  and  later  to  Camp  Sheridan,  where  he  met 
his  death  October  i7th,  1917.  Uncle  Sam  lost  a  splendid 
prospective  fighter  in  Coughlin,  for  Robert  gave  every  inch 
of  his  six  feet  and  every  ounce  of  his  two  hundred  and  forty 
pounds  to  the  cause  in  which  he  so  early  enlisted.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  ranking  as  corporal.' 

The  writer  regrets  that  complete  information  on  all  of 
those  who  died  in  service  was  not  obtainable,  for  to  them 
especially  we  all  owe  the  greatest  respect  and  homage.  One 
of  those  who  met  death  in  action  and  concerning  whom  we 
were  unable  to  learn  full  details  was  George  Charles  Clancy. 
He  was  born  in  Fostoria,  Ohio,  October  23rd,  1893.  He  came 
to  Cleveland,  and  at  the  time  he  was  called  to  serve  his  country 
was  employed  by  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  as  a  bulb  gatherer. 
On  October  5th,  1917,  he  went  to  Camp  Sherman,  and  like 
the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  untrained  civilians  who  went 
zealously  and  gladly  about  their  duty,  he  soon  became 
a  well  trained  and  excellent  soldier.  Clancy  was  attached  to 
Company  D,  i6th  Infantry,  and  after  intensive  training  he 
was  transferred  to  Camp  Pike,  where  he  received  further 
drill  and  preparatory  work.  From  Camp  Pike  he  went  to 


THE  INFANTRY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  77 

Camp  Merritt  and  then  overseas.  At  this  point  our  informa- 
tion ceases,  except  that  on  October  9th,  1918,  he  was  killed 
in  action.  Clancy  had  served  his  country  one  year  as  a  soldier, 
and  his  memory  will  ever  bring  to  the  minds  of  friends  and 
associates  the  lad  who  was  as  thoroughly  conscientious  in 
his  tasks  as  a  civilian  as  he  showed  himself  to  be  as  a  boy  in 
khaki. 

Sergeant  Joseph  E.  Varnam  was  called  to  the  army  from 
Cleveland,  October  2nd,  1917.  With  a  contingent  of  drafted 
men  he  was  sent  to  Camp  Sherman  and  assigned  to  Company 
G,  33  ist  Infantry.  When  the  83rd  Division  sailed  for  France, 
Joe  was  left  behind  and  assigned  to  a  headquarters  company 
at  Camp  Merritt,  New  Jersey.  He  remained  at  that  camp 
for  over  a  year,  being  discharged  June  28th,  1919.  Returning 
to  Cleveland,  he  resumed  his  place  as  a  draftsman  with  the 
Cleveland  Wire  Division. 

Among  the  many  National  factory  men  in  the  33  ist 
Infantry,  83rd  Division,  was  Floyd  M.  Larremore  of  the 
Euclid  Glass  Division.  He  went  to  Camp  Sherman  upon  being 
drafted  September  9th,  1917,  and  was  attached  to  a  supply 
company.  He  was  later  transferred  from  Camp  Sherman  to 
Camp  Merritt.  Upon  arriving  overseas,  Larremore  Was  as- 
signed to  a  Quartermaster  Detachment  of  the  Third  Army 
Corps.  Among  his  duties  were  trench  digging  and  work  on 
the  construction  of  an  officers'  training  school.  He  ranked 
at  this  time  as  sergeant;  he  was  discharged  July  23rd,  1919. 

Another  man  dying  in  service  and  concerning  whom  full 
information  was  not  available  was  William  A.  Wilcox,  pay- 
master of  the  Euclid  Glass  Works.  Upon  entering  the  army 
Wilcox  was  sent  to  Camp  Gordon,  Georgia;  from  which  camp 
he  went  overseas.  In  France  he  was  assigned  to  the  Military 
Specialist  Company,  Clerk  School,  at  St.  Aignan.  It  was  at 
this  camp  that  Wilcox  was  taken  ill,  dying  in  December,  1918, 
of  pneumonia. 

Charles  M.  Klock,  later  employed  by  Lamp  Equipment 
Division  as  a  screw-machine  operator,  was  voluntarily  in- 
ducted September  8th,  1917,  at  the  age  of  twenty  years.  He 
trained  at  Camps  Sherman,  Pike,  Greene  and  Mills  until 
May  gth,  1918,  when  he  embarked  for  France.  Taking  part 
in  the  action  at  Chateau-Thierry,  he  was  gassed  August  5th, 
1918,  and  removed^to  an  army  hospital  where^he  was  under 


78  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

care  for  six  months.   Klock  returned   to  the  United   States 
October   I2th,    1919,   and  was  discharged  five  days  later. 

Below  are  the  names  of  certain  other  National  factory 
men  who  were  in  the  Infantry,  and  concerning  whom  we  have 
only  limited  statistical  data.  The  complete  list  will  be  found 
in  the  Roll  of  Honor,  on  page  147.  We  have  listed  the  date 
of  entering  service,  date  of  discharge,  company  to  which 
they  were  attached  and  the  camps  at  which  they  were  sta- 
tioned: 

Herman  Glave — Cleveland  Wire  Division.  33rd  Company,  9th 
Training  Battalion,  I58th  Depot  Brigade,  August  joth, 
1918  to  December  2nd,  1918;  Camp  Sherman. 
William  Lane — Cleveland  Wire  Division.  Headquarters  Com- 
pany, Depot  Brigade,  April  3oth,  1918  to  April  loth, 
1919;  Camp  Sherman. 

Lloyd  Sibert — Cleveland  Wire  Division.  j6th  Company,  9th 
Training   Battalion,    ijSth   Depot   Brigade,   April   26th, 
1918    to    December    i6th,    1918;    Camp    Sherman. 
John  C.  Snouffer — Euclid  Glass  Division.  5th  Company,  2nd 
Training    Battalion,    I58th    Depot    Brigade,    September 
5th,    1918   to  October   8th,    1918;   Camp   Sherman. 
Francis   C.   Metzger — Lamp   Equipment   Division.   Infantry; 
later  Field  Artillery  Officers  Training  Camp,  May  2yth, 
1918  to  December  ist,  1918;  Camps  Gordon  and  Taylor. 
Walter   F.    Merrick — Loudon   Glass    Division.    Company   D, 
8th   Battalion,   United   States   Guard,    April    ist,    1918 
to  January   ist,   1919;  Camps  Sherman   and  Devens. 
John  R.  Gilbert — Miniature  Bulb  Division.  Infantry  Casual 
Section,  May  26th,  1918  to  December  iyth,  1918;  Camps 
Lee  and  Stuart. 

Joe  Silvarolo — Miniature  Bulb  Division.  j6th  Regiment, 
April  28th,  1918  to  December  6th,  1918;  Camps  Sherman 
and  Sheridan. 

George  H.  Brooks— Niles  Glass  Division.  Company  A,  348th 
Infantry,  8yth  Division,  September  2oth,  1,917  to  March 
22nd,  1919;  Camps  Sherman,  Pike  and  Dix. 
John  F.  Connor — Niles  Glass  Division.  Company  L,  78th 
Infantry,  i4th  Division,  August  29th,  1918  to  January 
2ist,  1919;  Camp  Custer. 

Raymond  A.  Dunnigan — Niles  Glass  Division.  33  ist  Infantry, 
83rd  Division,  September  7th,  1917  to  February  8th, 
1919;  Camp  Sherman. 


THE  ARTILLERY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  79 


John   A.    Krizen  —  Niles   Glass   Division.   Company   I, 

Infantry,  42nd  Division,  November  ist,  1917  to  March 

1  8th,  1919;  Camps  Sherman  and  Pike. 
Andrew  Monahan  —  Niles  Glass  Division.  Company  18,  I59th 

Depot  Brigade,  August  28th,   1918    to  December   loth, 

1918;  Camp  Taylor. 
James  E.   Ryan  —  Niles  Glass  Division.   Company  D,  jSoth 

Infantry,  September  5th,  1918  to  December  I3th,  1918; 

Camp  Sherman. 
Robert   J.    Williams  —  Niles    Glass    Division.    9th    Company, 

ist   Replacement   Regiment,    May   26th,    1918    to  April 

3Oth,  1919;  Camps  Gordon  and  Merritt. 
Second  Lieutenant  Paul  A.  Holt  —  Ohio  Division.  Headquarters 

Company,  33  ist  Infantry,  83rd  Division,  September  2ist, 

1917  to  March  i4th,  1919;  Camps  Sherman,  Lewis  and  Lee. 
Joseph    M.    Mitrovitch  —  Ohio    Division,    gth    Company,    ist 

Replacement,  3rd  Regiment;  later  Company  A,  Devel- 

oping Battalion  No.  i,  May  26th,  1918  to  December  i8th, 

1918;  Camp  Gordon. 
Raymond  E.  Purser  —  Ohio  Division.  Overseas.   Company  3, 

332nd   Regiment,   83rd   Division;   March   27th,    1918. 
William  K.  Titus  —  Ohio  Division.  35th  Company,  9th  Train- 

ing   Battalion,    I58th    Depot    Brigade,    September    2nd, 

1918  to  February  2oth,   1919;  Camp  Sherman. 
Wilbert  Yoakam  —  Ohio  Division.  32nd  Company,  8th  Train- 

ing Battalion,   March  25th,  1918;  Camp  Sherman. 
Lawrence  W.  Stark  —  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp  Division.  Company 

C,  7th  Battalion,  3rd  Regular  Infantry,  July  I5th,  1918  to 

December  i8th,  1918;  Camps  MacArthur  and  Funston. 
H.  S.  Lea  —  Trumbull  Mazda  Lamp  Division.  Company  D, 

I45th    Infantry,  37th  Division,  July    I9th,  1917;  Camp 

Sheridan.     Went  to  France  where  he  saw  action. 
Roy    W.    Smith  —  Trumbull    Mazda    Lamp    Division.    33131 

Infantry,  83rd  Division,  Camp  Sherman.  Had  six  months 

duty  in  France. 

THE  ARTILLERY 

Field  The   Field   Artillery   was    a    big    "drawing   card" 

Artillery      among  the  men  from  the  Manufacturing  Divisions 
of  National,  and  several  of  those  enlisting  in  this 
branch  of  the  service  went  through   the  thick  and   thin  of 
several  campaigns.      S.  Emil  Michelson  of  the  Youngstown 


8o  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Mazda  Division  enlisted  December  i4th,  1917,  in  the  I36th 
Field  Artillery,  37th  Division.  He  was  sent  to  Camp  Sheridan 
and,  after  receiving  preliminary  training  there,  was  shipped 
to  France,  where  he  spent  fifty-two  days  with  his  regiment 
in  the  Marbache  sector  and  in  the  Meuse-Argonne  offensive. 
He  ranked  as  a  musician,  first  class. 

Floyd  C.  Marshall  of  the  Providence  Base  Works  en- 
tered service  August  5th,  1917,  with  Battery  A,  1 03 rd  Field 
Artillery.  He  arrived  in  France  October  23rd,  1917,  and  in 
November  of  the  same  year  was  commissioned  a  second 
lieutenant,  which  rank  he  held  until  April  3Oth,  1918,  when 
he  was  given  a  first  lieutenancy.  As  an  officer  of  Battery  A, 
I03rd  Field  Artillery,  and  later  Battery  A,  6th  Field  Artillery, 
ist  Division,  Marshall  saw  action  in  the  following  engage- 
ments: Toul  sector,  Montdidier,  Noyon  defensive,  and  the 
offensives  of  Aisne-Marne,  St.  Mihiel  and  Meuse-Argonne. 
In  December,  1918,  he  moved  with  the  Army  of  Occupation 
into  Germany,  remaining  there  until  August  i5th,  1919. 

D.  Courtenay  Woodman  of  the  Puritan  Refilled  Lamp 
Division  enlisted  June  5th,  1917,  in  the  medical  detachment 
of  the  io2nd  Field  Artillery,  5ist  Brigade,  26th  Division. 
After  training  at  Camp  Curtis  Guild,  Boxford,  Massachusetts, 
he  went  to  France,  being  located  at  St.  Nazaire  and  Camp 
Coetquidon  before  going  into  an  active  sector.  He  remained  on 
the  Front  from  February  3rd,  1918  until  the  signing  of  the 
armistice,  seeing  action  during  this  period  in  the  Chemin  de 
Dames  sector,  north  of  Soissons;  Toul  sector;  Battles  of 
Seichprey  and  Xivray;  and  in  the  offensives  of  Aisne-Marne, 
St.  Mihiel  and  Meuse-Argonne.  Woodman  was  never  absent 
from  duty  during  his  period  of  army  service  nor  did  he  receive 
a  scratch  to  show  he  had  been  in  the  midst  of  terrific  action. 

Enlisting  May  26th,  1917,  in  the  Ohio  Cavalry,  which 
was  later  merged  into  the  ranks  of  the  37th  Division  as  field 
artillery,  Rowland  E.  Larkman,  Jr.,  was  mustered  into  service 
at  Camp  Sheridan.  He  went  to  France  with  Battery  C  of  the 
135 th  Field  Artillery,  seeing  action  at  St.  Mihiel,  Argonne, 
Marbache,  Troyon  and  Thiaucourt.  He  was  discharged  April 
nth,  1919,  and  was  re-employed  by  Cleveland  Mazda. 

Earl  T.  Martin,  office  manager  of  the  Illinois  Miniature 
Lamp  Division,  had  twelve  months'  home  service  and  four 
months'  overseas  in  the  heavy  field  artillery.  He  was  inducted 


Upper  Photo — Providence  Base  Works,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Lower  Photo — Rhode  Island  Glass  Division,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 


Puritan  Refilled  Lamp  Division,  Providence,  R.  I. 
(This  Division  was  located   at  Danvers,  Mass.,  during  the  war.) 


E.  1 52nd  St.  Properties,  Cleveland,  including  Euclid  Glass  Division 


THE  ARTILLERY  — MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  81 

September  I9th,  1917,  and  was  stationed  at  Camps  Grant, 
Robinson  and  Mills.  The  most  noteworthy  experience  of 
his  army  life  was  a  march  from  Camp  Grant,  Illinois, 
to  Camp  Robinson,  Wisconsin,  a  distance  of  about  225  miles. 
The  destination  was  reached  after  fifteen  days  of  strenuous 
hiking,  and  though  the  boys  did  not  enjoy  the  hardships  of 
the  march  any  too  well,  they  later  realized  it  had  done  them 
a  world  of  good,  especially  after  they  arrived  in  France. 
William  J.  Reed,  likewise  of  the  Illinois  Miniature  Lamp 
Division,  was  attached  to  Headquarters  Company,  7th  Field 
Artillery  Regiment.  During  his  army  career,  lasting  from 
June  I5th,  1918  to  December  26th,  1918,  he  was  stationed 
at  Valparaiso,  Indiana;  Indianapolis  and  Camp  Taylor, 
Kentucky.  For  six  weeks  he  was  suffering  with  influenza 
in  an  army  hospital. 

Joseph  Cardinale  and  John  Hagan  entered  service  from 
the  Providence  Base  Works.  Cardinale  trained  at  Camp 
Slocum  from  June  to  August  ist,  1917,  when  he  went  to 
France  with  the  7th  Field  Artillery  Headquarters  Company. 
He  saw  action  at  Montdidier,  where  he  was  wounded  and 
gassed,  Toul,  Argonne  and  Soissons.  Hagan  joined  the  ranks 
June  5th,  1918,  being  at  New  York  University  Training  School 
for  two  months  and  at  Camp  Jackson,  South  Carolina,  with  a 
Field  Artillery  Regiment,  for  seven  months. 

From  bulb  gatherer  to  cook  was  the  record  of  Nick 
Petosky  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Works.  He  enlisted  June  4th, 
1917,  and  was  assigned  to  Battery  A,  nth  Field  Artillery, 
at  Camp  Harry  J.  Jones,  Arizona.  Later,  he  was  transferred 
to  Fort  Sill,  Oklahoma,  and  then  to  Camp  Mills,  Long  Island. 
"Nick  was  discharged  July  i8th,  1919. 

A  fellow  workman  of  Petosky 's,  Elmer  A.  Kaye,  also 
enlisted  in  the  nth  Field  Artillery  and  was  assigned  to  Battery 
E.  Elmer  was  located  at  the  same  camps  and  upon  arriving 
overseas  saw  action  in  the  Meuse-Argonne  offensive  from 
September  26th  to  November  nth,  1918.  He  was  discharged 
July  6th,  1919. 

Attention,  stout  people!  Here  the  army  is  suggested 
for  those  who  desire  to  lose  weight.  Theodore  A.  Just,  who 
in  civil  life  tips  the  scales  around  one  hundred  and  sixty-five 
pounds,  admits  that  while  under  the  care  of  the  army  drill 
officer  and  mess  sergeant  he  reduced  to  one  hundred  and 
forty-eight  pounds.  As  Ted  was  only  five  feet  three  and  one- 


82  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

half  inches  tall  he  must  have  felt  greatly  indebted  to  Uncle 
Sam,  especially  on  hot  days.  Just  was  drafted  May  i6th,  1918, 
and  trained  at  Camp  Jackson,  South  Carolina.  He  was  attached 
to  Battery  B  of  the  yjrd  Regiment  and  upon  being  discharged, 
January  9th,  1919,  was  employed  by  the  Welds  Division. 
Roland  S.  Brown  of  the  Providence  Base  Works  enlisted 
in  the  Coast  Artillery,  but  after  training  at  Camp  Devens 
was  sent  to  France  with  Battery  E  of  the  55  th  Field  Artillery. 
His  regiment  arrived  at  Le  Havre  April  8th,  1918.  After 
travelling  two  days  and  a  night  in  a  cattle  car,  the  boys  reached 
their  destination,  where  intensive  training  was  the  program 
for  three  months.  Brown  was  sent  to  the  front  July  25th,  and 
on  August  2nd  went  into  action  at  Chemin-des-Dames.  In 
this  drive  the  Germans  were  driven  back  about  thirty  miles. 
Other  engagements  in  which  Brown  saw  service  were: 

Second  Battle  of  the  Marne,  August  2nd  to  August  i8th, 
1918. 

Operation  on  the  Vesle,  August  i8th  to  September  8th. 
Meuse-Argonne  offensive,  September  26th  to  November 
nth. 

Brown  ranked  as  a  corporal,  and  was  discharged  Feb- 
ruary gth,  1919. 

Three  Italian  boys  of  the  Providence  Base  Works  were 
attached  to  Field  Artillery  regiments.  Savior  Giovannucci 
entered  service  in  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  May  2yth,  1918. 
He  was  ordered  to  Camp  Dix,  where  he  was  assigned  to 
Battery  D  of  the  334th  Field  Artillery,  8yth  Division.  Gio- 
vannucci went  to  France,  where  he  was  stationed  for  some 
time  at  Bassens.  Ernest  Borrelli,  who  was  later  employed 
by  the  Providence  Base  Works  as  a  foot-press  operator, 
was  located  at  Camp  Devens  with  Battery  F,  301  st  Regiment, 
76th  Division,  while  Vincenzo  Sincere  was  attached  to  Head- 
quarters Company  of  the  336th  Field  Artillery,  8yth  Division. 
He  received  his  training  at  Camps  Upton,  Dix  and  Merritt, 
being  discharged  March  i8th,  1919. 

E.  Neale  Derry,  an  assistant  foreman  of  the  Central 
Falls  Mazda  Lamp  Division,  enlisted  May  loth,  1917,  in 
Battery  A  of  the  io3rd  Field  Artillery,  26th  Division.  After 
learning  the  fundamentals  of  artillery  operation  at  Boxford, 
Massachusetts,  Derry  went  to  France  where  he  was  sta- 
tioned for  some  time  at  Camp  Coetquidon, 


A  Captured  German  Tank  in  France 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Terry) 


American  Port  at  Bassens,  France 

(Photograph  furnished  by  M.  S.  E.,  Hollis  Townsend) 


Germans  waiting  for  the  Yanks  at  Argonne  Forest  (an  Airplane  Photo) 
(The  photos  on   this  page  furnished   by  M.  S.  E.,  Hollis  Townsend) 


Hand-to-Hand    Fighting    in    Trenches    near    Chateau-Thierry 
(An  Airplane  Photo) 


THE  ARTILLERY — MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  83 

Euclid  Glass        Probably  few,  if  any,  National  men  saw  more 
Worker  in  active   service   than    Roy   P.    Kaye,    a    tube 

Many  Battles  worker  with  the  Euclid  Glass  Division.  He 
enlisted  in  Cleveland  June  ist,  1917,  and 
went  to  Camp  H.  J.  Jones,  Douglass,  Arizona,  where  he 
was  assigned  to  Battery  A,  loth  Field  Artillery,  jrd  Division. 
His  overseas  record  reads  as  follows: 

(a)  Chateau-Thierry,  July   loth  to  July   i4th,   1918. 

(b)  Champagne-Marne  defensive, July  i5th  to  July  i8th. 

(c)  Aisne-Marne   offensive,   July    i8th    to   August    ist. 

(d)  St.  Mihiel    offensive,  September     I2th    to  Septem- 
ber  1 6th. 

(e)  Meuse-Argonne   offensive,    September  26th    to  No- 
vember nth. 

Kaye  was  recommended  by  the  battery  commander 
for  the  Distinguished  Service  Cross  for  bravery  under  shell 
fire  in  the  Argonne  sector,  north  of  Verdun.  He  was  discharged 
August  joth,  1919,  and  returned  to  the  Euclid  Glass  Division. 

Three  Niles  Glass. boys  spent  considerable  time  in  the 
Artillery.  Elmer  G.  Keiser  started  out  July  24th,  1918,  with 
Battery  B  of  the  6th  Regiment  of  Field  Artillery,  and  was 
later  put  on  military  police  duty.  He  was  stationed  at  Camp 
Jackson,  South  Carolina.  Frank  R.  Finnigan  was  inducted 
August  28th,  1918.  He  was  assigned  for  a  short  time  with  the 
1 8th  Company,  5th  Battalion,  I59th  Depot  Brigade  at  Camp 
Taylor,  and  was  then  transferred  to  Battery  B  of  the  2nd 
Field  Artillery.  John  H.  Ziegler  enlisted  May  2 ist,  1918, 
in  the  31 2th  Cavalry  and  was  then  transferred  to  Battery  F 
of  the  6ist  Field  Artillery.  He  was  on  duty  at  Fort  Russell, 
Camp  Jackson  and  Camp  Sherman. 

Coast  Among  the  many  boys  in  this  branch  of  the  service 
Artillery  was  George  Washington  Williams,  later  with  the 
Niles  Glass  Division.  He  was  inducted  April  2nd, 
1918,  and  assigned  to  the  Coast  Artillery.  On  July  1 5th  he  was 
sent  overseas  with  the  yoth  Regiment.  Williams  never  had  a 
chance  to  dodge  dum-dum  bullets,  but  spent  several  months 
back  of  the  lines,  drilling.  George  L.  Carter,  also  later  employed 
at  the  Niles  plant,  enlisted  March  jrd,  1918,  and  was  sent  to 
Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia.  At  the  date  of  discharge,  December 


84  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

7th,  1918,  he  was  with  an  auto  detachment  at  the  Coast 
Artillery  School. 

Sven  O.  Lindblom,  a  machinist  with  the  Providence 
Base  Works,  enlisted  December  I5th,  1917,  with  the  2ist 
Company  at  Fort  Wetherill,  Rhode  Island,  and  was  later 
transferred  to  Battery  F,  66th  Artillery  at  Fort  Adams. 
He  saw  service  abroad  at  Camp  Knotty-Ash,  Liverpool, 
England;  Morne  Hill,  Winchester,  England,  and  Nexon  and 
La  Courtine,  France.  Sven  was  discharged  March  2oth,  1919. 

Another  coast-artilleryman  was  Ovide  L.  Barry  of 
Rhode  Island  Glass.  He  embarked  for  overseas  July  igth, 
1918,  after  training  at  Fort  Slocum,  New  York;  Fort  Greble, 
Rhode  Island,  and  Fort  Adams,  Rhode  Island.  On  the  trip 
across  the  transport  was .  attacked  by  a  submarine,  which 
the  gunners  fired  upon  and  are  believed  to  have  sunk.  While 
in  England,  Barry  witnessed  an  air  raid  in  which  an  enemy 
machine  was  shot  down. 

Fred  B.  Owen,  foreman  of  the  breakage  department 
of  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division,  enlisted  March  i8th, 
1918,  in  the  Coast  Artillery  as  a  private.  He  was  assigned  to 
Fort  Scott,  California,  but  was  later  transferred  to  Fort 
Monroe,  Virginia,  where  he  earned  his  commission  as  second 
lieutenant.  He  was  discharged  from  service  August  22nd,  1919. 

For  Work  Inducted  December  i8th,  1917,  William  H. 
Well  Done  Broadbent  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  was 
ordered  to  Jackson  Barracks,  New  Orleans,  and 
assigned  to  the  Ji4th  Company  of  the  Coast  Defense.  He 
was  transferred  to  the  64th  Regiment  and  still  later  to  the 
59th  Coast  Artillery  Regiment,  with  which  outfit  he  saw 
action  in  France.  On  November  ist,  his  battery  received 
the  following  commendation: 

"The  Brigade  Commander  wishes  to  express  to  you 
his  high  appreciation  of  the  excellent  service  rendered  by 
yourself,  and  the  officers  and  men  of  your  command,  in  con- 
nection with  this  Brigade  in  the  Artillery  preparation  and 
support  of  the  action  of  November  ist,  1918  (the  Meuse- 
Argonne).  Your  work  has  been  done  promptly  and  well,  and  it 
has  been  a  pleasure  to  have  you  with  the  Command." 

On  November  2oth,  1918,  the  following  citation  was 
announced  from  headquarters  of  the  Fifth  Army  Corps: 


THE  ARTILLERY  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS 


"The  59th  Regiment  of  Coast  Artillery  while  under  the 
command  of  the  5th  Army  Corps,  during  the  Meuse-Argonne 
operation,  worked  in  close  co-operation  with  the  Divisional 
artillery,  delivering  effective  destructive  fire  on  objectives. 

(Signed)     C.  P.  SUMMERALL, 

Major  General,  Commanding." 

Broadbent  was  discharged  February  nth,  1919. 

Among  the  Niles  boys  in  service  was  Joe  Vecchione, 
who  entered  service  May  i8th,  1918,  in  Battery  E  of  the 
45th  Coast  Artillery,  and  was  later  transferred  to  the  heavy 
artillery.  He  was  with  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces 
in  France  from  October  2oth,  1918  to  February  igth,  1919. 

Howard  H.  Murphy  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  was 
called  into  the  army  December  i8th,  1917,  and  assigned  to 
Battery  E,  75th  Coast  Artillery,  at  Jackson  Barracks.  Other 
camps  at  which  Murphy  trained  were  Fort  St.  Phillips  and 
Camp  Nichols.  When  he  was  released  from  service,  March 
3  1st,  1919,  Howard  was  with  the  loth  Infantry  Training 
Battalion  at  Camp  Nichols. 

Several  other  National  men  were  in  the  Coast  Artillery. 
Joseph  Lemaire  of  the  Rhode  Island  Glass  Division  enlisted 
May  2jrd,  1917,  as  a  cook  in  the  22nd  Regiment.  For  some  un- 
known reason  he  was  transferred  from  the  kitchen  and  made 
bugler.  Perhaps  the  reader  can  solve  the  problem.  At  any  rate 
Joe  served  honestly  and  faithfully,  and  his  eigh  teen-months' 
service  record  shows  his  character  excellent.  Raymond  B. 
Littlefield,  later  of  Rhode^Island  Glass,  ranked  as  sergeant- 
major.  He  enlisted  May  2jrd,  1916,  and  after  training  at 
Fort  Kearney,  Rhode  Island,  and  Camp  Lee,  Virginia,  went 
overseas,  where  he  was  stationed  for  three  months,  from  Sep- 
tember to  December,  1918. 

Fred  R.  Edmonds,  later  of  the  Miniature  Bulb  Division, 
enlisted  May  2nd,  1917.  He  was  stationed  at  Fort  Thomas, 
Kentucky;  Fort  Washington,  Maryland;  Fort  Hunt,  Virginia, 
and  Camp  Stuart,  Virginia.  Edmonds  went  overseas  with 
the  6oth  Regiment  and  was  active  in  the  following  sectors: 

St.  Mihiel,  September  nth  to  September  i5th,  1918. 

Meuse-Argonne,  September  26th   to  November   nth. 

He  was  employed  by  the  National  as  an  automatic 
bulb-machine  operator. 


86  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Railroad  Herbert  L.  Anderton  of  the  Rhode  Island  Glass 
Artillery  Division  enlisted  in  the  4jrd  Regiment  of  the 
Railroad  Artillery,  November  22nd,  1917.  After 
training  in  several  camps  in  this  country  he  was  ordered 
overseas  July  28th,  1918.  On  the  trip  across,  two  enemy  sub- 
marines were  sunk  by  destroyers  which  were  escorting  the 
convoy.  Anderton  remained  in  France  six  months,  arriving 
at  Ca,mp  Upton  for  discharge  January  jrd,  1919. 

MACHINE-GUN 

A  "triple  play,"  from  officer  candidate  to  captain  to 
major,  was  the  record  of  Luke  P.  Wolfford  who  at  the  time 
of  his  enlistment  was  office  manager  for  the  Cleveland  Wire 
Division.  Attending  the  First  Officers'  Training  Camp  at 
Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  Wolfford  was  commissioned  captain 
August  1 7th,  1917.  He  was  assigned  as  Commanding  Officer 
of  the  J2jrd  Machine-Gun  Battalion  at  Fort  Sill  from  October 
to  December  of  the  same  year,  and  was  then  transferred  to 
the  8jrd  Division  as  auto  rifle  instructor.  In  June  he  took  the 
machine-gun  company  of  the  33oth  Infantry  to  France,  and 
from  July  ist  to  November  nth,  1918,  he  was  training  troops 
near  Le  Mans,  France.  On  September  jrd,  Wolfford  was  pro- 
moted to  major.  The  period  between  December,  1918,  and 
April,  1919,  was  spent  commanding  the  ijoth  Battalion, 
Military  Police  Corps,  and  from  April  to  June,  Wolfford 
instructed  at  the  American  Expeditionary  Force  University. 
He  was  discharged  from  the  army  July  7th,  1919. 

Louis  F.  Steen,  later  employed  as  a  clerk  by  the  Rhode 
Island  Glass  Division,  enlisted  April  28th,  1917,  in  the  Cavalry 
but  on  August  5th  was  transferred  to  a  machine-gun  detach- 
ment and  went  overseas  October  jrd,  1917,  with  the  lojrd 
Battalion  of  the  26th  Division,  participating  in  the  following 
engagements: 

Soissons,  February,  1918. 

Chemin-des-Dames,  March,  1918. 

Apremont,  Toul  sector,  April,   May  and  June,    1918. 

Chateau-Thierry,  July,  1918. 

Steen  was  wounded  at  Chateau-Thierry  July  2oth,  1918, 
being  struck  below  the  knees  with  machine-gun  bullets.  He 
returned  to  the  United  States  January  3rd,  1919. 

Roger  F.  Hartman  of  the  Puritan  Refilled  Lamp  Divi- 
sion was  inducted  October  5th,  1917.  He  was  mustered  into 


ENGINEER  CORPS  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  87 

Company  B  of  the  3  2oth  Machine-Gun  Battalion,  82nd  Division, 
and  trained  at  Camps  Devens,  Gordon  and  Upton.  Roger  then 
went  overseas,  where  he  saw  action  on  five  fronts.  He  was  gassed 
October  i4th,  1918,  while  taking  part  in  the  Argonne  Forest 
drive.  This  misfortune  held  him  in  the  hospital  four  months. 
Six-footer  Dennis  D.  Foley  of  the  Rhode  Island  Glass  Divi- 
sion enlisted  June  24th,  1918,  and  was  assigned  to  Company  D 
of  the  32nd  Machine-Gun  Battalion  at  Camp  Meade,  Maryland, 
while  Uhl  M.  Smith  of  the  Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
enlisted  June  i4th,  1917,  in  the  I35th  Machine-Gun  Battalion. 
He  was  assigned  to  Company  C  as  a  private.  After  training  with 
his  outfit  at  Camps  Sheridan  and  Lee,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Searchlight  Investigation  Section  of  the  army,  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  where  he  ranked  as  master  engineer,  senior  grade. 

A  Cleveland  Wire  Division  boy,  Richard  A.  Molloy,  enlis- 
ted February  6th,  1918,  in  the  Canadian  Infantry.  Upon  receiv- 
ing fundamental  drill  work 
at  St.  Thomas,  Ontario, 
Canada,  he  was  ordered  to 
England,  where  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  3rd  Canadian 
Machine-Gun  Battalion. 
Further  training  was  given 
Molloy  at  Bramshott  and 
Seaford  before  he  was  pre- 
pared to  face  the  German 
music.  After  arriving  in 
France  he  saw  action  at 
Amiens,  Arras  and  Cam- 
brai.  Molloy's  only  comment  on  the  war  was  to  say  that  it 
was  very  amusing  —  quite  droll,  in  fact. 

Evald  Gustafson  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  was  drafted 
November  28th,  1917,  and  sent  to  Camp  Sherman,  where 
he  was  attached  to  Company  C  of  the  322nd  Machine-Gun 
Battalion,  83rd  Division.  Arriving  in  England  Gustafson 
was  transferred  to  the  io6th  Battalion  of  the  27th  Division 
and  saw  service  with  that  regiment  in  France.  Much  of  Evald's 
time  was  spent  in  Le  Mans. 

ENGINEER  CORPS 

Ten  factory  men  affiliated  with  the  Engineer  Corps 
went  overseas  and  participated  in  active  sectors.  Ward  F. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


Martin  of  Nela  Lamp  Division  enlisted  May  5th,  1917,  with 
the  1 1 2th  Engineers,  37th  Division,  and  after  training  at 
Camps  Sheridan  and  Lee  went  overseas.  He  saw  service  at 
St.  Mihiel,  in  the  Vosges  Mountains,  Argonne  Forest  and  along 
two  Belgian  fronts.  During  the  Argonne  Forest  drive  Martin's 
company  lived  in  a  dugout  four  days  before  they  discovered 
two  Germans  who  had  been  hiding  in  that  very  same  dugout. 
The  Germans  had  concealed  themselves  by  digging  a  hole 
in  the  wall  of  the  dugout;  after  crawling  into  this  hole  they 
had  faced  the  opening  with  a  piece  of  iron,  thus  giving  all 
the  appearance  of  a  firm  wall. 

A  Daring  Donald  B.  Wright  likewise  of  the  Nela  Lamp 
Boche  Division,  enlisted  in  the  H2th  Engineers,  training 

Airman  at  Camps  Sheridan  and  Lee.  Overseas,  he  occupied 
lines  in  the  following  sectors:  Baccarat,  Verdun, 
St.  Mihiel,  Pannes,  Ghent  and  in  the  offensives  of  Meuse- 
Argonne,  St.  Mihiel,  first  Ypres-Lys  and  second  Ypres. 
Donald  was  discharged  April  I7th,  1919,  ranking  as  sergeant. 

The  following  story,  told  by  Sergeant  Wright,  illustrates 
well  the  degree  to  which  the  Germans  carried  their  cunning 
practices  in  the  late  war. 

"The  large  observation  balloons  which  the  allies  used 
along  the  front  were  taken  to  and  from  the  lines  on  trucks,  to 
which  they  were  fastened  down.  It  was  always  the  practice 
on  these  trips  to  have  a  number  of  airplanes  hovering  near 
by,  so  that  any  air  attack  which  the  enemy  might  attempt 
upon  these  balloons  could  be  warded  off. 

"On  one  such  mission,  eleven  monstrous  bags  were  being 
transported  to  the  fighting  area  near  the  Argonne.  Three 
American  planes  were  acting  as  escort,  when  another  American 
ship,  coming  out  of  the  clouds,  joined  the  formation.  As 
planes  were  frequently  relieved  during  such  a  flight,  the  ap- 
proach of  this  last  plane  caused  no  uneasiness  among  the 
pilots. 

"The  four  airplanes  had  maneuvered  around  for  several 
minutes  when  the  pilot  of  the  fourth  ship  drew  back  in  the 
formation,  quickly  picked  up  speed  and  traveling  directly 
over  the  line  of  balloons  fired  tracer  bullets  into  every  bag, 
destroying  the  entire  outfit. 

"Having  accomplished  his  purpose  he  flew  in  the  direction 
of  the  German  lines,  employing  every  known  stunt  in  his 


ENGINEER  CORPS  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS 


endeavor  to  get  away.  The  other  pilots,  however,  gradually 
drove  him  down  from  the  clouds,  and  as  the  pursued  pilot 
made  a  last  loop  in  his  effort  to  break  away,  he  lost  control 
of  his  ship  and  lunged,  nose  down,  to  the  earth. 

"He  was  none  other  than  a  German  aviator  who  had 
secured  possession  of  an  American  ship  and,  realizing  the 
valuable  military  assistance  he  would  be  rendering  to  the 
fatherland,  had  gone  forth  on  this  perilous  quest.  His  plane 
nosed  two  feet  into  the  earth,  and  he  was  crushed  to  death 
between  the  motor  controls." 

How  it  feels  to  be  the  target  of  machine-guns  mounted 
on  a  German  Fokker,  can  be  well  described  by  Oscar  E. 
Johnson  of  the  Lamp  Equipment  Division.  Inducted  Septem- 
ber I9th,  1917,  he  was  assigned  to  Company  L  of  the  JJist 
Infantry,  8jrd  Division,  at  Camp  Sherman  but  was  soon 
transferred  to  the  igth  Engineers.  When  assigned  for  overseas 
duty,  Oscar  was  placed  on  the  roster  of  the  35th  Regiment.  In 
France  his  duty  consisted  of  aiding  in  the  transportation  of 
guns  and  material  to  the  front.  It  was  on  these  missions  that 
Johnson  learned  to  appreciate  the  velocity  of  missiles  coming 
from  above.  At  night,  especially,  did  Fritzie  take  delight  in 
disturbing  the  peace  and  on  one  occasion  it  was  Oscar's 
painful  duty  to  remove  the  remains  of  those  who  were  in 
the  vicinity  of  an  ammunition  plant  where  the  German 
bombers  made  a  direct  hit.  All  of  Johnson's  tasks  were  not 
of  this  nature,  however,  for  he  enjoyed  the  beauties  of  south- 
ern France  for  some  time,  where  the  sun  shines  every  day 
and  figs,  oranges  and  olives  grow  in  abundance. 

To  Charles  C.  Kesler  of  the  Loudon  Glass  Division, 
the  saddest  part  of  the  war  took  place  on  board  the  famous 
transport  George  Washington,  bound  for  France.  Sailing 
from  Hoboken  September  3oth,  1918,  with  nine  thousand 
Yanks,  four  hundred  Red  Cross  Nurses  and  a  crew  of  fourteen 
hundred  sailors,  the  journey  took  thirteen  days  and  during 
this  time  eighty-nine  of  the  passengers  died  on  board  ship. 
When  the  George  Washington  reached  Brest,  France,  Kesler's 
company  was  detailed  to  remove  and  bury  the  bodies.  Kesler 
was  attached  to  Company  B  of  the  I2th  Engineers,  having 
enlisted  June  25th,  1918,  in  Columbus,  Ohio.  Army  life  was 
not  an  innovation  with  Charles,  as  he  had  been  attached  to 


go  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

the  Ohio  National  Guard  for  five  years  before  being  sent  to 
Camp  Humphrey. 

Robert  N.  Duncan,  who  operated  an  automatic  bulb- 
machine  at  the  Miniature  Bulb  Division,  was  inducted  Octo- 
ber jrd,  1917,  and  ordered  to  Camp  Sherman.  He  was  assigned 
to  Company  E  of  the  joSth  Engineers.  In  France,  Duncan 
took  part  in  the  action  along  the  Oise-Aisne  and  Meuse- 
Argonne  fronts.  He  was  discharged  July  8th,  1919. 

Ralph  Mylechraine  of  the  Cleveland  Miniature  Lamp 
Division  had  an  unusual  part  to  play,  being  engaged  as  a 
camoufleur  with  the  4Oth  Engineers.  This  regiment  had  the 
heaviest  and  largest  guns  along  the  front  with  the  exception 
of  those  of  the  Marines.  These  guns  were  always  moved  at 
night  and  as  the  roads  were  usually  in  bad  condition,  due  to 
heavy  traffic  and  incessant  rainfall,  the  task  was  always  a 
difficult  one.  As  Ralph  explained  it,  in  addition  to  the 
tractors  employed  in  moving  these  guns,  manpower  and  "a 
good  deal  of  strong  language"  was  often  necessary.  Among 
the  places  which  Mylechraine  visited  while  overseas  were 
Dijon,  Verdun,  Nancy  and  Paris  in  France,  and  London  and 
Winchester  in  England.  He  experienced  the  thrills  of  an  air 
raid  at  Nancy,  in  which  considerable  damage  was  done  to 
the  city. 

With  a  Pick  Another  overseas  veteran,  Elmer  F.  Felske  of 
and  a  Gun  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division,  was  called  in  the 
draft  September  i8th,  1917.  He  was  a  private 
in  the  ranks  of  Company  B  of  the  I5th  Engineers,  and  before 
going  across  had  seen  service  at  Camps  Sherman,  Merritt 
and  Upton.  In  France  his  duty  consisted  of  building  pontoon 
bridges  and  laying  narrow-gauge  railroads.  This  work  was 
done  for  the  most  part  under  enemy  shell  fire  and  at  times 
the  engineers  were  compelled  to  protect  their  handiwork 
from  enemy  attack  until  the  infantry  was  in  a  position  to 
relieve  them.  Felske  was  under  fire  in  the  Argonne  and  at 
St.  Mihiel.  He  was  discharged  from  the  army  May  26th,  1919. 
When  H.  Leslie  Webb  left  the  employ  of  Nela  Lamp 
Division  on  May  25th,  1917,  to  join  the  Canadian  Signal 
Corps,  he  was  beginning  a  two-year  period  of  army  life  which 
was  to  carry  him  through  many  of  the  strenuous  and  critical 
engagements  of  the  World  War.  He  joined  the  Canadian 
Signals  at  Ottawa,  Ontario,  Canada,  in  May,  1917,  and  was 


ENGINEER  CORPS  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  91 

stationed  there  until  November  of  the  same  year.  Crossing 
to  Seaford,  England,  he  was  given  additional  training  until 
May,  1918,  when  he  proceeded  to  France.  Meanwhile  he  had 
been  transferred  to  the  Princess  Pat  Regiment,  serving  with 
it  four  months,  and  then  to  the  Engineers,  with  which 
outfit  he  served  in  France.  Webb  took  part  in  the  operations 
at  Amiens,  Arras,  "Hindenburg  Line,"  Cambrai  and  Mons. 
On  December  ijth,  1918,  he  crossed  the  Rhine  with  the  Armies 
of  Occupation,  remaining  in  Bonn,  Germany,  for  seven  weeks. 
He  was  discharged  May  I2th,  1919,  and  returned  to  Nela 
Lamp. 

Webb  relates  the  following  story  of  a  night's  activity 
along  a  British  sector. 

"Just  before  Cambrai  was  captured  in  September,  1918, 
the  section  to  which  I  was  attached  was  detailed  one  night 
to  erect  a  barbed- wire  entanglement  in  front  of  the  support 
lines. 

"We  were  'at  home'  in  some  captured  German  trenches 
in  a  village  called  Raillencourt,  which  lies  on  the  outskirts 
of  Cambrai  on  the  Arras-Cambrai  Road.  The  first  day  of 
our  stay  here  my  chum  and  I,  with  the  aid  of  some  timber, 
corrugated  iron  and  waterproof  sheets,  had  built  ourselves 
a  comfortable  'bivvy,'  or  sleeping  place,  in  an  open  field. 
Prior  to  going  on  duty  we  had  made  our  bed  with  issue  blankets 
and  greatcoats,  knowing  that  upon  our  return  in  the  early 
hours  of  the  morning,  we  would  be  so  tired  that  the  spread-out 
blankets  would  give  us  a  welcome  for  a  few  hours'  repose. 
"After  we  had  been  out  several  hours  under  heavy  shell 
fire  we  accomplished  our  work,  and  were  wending  our  way 
out  of  the  area  when  a  Heinle  overhead,  to  use  trench  slang, 

'let  the  tail-board  of  his 
plane  down'  and  de- 
posited his  load  of  bombs 
in  close  proximity  to  our 
party.  Luckily,  no  one 
was  hit  in  our  section, 
although  the  portion  of 
our  company  to  the  right 
suffered  rather  heavily. 
It  was  with  relief  that 
we  arrived  back  at  the 
billet,  but  when  my  chum 


92  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

and  I  approached  our  bivvy  we  were  filled  with  consternation 
to  find  the  iron  roof  twisted  in  pieces,  the  earth  works  scat- 
tered and  our  blankets  and  coats  in  ribbons. 

"While  away,  the  billet  had  received  a  direct  hit  with  a 
shell  from  a  light  field  gun.  Thankful  that  we  had  been  detailed 
on  night  duty,  we  danced  about  in  wild  glee,  realizing  only 
too  well  that  had  we  been  asleep  there  when  the  shell  exploded 
we  would  have  been  twisted  even  more  fantastically  than  the 
iron.  Thanks  to  the  spirit  of  comradeship  which  always 
prevailed  at  the  Front,  other  boys  loaned  us  some  of  their 
blankets  and  we  were  soon  asleep,  happy  in  the  thought  that 
our  day  had  not  yet  come. 

"I  have  in  my  possession  a  bent  coat-button  and  a  small 
piece  of  shrapnel,  two  small  reminders  of  an  exciting  evening." 

Sherman  was  right!  That  was  the  only  comment  James 
H.  Wilson  of  the  Nela  Lamp  Division  had  to  make  on  the 
war.  He  enlisted  April  6th,  1918,  and  was  attached  to  the 
headquarters  company  of  an  engineers  replacement  outfit. 
During  the  period  of  his  enlistment  Wilson  was  located  in 
the  following  camps  in  the  United  States:  Camp  Sherman, 
Columbus  Barracks,  Fort  Meyer,  Washington  Barracks  and 
Camp  Merritt,  and  in  England  at  Camp  Knotty  Ash  No.  5, 
Dideot  Camp  and  Camp  Slough.  He  was  discharged  July  8th, 
1919. 

Another  engineer  going  overseas  was  George  L.  Bennett. 
He  enlisted  May  loth,  1917,  in  Company  B,  5th  U.  S.  Engi- 
neers, and  trained  at  Fort  Bliss  and  Camp  Scurry,  Texas, 
and  Camp  Humphrey,  Virginia.  Going  overseas,  he  was  active 
in  the  following  sectors: 

Occupation    of  Puvenelle    sector,  west    of   the    Moselle, 
October   loth  to  November  9th,  1918. 

Offensive  on  Puvenelle  sector,  November  9th  to  i  ith,  1918. 

Upon  his  discharge  from  the  army,  March  29th,  1919, 
Bennett  took  a  position  with  the  Lamp  Equipment  Division. 

George  H.  Lindgren  enlisted  as  a  private  July  27th,  1917, 
in  the  1 1 2th  Engineers.  He  was  assigned  to  Company  A  and 
ordered  to  Camp  Sheridan.  Lindgren  was  later  transferred 
to  Camp  Jackson.  Upon  being  discharged  from  the  Army, 
he  was  employed  by  the  Lamp  Equipment  Division.  James 
H.  Dunn,  a  mold  shutter  with  the  Rhode  Island  Glass  Divi- 
sion, enlisted  May  i6th,  1918,  and  was  assigned  to  Fort 
Benjamin  Harrison,  Indiana.  He  was  later  stationed  at  Fort 


Lawrence  P.  Pelton 
H.  Leslie  Webb 
Carmelo  Fotte 
Carroll  B.  Morrison 


Joseph  V.  Hamey 
Russell  A.  Paine 
Harold  E.  Pierce 
George  F.  Trisko 


Louis  A.  Hamel 
William  F.  Scalley 
Lewis  E.  Burdick 
James  M.  Lenney 


Domenico  Santangelo 
Antonio  Persian! 
Thomas  J.  Molloy 
James  H.  Wilson 


Joseph  C.  Tragresser 
Earl  Howatt 
John  Exall 
Albert  Smith 


Ernest  Voccola 
William  C.  Boehnint 
Albert  E.  Bouvier 
Fred  B.  Owen 


ENGINEER  CORPS  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  93 

Douglas,   Utah,   and   Camp   Upton,   New   York.    Dunn   was 
mustered    out    of   service    December    24th,    1918. 

Oscar  M.  Bulla  of  the  Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Divi- 
sion enlisted  May  2nd,  1917,  in  Pittsburgh,  as  a  private  with 
the  1 5th  Engineers,  and  was  encamped  at  Oakmont,  Penn- 
sylvania, June  23rd.  He  sailed  for  France,  via  Liverpool, 
England,  on  July  9th,  1917,  and  was  among  the  contingent 
of  U.  S.  troops  who  were  the  first  to  arrive  in  England.  His 
stay  in  England  was  very  short,  being  located  in  the  British 
Camp  Borden  for  a  few  days  before  being  sent  to  Le  Havre, 
France.  Bulla  was  in  service  two  years,  spending  all  but  about 
a  month  or  so  of  this  time  in  foreign  service.  He  was  in  the 
St.  Mihiel  sector  for  nearly  two  months  previous  to  the  signing 
of  the  armistice,  and  was  mustered  out  of  service  at  Camp 
Sherman  May  I5th,  1919. 

The  1 5th  Engineers  were  engaged  principally  on  the 
construction  of  narrow-gauge  railroads,  supply  depots,  hos- 
pitals, etc.  Their  time  during  the  latter  part  of  the  service, 
however,  was  devoted  entirely  to  the  building  and  operating  of 
narrow-gauge  railroads  on  the  front.  The  company  of  which 
Bulla  was  a  member  claims  the  championship  for  narrow-gauge 
railroad  building,  claiming  that  they  made  a  record  of  3^4  miles, 
laid  and  ready  to  operate,  in  -j]4  hours. 

Fred  Colcord  of  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
enlisted  in  the  37th  Engineers  on  March  7th,  1918,  and  trained 
at  Fort  Myer,  Virginia.  On  June  3Oth,  1918,  he  left  for 
France.  He  was  wounded  in  the  St.  Mihiel  drive.  Colcord 
also  saw  action  in  the  Argonne  drive  from  September  2gth 
to  November  nth.  He  was  discharged  at  the  Presidio,  San 
Francisco,  California,  on  April  8th,  1919,  and  returned  to 
work  at  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division. 

Others  in  the  Engineer  Corps  were  Albert  F.  Hoh,  who 
was  later  employed  by  the  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp  Division, 
and  Arthur  J.  White,  a  foreman  with  the  Youngstown  Divi- 
sion. Hoh  was  called  September  22nd,  1917,  in  Ft.  Pierce, 
Florida,  and  ordered  to  Camp  Jackson.  He  was  assigned  to 
Company  E  of  the  3o6th  Engineers,  8ist  Division.  Later 
Hoh  was  transferred  to  Camp  Wheeler,  Georgia,  where  he 
was  attached  to  Company  D  of  the  io6th  Regiment  of  Engi- 
neers, 3 ist  Division. 

Arthur  White  was  drafted  December  i8th,  1917,  and 
mustered  into  the  loth  Company,  Coast  Artillery,  at  Camp 


94  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Nichols.  He  was  transferred  to  the  Enlisted  Engineers'  Reserve 
Corps  and  assigned  to  Nela  Park,  Cleveland,  where  he  was 
employed  in  the  development  of  vacuum  tubes  to  be  used 
on  wireless  telephones  (see  pages  229  to  246).  White  was  re- 
leased from  service  April  i4th,  1919. 

TANK  CORPS 

The  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp  Division  suffered  one  loss 
among  its  eleven  service  men.  This  was  Edward  Franklin 
Hartman,  who  was  in  its  employ  as  a  machine  adjuster. 
Hartman  was  born  in  Rolla,  Missouri,  September  I3th,  1888. 
On  July  I7th,  1918,  he  enlisted  in  St.  Louis  and  was  ordered 
to  Jefferson  Barracks.  Here  he  was  assigned  to  the  326th 
Battery  of  the  Tank  Corps,  and  later  transferred  to  the  Tank 
Corps  Headquarters  at  Camp  Colt,  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania. 
He  remained  at  Camp  Colt  for  a  short  time  and  was  then  or- 
dered to  Camp  Summerall  at  Tobyhanna,  Pennsylvania. 
On  September  28th,  Hartman  left  New  York  for  overseas, 
arriving  at  Liverpool  October  8th.  Four  days  later  he  died 
from  a  severe  attack  of  influenza  in  Belmont  Road  Military 
Hospital,  and  was  buried  in  Everton  Cemetery,  Liverpool, 
England.  This  information  was  given  by  Edward's  mother, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Hartman.  In  her  bereavement  of  her  son  his 
fellow-employees  share,  proud  of  the  part  he  played  so  fear- 
lessly, but  grieved  for  the  loss  of  an  amiable  comrade  and 
splendid  soldier. 

The  other  National  manufacturing  boy  in  the  Tank 
Corps  was  Benjamin  Jones,  who  was  employed  in  the  shipping 
department  of  Ohio  Division.  He  enlisted  April  4th,  1918, 
in  Nova  Scotia,  Canada,  in  the  Canadian  Artillery,  but  was 
transferred  to  the  tanks.  His  training  was  received  at  Windsor, 
Canada,  and  Bovington,  Essex,  England. 

CAVALRY 

Several  National  men  chose  the  Cavalry,  but  were  not 
fortunate  enough  to  get  overseas.  Arnold  L.  Pipper,  later  of 
the  Detroit  Miniature  Lamp  Division,  enlisted  in  Troop  G 
of  the  i4th  Cavalry  on  May  nth,  1917.  He  spent  his  service 
in  the  following  places  in  Texas:  Eagle  Pass,  Fort  Sam  Houston, 
El  Paso  and  Fort  Bliss.  Pipper  was  commissioned  a  second 
lieutenant  after  completing  a  course  at  the  Fourth  Officers' 


SIGNAL  CORPS  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  95 

Training  Camp  at  El  Paso,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Cavalry 
as  a  machine-gun  instructor. 

Elisha  P.  Madison,  a  gas-producer  man  with  the  Rhode 
Island  Glass  Division,  enlisted  September  29th,  1917,  in  the 
22nd  Cavalry  and  served  at  Camps  MacArthur,  Devens  and 
Fort  Oglethorpe,  while  Joseph  C.  Tragesser  of  the  Niles  Glass 
Division,  after  serving  at  Del  Rio,  Texas,  with  Troop  K  of 
the  3i3th  Cavalry,  was  transferred  to  Battery  E,  yoth  Field 
Artillery  at  Camp  Knox,  Kentucky.  He  was  discharged 
January  29th,  1919. 

Arthur  H.  Chiconi  of  the  Lamp  Equipment  Division 
enlisted  May  9th,  1917,  in  Troop  G  of  the  i6th  Cavalry.  He  was 
located  in  Brownsville,  Texas,  until  released  from  service 
April  25th,  1919.  Emil  Teschke,  also  of  Lamp  Equipment, 
was  attached  to  Troop  C  of  the  3O5th  Cavalry.  His  most 
interesting  experiences  were  those  acquired  while  jumping 
hurdles  and  making  cross-country  rides.  This  was  real  sport, 
and  counteracted  some  of  the  more  unpleasant  moments 
of  camp  life. 

Others  in  the  Cavalry  were  Sidney  C.  Smith  of  the  Niles 
Glass  Division  and  Clifford  L.  Butler  of  the  Cleveland  Wire 
Division.  Smith  entered  service  May  i8th,  1918,  and  was 
stationed  at  Russell,  Wyoming,  and  Camp  Jackson,  South 
Carolina.  Butler  enlisted  April  5th,  1917,  with  Troop  A,  2nd 
Ohio  Cavalry,  and  was  located  for  some  time  at  Jefferson 
Barracks,  Missouri.  He  was  discharged  December  8th,  1918. 

SIGNAL  CORPS 

This  was  one  of  the  most  important  branches  of  the  service, 
especially  in  the  field,  where  lay  the  responsibility  of  keeping 
open  all  channels  of  communication  between  the  field  and 
headquarters.  The  work,  however,  was  exceedingly  interesting 
and  instructive  and  the  National  boys  who  were  fortunate 
enough  to  see  service  in  this  branch  were  lucky  indeed. 

Lawrence  P.  Pelton  of  Ohio  Division  was  inducted  May 
25th,  1918,  and  after  being  stationed  at  Fort  Leaven  worth 
for  a  short  time  was  sent  overseas,  where  he  served  with  the 
34th  Signal  Corps  supply  squadron. 

One  other  man  seeing  duty  in  France  was  Theodore  O. 
Hagensen,  property  clerk  of  the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp 
Division.  He  was  attached  to  the  nth  Depot  Battalion  at 


96  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Fort  Leavenworth,  which  organization  was  disbanded  upon 
its  arrival  overseas.  Hagensen  was  placed  with  the  37th 
Service  Squadron,  at  Bordeaux,  France. 

Grand  and  Francis  T.  Fee  of  the  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp 
Glorious  Division  and  Arthur  F.  Evans  were  also  in  the 

America!  Signal  Corps.  Fee  was  drafted  July  22nd,  1918, 
and  assigned  to  Company  C  of  the  2ioth 
Field  Signal  Battalion  at  Camp  Funston.  Evans,  who  was  later 
employed  by  the  Illinois  Miniature  Lamp  Division  upon  his 
return  from  service,  was  attached  to  the  3iith  Field  Signal 
Battalion  at  Camp  Grant.  Evans  occasionally  found  camp  life 
dull  and  favorable  to  homesickness,  but  when  the  journey  to 
France  was  under  way,  things  immediately  began  to  liven  up. 
He  was  overseas  one  month  before  the  armistice  was  signed. 
Evans  sized  up  England  and  France  as  being  very  wonderful 
countries,  but  "not  to  be  compared  with  our  own  land." 
The  day  that  he  stepped  back  on  American  soil  was,  as  he 
expressed  it,  a  "grand  and  glorious"  one  and  February  9th, 
1919,  was  even  more  wonderful  because  on  that  day  he  was 
discharged  from  the  army. 

Orville  A.  Harmon  was  with  the  J2oth  Field  Signal 
Battalion.  He  did  not  get  to  France  but  had  the  good  fortune 
to  see  much  of  this  country,  being  stationed  at  Camp  Lewis, 
Washington;  Camp  Fremont,  California;  Camp  Mills,  New 
York,  and  Camp  Lee,  Virginia.  He  was  rated  as  a  private, 
first  class,  and  upon  being  discharged  December  i4th,  1918, 
was  employed  as  a  foreman^by  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp 
Division. 

Assistant  foreman  John  J.  Stock,  of  the  St.  Louis  Mazda 
Lamp  Division,  was  ordered  to  Washington  University,  St. 
Louis,  where  he  received  a  course  in  radio.  He  was  assigned 
to  an  officers'  training  school,  but  before  transportation 
orders  arrived  the  armistice  terms  had  been  accepted. 

MOTOR  TRANSPORT 

Realizing  the  importance  of  the  Motor  Transport  Ser- 
vice, several  men  from  the  National  who  were  employed  as 
auto  mechanics  enlisted  in  this  branch.  Thomas  F.  Marren 
entered  service  April  loth,  1918.  After  being  attached  to  the 
Coast  Artillery  for  a  few  months  he  was  sent  overseas  and 


With  the  U.  S.  Army  Observers 


Gas  Mask  Drill 


Cook  Squad  at  a  New  York  Camp 

(Photograph  supplied  by  M.  S.  E.,  Hollis  Townsend) 


A  Captured  German  Field  Stove 


MOTOR  TRANSPORT  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  97 

transferred  to  a  motor  transport  detachment  at  Mailly,  France, 
where  he  had  charge  of  ninety-three  men  who  were  to  drive 
trucks  up  to  the  different  fronts.  He  was  detailed  to  this  work 
until  the  armistice  was  signed,  and  on  December  22nd  was 
returned  to  the  United  States  with  the  rank  of  sergeant. 
Marren  then  took  a  position  with  the  Illinois  Miniature 
Lamp  Division. 

Two  others  with  overseas  records  are  Glenn  E.  Norton 
and  Charles  Foster,  both  of  Ohio  Division.  Norton  enlisted 
December  2yth,  1917,  and  trained  at  Camps  Sherman  and 
Mills.  For  a  time  he  was  attached  to  the  office  of  the  Motor 
Transportation  Department  in  Le  Mans,  France,  ranking 
as  a  corporal.  Foster  entered  service  May  25th,  1918,  and  was 
sent  to  Camp  Jessup,  Georgia;  thence  overseas,  where  he 
was  attached  to  the  308 th  Motor  Transport  unit.  He  was 
discharged  July  2ist,  1919. 

Henry  P.  O'Rourke,  enlisting  July  5th,  1917,  in  Chicago, 
went  across  in  a  convoy  of  one  hundred  and  two  ships  and 
arrived  at  London  in  time  to  witness  an  air  raid  and  the  scene 
which  always  accompanied  it,  people  scurrying  for  safety 
to  the  subways,  which  were  bomb-proofed  with  bags  of  sand. 
O'Rourke  made  four  trips  across  the  Atlantic  in  the  Army 
Transport  Service,  was  attacked  twice  by  submarines  and 
saw  three  ships  sunk.  One  of  these  was  a  Japanese  oil  tanker 
which  went  under  in  thirty-seven  minutes,  and  one  was  an 
English  merchant  vessel  that  sank  in  seven  and  one-half 
minutes.  Upon  returning  from  France,  O'Rourke  assumed 
a  position  with  the  Illinois  Miniature  Lamp  Division. 

Robert  J.  J.  McDermott  of  the  Providence  Base  Works 
and  Junius  Dana  of  the  Cleveland  Carbon  Filament  Division 
were  also  attached  to  motor  transport  units.  McDermott 
was  stationed  at  New  York  University  during  the  two  months 
he  was  in  service,  while  Dana  trained  at  Camp  Holabird, 
Maryland.  He  entered  the  army  July  26th,  1918,  and  was 
discharged  April  i4th,  1919.  Howard  Edwards,  later  employed 
by  Lamp  Equipment  Division,  was  attached  to  the  motor 
transport  unit  of  the  I58th  Depot  Brigade  at  Camp  Sherman. 
To  Edwards  the  most  fascinating  part  of  the  life  was  "to 
hear  the  bugle  boy  sound  first  call  at  five-thirty  in  the 
morning." 

Francis  J.  Murphy  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  entered 
service  June  I5th,  1918,  and  was  assigned  to  a  motor  transport 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


unit  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  Indiana.  His  company  was 
then  transferred  to  Camp  Jackson.  Murphy  remained  there 
but  a  short  time,  being  sent  to  Camp  Taylor  where  he  was 
assigned  to  the  heavy  artillery. 

Arthur  L.  Kremm  was  inducted  from  Cleveland  on 
August  1 5th,  1918.  He  was  assigned  to  Company  6,  unit  306, 
of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  at  Camp  Holabird,  Maryland, 
but  was  transferred  to  the  Motor  Transport  Corps,  where 
he  became  first  sergeant.  From  Camp  Holabird,  Kremm  was 
sent  to  Fort  McHenry.  He  was  discharged  April  23rd,  1919, 
and  was  employed  by  the  Pitney  Glass  Division,  having 
been  with  the  Euclid  Glass  Works  before  his  induction. 

Stanley  G.  Cameron  of  Lamp  Equipment  Division  was 
drafted  May  28th,  1918.  He  was  assigned  to  the  i4th  Company, 
2nd  Replacement  Regiment  at  Camp  Gordon,  Georgia. 
Overseas  he  was  located  at  Dijon,  France,  serving  with  the 
62nd  Transportation  Corps  as  repairman  on  locomotives 
and  freight  cars. 

CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE 

William  T.  Levitt  was  both  versatile  and  big — and  even  he 
had  to  admit  that  he  was  "some  skyscraper"  with  his  towering 
six  feet  three  and  one-half  inches  of  sinew.  Twenty-five  years 
old  and  single,  he  enlisted  December  i4th,  1917,  in  the  Chem- 
ical Warfare  Service  and  was  attached  to  the  Astoria  Can- 
tonment at  Long  Island.  But  to  show  Levitt's  versatility: 
after  blowing  glass  in  the  chemical  laboratory  for  some  time, 
he  was  made  drill  sergeant  and,  being  master  of  more  than 
one  art,  was  made  drum  major  of  the  detachment  band. 
He  was  listed  for  early  embarkation  when  action  ceased. 
Upon  being  discharged  he  resumed  his  occupation  as  glass- 
blower  at  Ohio  Division. 

Edwin  J.  Hull  of  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division,  who 
entered  service  September  I3th,  1917,  as  a  first  lieutenant 
in  the  Sanitary  Corps,  Medical  Department,  was  transferred 
to  the  Gas  Defense  Division  and  attained  the  rank  of  captain, 
while  Wayne  E.  Starn,  a  tube  cutter  with  the  Loudon  Glass 
Division,  was  inducted  August  26th,  1918,  and  assigned  to 
the  Light  Artillery  at  Camp  Taylor.  He  was  transferred  to 
the  Chemical  Warfare  Service  at  Edgewood  Arsenal,  Edge- 
wood,  Maryland,where  he  was  located  until  December  8th,  1918. 


CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS          99 

Captain  Leo  G.  Cover  of  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division 
was  commissioned  upon  entering  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Service  July  ist,  1918.  He  was  stationed  in  the  Development 
Division  Laboratories  at  Nela  Park  during  the  entire  period 
of  his  enlistment.  After  the  war  he  became  connected  with 
the  Nela  Experimental  Engineering  Laboratory,  of  which 
Colonel  Dorsey  was  manager. 

David  F.  Koons  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  entered 
service  September  5th,  1918,  and  was  assigned  to  Company 
K,  4th  Battalion,  ist  Gas  Regiment,  of  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Service  at  Camp  Sherman.  He  ranked  as  corporal  and  was 
discharged  December  i6th,  1918. 

Three  Youngstown  Mazda  boys  in  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Service  were  Michael  T.  Mullarkey,  Frank  C.  Williams,  and 
George  E.  Norris.  Mullarkey  was  posted  at  the  Edgewood 
Arsenal  Laboratory,  Cleveland,  then  at  Edgewood  Arsenal, 
Baltimore,  and  later  at  the  Development  Laboratory,  Wil- 
loughby,  Ohio.  He  was  discharged  December  igth,  1918. 
Williams  was  employed  as  shipping  clerk  until  inducted, 
March  iyth,  1918.  He  was  located  in  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Laboratories  in  Cleveland,  working  on  various  experiments 
connected  with  the  use  of  poison  gas  in  warfare,  until  taken 
ill  September  ijth,  1918.  His  case  was  diagnosed  as  pul- 
monary tuberculosis  and  he  was  transferred  to  the  United 
States  General  Hospital  at  Fort  Bayard,  New  Mexico,  later 
returning  to  his  home  in  Niles,  Ohio,  where  he  was  under  the 
care  of  government  physicians.  George  Norris  enlisted  April 
24th,  1918,  in  the  Sanitary  Corps  of  the  Medical  Department 
and  was  put  on  detached  service  with  the  Hero  Detachment 
of  the  Gas  Defense  Division,  Chemical  Warfare  Service, 
Long  Island  City.  His  duty  was  connected  with  the  manu- 
facture and  testing  of  gas  masks  used  overseas. 

Private  Robert  H.  Smith  of  the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp 
Division  was  drafted  July  28th,  1918.  After  serving  in  the 
Artillery  at  Camp  Jackson  for  a  short  time,  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service  and  stationed  at 
Edgewood  Arsenal,  Edgewood,  Maryland.  Lieutenant  Edgar 
C.  Bain  was  commissioned  October  8th,  1918,  and  assigned 
to  the  Development  Division  Laboratories  at  Nela  Park. 
Upon  being  discharged  February  6th,  1919,  he  was  employed 
as  a  chemical  engineer  by  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division. 


ioo  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

THE  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT 

James  C.  Lindsay,  employment  superintendent  of  the 
Cleveland  Wire  Division,  chose  the  Ordnance  Department 
and  enlisted  August  i6th,  1917.  He  was  called  to  Washington, 
D.  C.  and  assigned  to  the  Accounting  Section.  After  some  time 
in  Washington,  Lindsay  was  detailed  at  the  Remington 
Arms  Company,  where  he  remained  until  released  from  service 
June  i5th,  1919. 

QUARTERMASTER  CORPS 

There  were  four  in  this  service,  one  of  whom  went  to 
France.  He  was  Charles  F.  O'Grady,  a  foreman  at  Central 
Falls.  Enlisting  December  I5th,  1917,  he  was  sent  to  Fort 
Slocum  and  then  overseas  to  Camp  Meigs,  France.  He  was 
discharged  June  25th,  1919. 

Joseph  Raymond  Ingram,  one  of  the  twenty  National 
men  to  die  while  in  the  service,  was  born  April  i4th,  1897,  in 
Dunkirk,  Indiana.  At  the  time  of  his  induction,  September  6th, 
1918,  he  was  employed  by  the  Loudon  Glass  Division  as  a 
drawing-out  operator  in  the  tube  department.  Upon  reaching 
Camp  Sherman  he  was  placed  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  and 
passed  examination  as  a  musician  with  the  28th  Company, 
7th  Training  Battalion  of  the  I58th  Depot  Brigade.  He  was 
taken  ill  soon  afterwards  and  died  October  2nd,  1918,  of 
pneumonia. 

Domenico  Santangelo  of  the  Providence  Base  Works 
entered  service  July  2jrd,  1918,  and  was  on  duty  during  his 
army  career  at  Camps  Upton  and  Meigs  and  at  the  Edgewood 
Arsenal,  while  Albert  Smith,  shipping  clerk  with  the  Rhode 
Island  Glass  Division,  was  at  Camp  Upton  and  later  at 
Locust  Point,  Baltimore,  Maryland.  He  was  in  uniform 
from  August  29th,  1918  to  January  3rd,  1919. 

MEDICAL  CORPS 

Although  the  cabinets  of  an  army  hospital  supply  room 
contain  practically  every  medicine  listed  in  the  pharmaco- 
poeia, there  are  about  two  remedies  which  are  used  freely, 
and  these  are  usually  prescribed  regardless  of  the  nature 
of  a  man's  ailment,  be  it  broken  bones  or  sickness.  A  few 
men  from  the  National  Manufacturing  Divisions  entered 
the  Medical  service  and  today  are  probably  very  efficient 


Maurice  H.  Grossberg 
Wallace  W.  Woods 
William  Dearborn 
Emil  Michelson 


Donald  B.  Wright 
Floyd  N.  Larremore 
Raymond  Quinn 
Robert  Derosco 


Michael  T.  Mullarky 
Otto  P.  Smith 
Harry  E.  Baldauf 
Walter  W.  Dieckow 


William  P.  Titus 
Ernest  J.  Griffiths 
Holgard  V.  Jensen 
William  G.  Hilling 


Harry  A.  Thurber 
Benjamin  Jones 
William  T.  Levitt 
Arthur  A.  Cousineau 


Lawrence  W.  Stark 
Walter  C.  Meyers 
Paul  A.  Holt 
William  D.  Jones 


MEDICAL  CORPS  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  101 

in  preparing  and  "dishing  out"  these  "cure-alls.-"  They  are 
probably  adepts,  too,  in  the  art  of  inoculation  and  vaccin- 
ation and  know  just  how  much  iodine  to  spill  on  a  man's 
arm  before  "puncturing." 

Lieutenant  Paul  C.  Gauchat,  who  attended  a  medical 
officers'  training  camp,  served  in  Replacement  and  Field 
Hospital  Battalions  of  a  Medical  Replacement  Group  and 
became,  to  use  his  expression,  a  "first-class  mule  skinner." 
Upon  being  discharged  from  the  army  he  was  appointed 
physician  for  the  Niles  Glass  Division.  • 

From  flash-aging  at  the  Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp 
Division  to  hospital  work,  was  the  step  taken  by  Louis  A. 
Hamel.  Inducted  August  27th,  1918,  he  was  sent  to  Camp 
Devens  and  assigned  to  the  3rd  Company,  ist  Battalion, 
15  ist  Depot  Brigade.  He  was  then  transferred  to  Camp 
Merritt  and  finally  to  a  medical  detachment  at  Hospital 
No.  3  in  New  York  City,  where  he  remained  until  mustered 
out  of  service  July  i4th,  1919. 

Edward  L.  Doran  of  the  Niles  Division  was  assigned 
to  the  Base  Hospital  at  Camp  Wheeler,  Georgia,  March  6th, 
1918.  He  was  later  on  duty  at  Camp  Greenleaf.  Forest  L. 
Ritter,  a  lamp  packer  with  Ohio  Division,  enlisted  December 
I2th,  1917,  in  Youngstown,  Ohio,  and  was  placed  with  a 
medical  unit  of  the  Aviation  Section.  He  was  first  stationed 
at  Fort  Oglethorpe  and  later  at  Kelly  Field,  Texas. 

John  J.  Lyons  of  the  Euclid  Glass  Division  was  drafted 
May  28th,  1918,  and  upon  his  arrival  at  Camp  Taylor  was 
assigned  to  the  2ist  Company,  I5gth  Depot  Brigade.  He  was 
soon  transferred  to  the  Medical  Corps  at  Camp  Greenleaf, 
Georgia,  where  he  was  on  duty  at  General  Hospital  No.  14. 
Other  places  at  which  John  was  stationed  were  General  Hos- 
pital No.  3 1  at  Fort  Oglethorpe  and  at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  rated  as  a  private,  first  class,  and  was  discharged 
March  i7th,  1919. 

Earl  L.  Howatt  of  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
was  inducted  into  the  service  November  I5th,  1917,  and 
trained  at  Camp  Lewis,  Washington,  and  Camp  Kearny, 
California.  Howatt  was  a  dental  assistant  in  the  Medical 
Corps.  He  sailed  for  France  July  26th,  1918  and  returned  to 
the  United  States  on  July  27th,  1919.  Receiving  his  discharge 
on  August  ist,  1919,  he  returned  to  the  Oakland  Mazda 


io2  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Lamp  Division  where  he  resumed  his  former  duties  as  foreman 
of  the  Spider  Department. 

Bulb  blower  John  M.  Walsh  of  the  Niles  Glass  Division 
was  inducted  October  jrd,  1918.  He  was  attached  to  the 
Medical  Corps  and  placed  on  duty  at  Base  Hospital  No.  128 
at  Camp  Sevier,  Greenville,  South  Carolina,  where  he  re- 
mained until  January  ist,  1919- 

Charles  T.  Tenney  enlisted  April  24th,  1917,  and  was 
sent  as  a  member  of  Ambulance  Company  No.  9  to  the  Post 
Hospital,  Schofield  Barracks,  in  the  Territory  of  Hawaii.  Upon 
being  discharged  December  I2th,  1918,  he  assumed  a  position 
with  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division.  Theodore  G.  Chad- 
wick  of  Ohio  Division  enlisted  June  2oth,  1918,  and  was 
sent  to  France  as  a  casual.  Part  of  his  time  overseas  was 
spent  on  duty  at  Evacuation  Hospital  No.  13  in  Luxemburg. 
He  was  discharged  July  i8th,  1919. 

AMBULANCE  UNITS 

Joseph  Potter  of  the  Lamp  Equipment  Division  was 
inducted  into  service  March  6th,  1918,  with  the  i4Oth  Am- 
bulance Company  of  the  35th  Division.  He  trained  at  Camp 
Greenleaf,  Georgia,  and  was  overseas  from  June  8th,  1918 
to  April  27th,  1919.  The  work  of  an  ambulance  unit  in  action 
was  anything  but  pleasant,  and  the  reader  can  to  some 
extent  imagine  the  experiences  which  Potter  must  have  had, 
for  he  served  in  the  engagements  at  Wesserling,  Gerardmer, 
St.  Mihiel,  Meuse-Argonne  and  Verdun.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  early  in  May  and  was  discharged  May  8th,  1919. 

S.  A.  T.  C. 

The  following  National  men  were  connected  with  the 
Army  through  the  Student  Army  Training  Corps,  which  was 
distributed  over  some  five  hundred  different  colleges  and  uni- 
versities throughout  the  country: 

1.  Arthur  A.  Cousineau,  Central  Falls  Mazda  Division; 
Rhode  Island  State  College,  Kingston,  Rhode  Island. 

2.  Arthur  C.  Gohlke,  later  with  Cleveland  Wire  Divi- 
sion;   Baldwin-Wallace    College,    Berea,   Ohio. 

3.  Charles    Lemr,    Nela    Lamp    Division;    Ohio    State 
University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 


MISCELLANEOUS  SERVICE  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  103 

4.  Grover    H.    Norman,   later    with    St.    Louis    Mazda 
Division;  Mississippi  A.  &  M.  College. 

5.  Charles    J.    Ocasek,    later    with    Illinois    Miniature 
Lamp  Division;  Chicago  University,  Chicago,  111. 

6.  Harold    E.    Pierce^  Minnesota    Mazda    Lamp    Divi- 
sion; University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

7.  John  V.   Rensel,  Nela  Lamp   Division;  Ohio  State 
University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

8.  Beryl   S.    Smith,   Lamp   Equipment    Division;    Case 
School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

9.  William  L.   Trimble,  Ohio   Division;   Mount  Union 
College,  Alliance,  Ohio. 

MISCELLANEOUS  SERVICE 

The  following  factory  men  were  in  the  army  doing  general 
or  limited  service,  or  were  detailed  to  special  duty  so  that 
it  is  found  convenient  to  place  them  in  this  general  classifi- 
cation: 

Selden  G.  Hill  of  the  Puritan  Refilled  Lamp  Division 
was  at  Wentworth  Institute,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  doing 
signal  work.  He  enlisted  August  Jist,  1918,  and  was  dis- 
charged December  5th,  1918. 

D.  G.  Campbell,  later  of  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp 
Division,  was  a  second  lieutenant  of  Infantry  at  Camp 
Pike.  His  duty  consisted  of  instructing  recruits  in  bayonet 
drill. 

Michael  Nigre,  later  of  the  Illinois  Miniature  Lamp 
Division,  was  doing  special  limited  service  at  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks, St.  Louis,  Missouri,  being  in  the  service  from  October 
ist,  1918  to  December  ijth,  1918. 

Frank  J.  Zima,  later  of  Illinois  Miniature,  was  at  Camp 
Wadsworth,  South  Carolina,  but  unassigned.  He  left  Chicago 
for  Camp  Wadsworth  on  Armistice  Day,  November  n,  1918, 
so  that  his  time  in  the  service  was  merely  a  "pleasure  jaunt." 
Zima  was  discharged  nine  days  later. 

Ray  J.  Von  Bank  of  the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp  Divi- 
sion was  employed  as  an  electrician  at  the  Dunwoody  Train- 
ing Detachment,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

George  F.  Trisko,  also  of  Minnesota  Mazda  Division, 
was  with  a  casual  squadron  located  at  Camp  Cody,  Deming, 
New  Mexico,  and  later  at  Camp  Dodge,  Iowa. 


IO4  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Harry  J.  Wolfe  of  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division  was 
with  the  i4th  Company,  4th  Training  Battalion,  at  Camp 
Sherman,  but  was  later  transferred  to  the  ist  Gas  Regiment 
at  that  camp.  He  was  in  the  service  from  September  5th,  1918, 
to  December  lyth,  1918. 

Michael  M.  Mears,  later  of  the  Niles  Glass  Division, 
was  stationed  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 
He  was  unassigned. 

Raymond  Leonard  entered  the  employ  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Glass  Division  upon  returning  from  service. 

The  following  records  were  received  too  late  to  be  in- 
serted under  the  proper  headings: 

Carroll  Morrison  of  the  Oakland  Lamp  Division  joined 
the  colors  on  September  yth,  1917,  and  was  assigned  to  the 
j6jrd  Regiment  Band.  He  remained  in  this  position  during 
the  entire  period  of  the  war,  taking  part  in  the  St.  Mihiel 
and  Argonne  drives.  He  was  re-employed  by  the  Oakland 
Mazda  Lamp  Division  upon  being  discharged  April  26th,  1919. 

Fritz  Schuler  of  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
reported  at  Camp  Fremont  on  August  5th,  1918,  and  was 
assigned  to  Company  B  of  the  8th  Infantry.  Schuler  left  for 
France  on  October  i8th,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
corporal  while  enroute.  He  remained  at  Brest  for  nine  months, 
listing  troops  for  return  and  was  then  transferred  to  Germany, 
to  Company  A  of  the  28th  Infantry.  On  September  29th, 
1919,  he  was  discharged  from  duty  at  the  Presidio,  San  Fran- 
cisco, California.  He  returned  to  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp 
Division. 


Harold  A.  Olson          Herman  A.  Roth        Wilbur  Porter  Howard  W.  Vanderwerf 

Earl  A.  Anderson  Datzel  F.  Hitchcock  Robert  W.  Davis 

James  L.  Davies  Norman  P.  Sanborn  Carl  E.  Egeler 

Ralph  A.  Nungesser  Howard  M.  Cook  Louis  J.  Rust 


A  Paravane  or  Mine  Sweeper 
(Photograph  furnished  by  Lieut.  C.  E.  Egeler) 


A  Mine  Layer 


THE   NAVAL   FORCES 

In  order  that  we  may  thoroughly  appreciate  the  impor- 
tance of  the  big  job  in  which  the  National's  Navy  men  took 
part,  the  following  noteworthy  facts  may  be  recalled.  First, 
that  in  a  period  of  nineteen  months,  2,079,880  soldiers  were 
transported  across  the  submarine-infested  Atlantic,  with  the 
loss  of  but  99  lives,  from  all  causes  en  route.  Second,  that  at 
the  close  of  the  war  5,364,880  gross  tons  of  merchant  shipping 
were  in  service  on  the  high  seas,  while  during  the  whole  period 
of  the  war  only  385,967  gross  tons  were  lost.  Third, 
that  through  the  vigilance  of  the  Navy's  Coast  Patrol 
our  shores  and  harbors  were  constantly  defended  from  enemy 
submarines  and  aircraft,  and  lastly,  that  to  the  allied  navies, 
our  own  included,  goes  the  credit  for  making  the  German 
submarine  warfare  a  decisive  failure. 

No  less  than  eighty-three  National  Lamp  Works  men  en- 
rolled in  the  naval  service.  Of  this  number,  forty-eight  fur- 
nished us  with  personal  reports  of  their  activities.  Forty  were 
in  the  Naval  Reserves  and  eight  were  enrolled  in  the  Naval 
Auxiliary  Reserves.  When  it  is  remembered  that  every  one 
of  these  men  volunteered  his  service,  the  percentage  is  pleas- 
ingly large  and  is  a  distinct  indication  of  the  "up-and-doing" 
type  of  men  who  have  brought  the  National  Lamp  Works 
its  reputation  as  a  progressive  organization  in  the  business 
world. 

GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES 

The  lure  of  the  waves  attracted  many  men  from  the 
General  Offices  and  Laboratories,  and  judging  from  the 
experiences  which  they  encountered  and  survived,  they 
must  have  been  exceptionally  good  seamen.  Of  eighteen  re- 
porting, ten  went  from  the  Engineering  Department.  A  con- 
siderable number  of  our  sailors  saw  service  in  European  waters. 

NAVAL  RESERVES 

Bruce  N.  Richardson  enrolled  March  25th,  1918,  as  a 
machinist's  mate,  second  class,  and  was  at  Stevens  Institute, 
Hoboken,  New  Jersey,  for  some  time.  In  July,  he  was  detailed 
as  an  engineering  officer  aboard  the  oil  tanker  U.  S.  S.  "Broad 


io6  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Arrow,"  bound  for  Scotland.  Bruce  tells  the  following  story 
of  his  voyage: 

"This  was  my  first  experience  aboard  ship  in  charge  of 
a  regular  steaming  watch,  and  naturally  I  felt  rather  im- 
portant and  responsible  for  what  was  going  on  in  the  engine- 
room. 

"We  were  several  days  out  from  New  York  when  some- 
thing happened  which  I  will  never  forget.  I  was  on  the  four 
to  eight  watch  and  had  just  relieved  my  man  at  daybreak. 
Things  were  progressing  nicely,  but.  there  was  a  heavy  fog 
and  we  could  not  see  any  of  the  other  ships  in  the  convoy. 
We  were  going  full  speed  ahead  at  about  nine  knots  an  hour, 
when  suddenly  three  bells  rang  out  in  the  engine-room  and  the 
indicator  moved  to  full  astern.  Every  one  was  on  his  toes 
in  a  minute.  I  closed  the  throttle,  threw  over  the  links  and 
gave  her  full  astern.  The  machinist's  mate  ran  to  the  fire  room 
and  called  for  more  steam  and  the  oiler  was  busy  keeping 
the  engine  cool.  It  all  happened  so  quickly  that  no  one  had 
time  to  think  of  anything  else  but  his  assigned  work. 

"Suddenly  the  ship  gave  a  jolt  and  I  knew  we  had  either 
been  torpedoed  or  had  struck  something.  There  was  nothing 
tor  us  to  do  but  to  stay  below  and  wait  for  signals.  Soon 
afterwards  the  bridge  telephoned  to  us  that  we  had  rammed 
an  oil  tanker.  I  went  up  on  deck  and  could  see  nothing  of 
the  other  ship  because  of  the  dense  fog.  The  water  was  covered 
with  oil  and  I  knew  we  had  either  sunk  one  of  our  ships  in 
convoy  or  damaged  her  badly.  Distress  signals  blew  for 
hours,  but  no  help  came.  Our  ship  was  so  badly  damaged,  too, 
that  it  had  to  be  taken  back  to  New  York,  where  it  was  in 
dry  dock  for  several  days." 

Richardson  was  commissioned  an  ensign.  Upon  being 
released  from  naval  duty,  February  28th,  1919,  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory,  Nela  Park. 

All  Hands  Odd  as  it  may  seem,  our  seamen  never  confessed 
on  Deck!  to  seasickness.  Some  encountered  the  heaviest 

storms  imaginable,  when  the  boat  was  at  the 
mercy  of  the  waves  for  hours  at  a  time  and  whales  came 
alongside  the  boat  and  were  mistaken  for  submarines.  Not 
that  our  readers  are  especially  anxious  to  hear  of  the  mis- 
fortunes of  others,  but  because  this  volume  is  of  an  historical 
nature,  we  are  desirous  of  recording  all  the  facts;  and  we  fear 


NAVAL  RESERVES  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES         107 

our  friends  have  at  times  withheld  some  from  us.  Imagine 
yourself  passing  through  the  following  experience,  as  narrated 
by  Ensign  Harold  A.  Olson  of  the  Engineering  Department, — 
yet  keeping  your  digestive  processes  intact: 

"I  was  in  a  severe  storm  which  we  encountered  while 
cruising  off  Cape  Hatteras.  About  six  o'clock  one  evening 
a  heavy  sea  came  up,  and  two  hours  later  the  wind  was  a 
heavy  gale.  The  seas  were  so  violent  that  oil  was  used  to 
abate  them,  but  to  no  avail.  The  waves  washed  over  the 
bridge,  and  tore  several  life-boats  from  the  davits.  The  crew 
was  called  out  to  lash  them  down,  and  each  man  had  to  have 
a  life-line  around  him  in  order  to  keep  from  going  overboard. 
The  storm  lasted  several  hours,  and  all  this  time  we  were 
continuously  battling  the  elements.  When  calm  finally  ensued, 
we  had  several  lifeboats  to  repair." 

Olson  enlisted  as  a  seaman,  second  class,  and  was  sta- 
tioned at  the  Great  Lakes  Training  Station,  on  the  U.  S.  S. 
Columbus,  and  at  the  Pelham  Bay  Training  Station.  When 
released,  June  i3th,  1919,  he  ranked  as  an  ensign. 

Afloat  on  a  To  Carl  E.  Egeler  of  the  Engineering  Depart- 
Plank  in  the  ment  goes  the  distinction  of  being  on  the 
Atlantic  ill-fated  U.  S.  armored  cruiser  San  Diego  when 

that  ship  was  sunk  off  Fire  Island.  The  circum- 
stances of  the  sinking  are  familiar  history.  Bound  for  New 
York,  out  of  which  port  it  ran  in  the  convoy  escort  service, 
the  ship  was  some  fifty  miles  out  of  New  York  City  when  it 
either  struck  a  mine  or  was  torpedoed.  This  occurred  about 
eleven  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  July  i9th,  1918,  and  within 
thirty  minutes  the  San  Diego  had  listed  and  turned  completely 
over.  Although  a  crew  of  approximately  twelve  hundred 
was  carried,  only  six  lives  were  lost,  three  being  killed  by  the 
force  of  the  explosion.  Egeler  entered  service  December 
nth,  1917,  as  a  lieutenant,  junior  grade,  and  was  ordered 
to  the  Marine  Barracks,  Washington,  D.  C.,  subsequently 
serving  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis, 
Maryland;  on  the  U.  S.  S.  San  Diego;  at  the  Naval  Training 
Camp,  Pelham  Bay  Park,  N.  Y.,  and  on  the  U.  S.  S.  Huron. 
On  June  8th,  1918,  Egeler  qualified  for  sea  duty  on  combatant 
ships  and  on  September  2ist,  1918  was  promoted  to  lieu- 


io8  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

tenant,  senior  grade.  He  was  released  from  service  April 
1919. 

Norman  P.  Sanborn  of  the  Engineering  Department  had 
at  least  one  decidedly  unpleasant  experience.  Enlisting  as  a 
seaman,  second  class,  he  was  for  a  time  aboard  the  U.  S.  S. 
Dorothea,  going  from  this  ship  to  the  Municipal  Pier,  Chicago, 
and  later  to  the  Pelham  Bay  Training  Station.  While  on  a 
trip  to  Glasgow,  Scotland,  and  Queenstown,  Ireland,  the 
ship  on  which  Sanborn  was  assigned  lay  in  a  trough  of  the 
sea  for  six  hours,  unable  to  go  ahead  because  of  a  heavy 
hurricane  which  made  the  sea  unusually  rough.  Sanborn 
stood  on  the  bridge  for  fourteen  hours,  with  the  waves 
coming  over  the  pilot  house. 

Sanborn  was  placed  on  inactive  duty  April  22nd,  1919. 

Lieutenant  Earl  A.  Anderson  also  went  into  service 
from  the  Engineering  Department.  He  was  first  assigned 
to  the  Bureau  of  Operations  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  then 
transferred  to  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis  and  still 
later  detailed  aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  Oklahoma.  He  served  as 
senior  assistant  engineer  officer  on  board  the  Oklahoma 
for  eleven  months,  five  of  which  were  spent  with  the  naval 
forces  operating  in  European  waters.  On  June  1st,  1918, 
Anderson  qualified  for  sea  duty  on  combatant  ships  and 
September  2ist,  1918,  was  promoted  to  lieutenant,  senior 
grade. 

Robert  W.  Davis  of  the  Large  Lamp  Sales  Department 
enrolled  September  yth,  1917,  being  ranked  as  chief  petty 
officer.  Besides  sea  duty  he  was  detailed  to  the  following 
posts:  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis;  Boston  Navy  Yard  and 
Key  West,  Florida.  Davis  found  his  duty  aboard  the  scout 
cruiser  U.  S.  S.  Salem  to  be  the  most  interesting  of  his  service. 
This  cruiser  was  assigned  to  convoy  and  submarine  hunting 
duty.  "Bob"  was  released  May  gth,  1919. 

What  an  Easy  Most  of  Vinton  B.  Vernon's  time  in  the  Navy 
Life  a  Sailor  was  spent  aboard  submarine  chasers.  On 
Leads!  August  26th,  1918,  he  volunteered  as  an 

apprentice  seaman  and  was  sent  to  the 
Great  Lakes  Naval  Training  Station.  Later  he  was  detailed  at 
State  Pier,  New  London,  Connecticut.  One  fine  day  a  fire 
started  on  Submarine  Chaser  125,  down  in  the  powder  maga- 
zine, with  Vernon  and  seven  of  his  buddies  in  it.  Fortunately, 


The  Propeller  or  the 
U.  S.  S.  Oklahoma 


Scrubbing  Hammocks  on  a  U.  S.  Battleship 

(The  above  photographs  were  furnished  by  Lieut.  E.  A.  Anderson.) 


Upper  Photo — The  San  Diego.  (Photo  furnished  by  Lieut.  Egeler, 
who  had  a  narrow  escape  when  the  ship  went  down.) 

Lower  Photos — Scenes  aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  Oklahoma.  (Middle  and 
lower  photographs  furnished  by  Lieut.  E.  A.  Anderson.) 


NAVAL  RESERVES  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES         109 

the  fire  was  extinguished,  thus  giving  Vernon  the  chance  to  tell 
about  it.  He  was  also  on  board  Submarine  Chaser  258  when 
that  boat  sprung  a  leak  and  the  pumps  refused  to  work.  The 
sea  was  very  rough  and  the  258  barely  made  port.  Upon  his 
release  from  service  Vernon  returned  to  the  Engineering 
Department. 

Another  Engineering  Department  naval  recruit  was 
DeWitt  C.  Herrick.  Enrolling  December  8th,  1917,  he  was 
appointed  a  lieutenant,  junior  grade,  and  ordered  to  the  Marine 
Barracks  at  Washington,  D.  C.  He  was  soon  transferred  to 
the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  later  serving 
on  board  the  U.  S.  S.  Louisiana,  on  bo'ard  a  receiving  ship  at 
Philadelphia  and  in  the  office  of  the  General  Inspector  of 
the  Naval  Overseas  Transportation  Service  at  Baltimore, 
Maryland.  Upon  returning  to  Nela  he  was  employed  by  the 
Plant  Engineering  Department. 

James  L.  Davies  of  Equipment  Development  Department 
was  also  in  the  naval  forces.  He  enrolled  June  4th,  1917,  as 
a  fireman,  third  class,  and  served  for  a  time  aboard  the  U.  S.  S. 
Iowa  and  the  U.  S.  transport  Montpelier.  Davies  was  released 
September  26th,  1919,  with  the  rank  of  chief  machinist's 
mate. 

George  Savo,  who  was  employed  in  the  New  York  City 
office  of  the  Law  Department,  replied  as  follows  to  our  re- 
quest for  information: 

"On  June  4th,  1917, 1  enlisted  in  the  navy.  After  a  short 
period  of  training,  I  requested  foreign  service  and  was  placed 
aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  Manning,  a  gunboat,  as  ordinary  seaman. 
We  left  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on  August  28th,  1917, 
for  Gibraltar,  where  an  American  base  had  been  established 
and  to  which  base  we  were  subsequently  attached.  Upon 
arrival  on  the  other  side,  I  was  detailed  as  signalman  and 
quartermaster. 

"For  the  first  few  months  we  acted  as  danger-zone  escort 
to  convoys  leaving  and  arriving  at  Gibraltar.  During  this 
time  we  encountered  two  enemy  submarines  but  could  get 
no  proof  that  we  had  sunk  them. 

"Beginning  with  a  trip  to  Plymouth,  England,  we  were 
detailed  as  ocean  escort  to  convoys.  The  ocean  escort  was 
the  only  man-of-war  present  to  protect  the  convoy  during 
its  journey  from  one  danger-zone  to  the  next.  Our  regular 
run  was  from  Gibraltar  to  England,  with  an  occasional  trip 


no  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

down  the  Mediterranean  to  Oran,  Algeria.  During  one  of 
our  trips  through  the  Bay  of  Biscay  we  met  a  German  sub- 
marine in  a  fog.  It  was  about  1000  yards  ahead.  The  conning 
tower  was  all  above  water  and  our  gunners  managed  to  get 
in  one  hit  before  the  sub  submerged.  We  dropped  several 
depth  charges,  but  the  safety  of  the  convoy  was  at  stake, 
making  it  necessary  to  alter  our  course.  It  might  have  been 
fatal  to  wait  for  results.  We  received  word  in  a  sort  of  semi- 
official manner  that  our  action  in  this  case  had  proven  suc- 
cessful. 

"During  the  last  six  months  of  service  I  was  chief  yeoman. 
I  received  my  honorable  discharge  on  January  26th,  1919, 
having  travelled  60,000  miles  at  sea,  and  having  been  in 
foreign  waters  fifteen  months." 

Fred  W.  Du  Gar  of  the  Engineering  Department,  who 
upon  being  released  from  the  navy  was  employed  by  the 
Pitney  Glass  Division  as  an  efficiency  man,  had  fourteen 
months'  service  in  the  Naval  Reserve.  He  enrolled  March  30, 
1918,  as  a  seaman,  second  class,  and  was  ordered  for  duty 
with  the  Naval  Port  Guards  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
He  was  then  transferred  to  the  U.  S.  S.  Cypress  in  the 
Charleston  Navy  Yards,  subsequently  attending  the  Officers' 
Training  School  in  Charleston  and  serving  on  board  the 
U.  S.  S.  Manito,  the  U.  S.  S.  Kearsarge  and  the  Submarine 
Chaser  108.  Du  Gar  tells  the  following  story  of  one  of  his 
experiences  aboard  the  108: 

"On  a  trip  from  Santiago  to  Guantaninco  Bay,  Cuba, 
we  encountered  a  heavy  wind  storm  known  as  an  'intensified 
trade,'  which  are  quite  common  in  that  section  of  the  Car- 
ibbean Sea.  Our  frail  craft  was  submerged  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  day  and  we  made  very  little  headway.  As  evening 
came  on,  most  of  us  felt  as  if  we  were  aboard  a  sub,  instead 
of  a  sub  chaser. 

"While  plunging  through  this  heavy  sea,  wondering 
if  ours  was  to  be  the  fate  of  a  watery  grave,  a  small  sail-boat 
was  sighted,  the  crew  of  the  boat  giving  every  known  distress 
signal.  We  immediately  changed  our  course  and  went  to 
their  rescue.  On  arriving  at  the  boat  we  found  it  to  be  a 
whaleboat  from  the  Hospital  Ship  U.  S.  S.  Solace.  The  sailors 
had  started  out  early  that  morning  on  a  fishing  trip  and  had 
been  driven  out  to  sea  in  the  heavy  gale.  We  took  them  in 


NAVAL  RESERVES  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES          in 

tow  and,  much  to  the  surprise  of  everyone,  reached  Guan- 
taninco  Bay  safely  some  hours  later,  none  the  worse  for  our 
experience." 

Walter  C.  Ibele  of  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory  en- 
listed in  the  Naval  Reserves  in  June,  1918,  after  having  served 
fourteen  months  as  a  civilian  employee  in  the  Gas  Defense 
Laboratory  at  Nela  Park  on  the  development  of  material 
for  gas  masks.  Upon  entering  the  Navy  he  went  to  Minne- 
apolis where  he  was  stationed  at  the  Naval  Radio  School 
until  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  Upon  his  release  from  ser- 
vice, Ibele  again  took  employment  with  the  Lamp  Devel- 
opment Laboratory. 

Wilbur  N.  Porter  of  the  Nela  Operating  Department 
enrolled  in  the  Naval  Reserve  Force,  June  i8th,  1918,  as  an 
apprentice  seaman.  Before  going  to  sea  Porter  was  stationed 
at  Great  Lakes,  Illinois,  and  at  the  Philadelphia  Navy  Yard. 
He  made  five  complete  trips  across  the  Atlantic  in  the  convoy 
service,  detailed  aboard  the  U.  S.  steamships  Carola,  Wan- 
derer, Auburn  and  Virginian.  Porter  was  released  from  the 
Navy  August  2ist,  1919. 

Others  in  the  Naval  Reserve  Forces  were  Ralph  Nun- 
gesser  of  Commercial  Development;  Roy  T.  Wirth  of  the 
Filament  Laboratory;  George  C.  Gormly  of  the  Engineering 
Department  and  George  L.  Starkey,  later  of  Equipment 
Development  Department.  Nungesser  enrolled  December  I5th, 

1917,  as  quartermaster,   third  class,   and  was  stationed   at 
the   Pelham   Bay   Naval   Training   Station   and   aboard    the 
U.  S.  S.  Mohawk.  He  was  released  from  active  duty  February 
25th,  1919,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  junior  grade.  Wirth 
entered  the  Navy  June  i8th,  1918,  and  was  posted  at  Minne- 
apolis, Minnesota.  He  was  released  January  8th,  1919,  rank- 
ing as  a  radio  operator,  second  class. 

Gormly    went    into    the   Naval    Reserves    October    ist, 

1918,  and  was  located  with  the  naval  unit  at  Colgate  Uni- 
versity, Hamilton,  N.  Y.  He  ranked  as  an  apprentice  seaman, 
being  released  December   i8th,   1918.  Starkey  entered  as  a 
seaman,  second  class,  and  when  released  April  ijrd,   1919, 
was  an  ensign.  He  was  stationed  at  Municipal  Pier,  Chicago; 
Cleveland  Training  Station;  Pelham  Bay  Park,  New  York; 
and  at  the  South  Ferry  Terminal  in  New  York  City. 


H2  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

NAVAL  AUXILIARY  RESERVES 

Howard  W.  Vanderwerf  of  the  Engineering  Department 
entered  service  June  25th,  1918,  as  a  machinist's  mate,  second 
class.  He  was  first  attached  to  the  Pelham  Bay  Naval  Training 
Station  and  later  to  the  Naval  Steam  Engineering  School 
at  Stevens  Institute,  Hoboken,  New  Jersey.  On  October  26th, 
191.8,  Vanderwerf  was  assigned  to  the  U.  S.  S.  Winding  Gulf 
and  subsequently  had  five  months'  sea  duty  as  a  warrant 
machinist.  His  ship  had  several  thrilling  experiences  at  sea, 
such  as  ramming  the  U.  S.  S.  Edward  Luckenbach,  and  losing 
two  of  the  crew  who  were  in  a  lifeboat  which  had  drifted 
away.  When  released  May  ist,  1919,  "Van"  was  rated  as 
an  ensign. 

Yeoman  Frederick  Beutel,  of  the  Transportation  De- 
partment, enrolled  July  ist,  1918,  and  was  stationed  at  the 
Cleveland  Naval  Training  School.  He  was  released  February 
26th,  1919. 

Giving  his  life  for  his  country  was  the  sacrifice  of  Datzel 
Frederick  Hitchcock.  He  was  born  in  Warren,  Ohio,  June 
i4th,  1894,  and  at  the  time  he  was  inducted  was  employed 
by  the  Engineering  Department  as  a  machinist.  Hitchcock 
was  assigned  to  the  Merchant  Marine  and  was  rated  as  a 
marine  engineer,  third  class,  on  board  the  U.  S.  S.  Wyandotte. 
On  the  fourth  day  of  November,  1918,  he  sailed  for  France, 
arriving  there  November  i8th.  The  Wyandotte  was  soon 
headed  west  again,  and  it  was  on  this  voyage  that  Hitchcock 
met  with  a  fatal  accident.  It  is  reported  that  he  was  detailed 
one  evening  on  watch  and  while  making  his  rounds  fell  into 
an  open  hatchway.  He  was  dead  when  found,  having  suffered 
a  broken  neck.  This  lamentable  occurrence  took  place  off 
the  Bermuda  Islands  on  the  night  of  December  yth,  1918. 
His  body  was  brought  ashore,  and  appropriate  services  were 
held  in  the  town  of  his  birth. 


NAVAL  RESERVES  —  SALES  DIVISIONS  1 13 

SALES  DIVISIONS 

A  salesman  is  popularly  thought  of  as  a  more  or  less 
talkative  individual — many  of  them,  in  fact,  are  blessed 
with  the  "gift  of  gab."  When  discussing  our  own  salesmen, 
however,  this  statement  must  be  modified  by  saying  that, 
when  discussing  their  own  achievements,  they  are  extremely 
modest.  Here  it  was  to  the  writer's  sorrow,  for  these  salesmen 
mariners  gave  him  nary  a  tale,  not  even  an  exaggerated  fish 
story  which  he  might  spring  upon  his  unsuspecting  readers. 

NAVAL  RESERVES 

Albert  R.  Moredock  of  the  Columbia  Lamp  Division, 
entering  service  April  5th,  1917,  as  an  apprentice  seaman, 
was  sent  to  the  Great  Lakes  Naval  Training  Station,  from 
there  to  the  Philadelphia  Navy  Yard  and  then  on  board  the 
U.  S.  S.  Michigan.  Moredock  took  great  delight  in  sending 
a  recruit  gob  to  some  old  service  man  for  a  hammock  ladder, 
or  if  aboard  ship  would  send  him  around  the  decks  calling 
and  looking  for  "Charlie  Noble,"  which  in  reality  is  the  out- 
side compartment  of  the  smoke  stacks.  Albert  was  put  on 
inactive  duty  January  22nd,  1919,  ranking  at  that  time  as 
chief  storekeeper. 

Walter  C.  Fricke,  also  of  the  Columbia  Lamp  Division, 
entered  the  Navy  as  a  seaman,  second  class,  and  was  located 
at  the  Great  Lakes  Naval  Training  Station  for  three  months. 
The  rest  of  his  time  was  served  at  the  Naval  Base,  Hampton 
Roads,  Virginia.  In  September,  1918,  while  at  Great  Lakes, 
he  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  Chicago  War  Exposition  doing 
drill  and  exhibition  work,  and  during  the  influenza  epidemic 
was  in  the  camp  hospital  giving  aid  to  his  buddies.  He  was 
released  February  nth,  1919,  ranking  as  a  yeoman. 

The  Duplex  Lighting  Works  was  represented  by  Fred- 
erick Smyth,  who  enrolled  in  August,  1917.  He  was  rated 
as  chief  storekeeper,  but  his  duties  consisted  of  supervising 
the  loading  of  supply  ships  at  the  Thirty-Fifth  Street  Pier, 
Brooklyn;  photographing  men  in  connection  with  the  iden- 
tification system  at  the  headquarters  of  the  Provision  and 
Clothing  Depot,  Brooklyn,  and  accounting  for  the  Fleet 
Supply  Base  at  South  Brooklyn. 

Walter  D.  Hunsicker  of  the  Colonial  Electric  Division 
enrolled  May  24th,  1918,  being  classified  as  a  seaman,  second 


H4  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

class.  He  saw  duty  at  Municipal  Pier,  Chicago;  Great  Lakes 
Training  Station  and  on  board  the  training  ship  Dorothea 
at  Cleveland.  Walter  had  enlisted  in  the  Army  -Balloon  Corps 
on  December  ijth,  1917,  but  as  more  men  were  enlisted  in 
this  service  than  were  needed  he  was  given  his  discharge. 
Believing  the  Navy  to  be  the  "next  best  thing,"  he  joined 
that  branch.  Hunsicker  was  relieved  from  duty  December 
2oth,  1918. 

Two  other  seamen,  second  class,  were  William  Schmidt, 
later  of  the  Peerless-Brilliant  Lamp  Division  and  Raymond 
H.  Zeller  of  the  Ivanhoe-Regent  Works.  Schmidt  was  enrolled 
May  i4th,  1918,  and  spent  all  his  time  at  the  Great  Lakes 
Naval  Training  Station  doing  guard  detail  and  (later)  elec- 
trical work.  Zeller  likewise  spent  his  time  at  Great  Lakes;  he 
was  released  from  service  January  28th,  1919. 

Another  in  the  Naval  Reserves  was  Howard  M.  Cook, 
cashier  of  Nela  Specialties  Division.  He  entered  service 
"Friday,  the  thirteenth"  of  July,  1917,  and  reported  for  duty 
at  the  Reserve  Training  Camp,  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 
He  attained  the  rank  of  ensign  and  was  stationed  on  board 
the  U.  S.  S.  Kerlew,  where  he  was  rated  as  supply  officer. 


Joseph  La  Rue 
Ormsby  D.  Miller 
Robert  J.  Fournier 
Eugene  Wanamaker 

Steve  Stephan 
Edward  S.  Edwards 
Louis  Beauregarde 
John  Williams 

Arthur  Maganini 
Ernest  L.  Callahan 
William  J.  Kirwin 
Arthur  P.  Roffee 

Walter  F.  Herkner 
Lloyd  M.  Thornton 
John  Delmonico 
John  Carter 


Leslie  W.  Parker 
William  E.  Morrison 
Harold  E.  Prince 
Lorenzo  W.  Patterson 


Salvatori  Mondi 
Frederick  W.  Hild 
Harry  Firman 
George  H.  Lynch 


NAVAL  RESERVES  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  115 

MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS 

NAVAL  RESERVES 

Walter  F.  Herkner  of  the  Cleveland  Carbon  Lamp  Division 
enrolled  April  26th,  1918,  and  was  sent  to  the  Great  Lakes 
Naval  Training  Station  as  a  seaman,  second  class.  He  was 
later  transferred  to  transport  duty,  and  made  three  trips  to 
Europe  on  board  the  United  States  Transport  Harrisburg. 
This  ship  had  many  submarine  scares  in  the  Irish  Sea  and  in 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  but  was  never  torpedoed.  Herkner  was 
released  January  loth,  1919. 

Being  commissioned  a  second  lieutenant  in  the  army 
and  then  resigning  said  commission  to  become  a  junior  lieu- 
tenant in  the  navy,  was  the  unique  experience  of  William  E. 
Morrison  of  the  Cleveland  Miniature  Lamp  Division.  He 
enlisted  August  27th,  1917,  and  was  commissioned  November 
igth,  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  Indiana.  On  December  8th, 
1917,  he  resigned  from  the  army  to  accept  a  commission  as 
lieutenant,  junior  grade,  in  the  Naval  Reserves.  He  was 
assigned  to  duty  under  instruction  at  Marine  Barracks,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  where  he  remained  four  weeks.  Another 
month  at  the  Naval  Academy  and  seventeen  months  aboard 
the  U.  S.  S.  Pocahontas  comprised  Morrison's  naval  career. 
The  seventeen  months  aboard  ship  were  filled  with  many 
exciting  and  anxious  moments,  for  Joe  (such  is  the  nickname 
of  our  hero),  made  thirty  trips  to  France  in  the  convoy  service. 

The  Story         The  history  of  the  U.  S.  S.  Pocahontas  is  typical 
of  the  of  German  ships  interned  in  U.  S.  harbors  at 

Pocahontas  the  beginning  of  the  war.  The  Pocahontas  was 
originally  the  Norddeutcher  Lloyd  liner  "Print- 
zess  Irene,"  and  operated  between  Bremen,  New  York  and 
the  Mediterranean  ports.  For  some  time  after  being  interned 
in  New  York  Harbor  she  was  used  as  a  receiving  ship  for 
German  officers  and  men  of  other  interned  German  vessels. 
When  the  United  States  entered  the  war  the  Printzess  Irene 
was  taken  over  for  government  service.  Men  who  were  set 
to  work  fitting  the  ship  for  convoy  duty,  found  that  the 
German  sailors  had  done  all  in  their  power  to  make  the  boat 
unfit  for  navigation.  The  walls  of  both  high-pressure  cylinders 
were  broken  out,  both  high-pressure  valves  were  destroyed, 
the  main  throttle  and  valves  were  broken  and  made  way 


n6 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


with,  the  two  centrifugal  pumps  and  impellers  were  put 
out  of  commission  and  the  steam  cylinders  of  the  main  and 
auxiliary  steering  engines  were  broken  and  the  inlet  valves 
thrown  overboard.  A  truly  record-breaking  job  of  repair 
work  was  performed  by  Yank  engineers  and  mechanics  in 
redesigning  and  replacing  the  broken  parts. 

On  July  25th,  1917,  the  Printzess  Irene  was  officially 
accepted  by  the  United  States  Government  and  on  September 
ist,  1917,  the  name  was  changed  to  U.  S.  S.  Pocahontas. 
The  first  human  cargo  carried  by  this  ship  arrived  in  France 
September  2ist,  1917.  The  name  Printzess  Irene  still  decorated 
the  bow  of  the  ship  and  when  it  docked  at  St.  Nazaire,  loaded 
to  capacity  with  happy-go-lucky  Yanks,  the  German  pris- 
oners at  work  on  the  docks  were  overcome  with  dumb  amaze- 
ment. They  had  been  told  that  submarines  were  sinking  all 
troop  transports,  and  here  were  Americans  adding  insult  to 
injury  by  coming  over  in  German-built  ships! 

Morrison  tells  the  following  true  story  of  the  cook  aboard 
the  U.  S.  S.  Pocahontas.  The  wardroom  mess  had  just  been 

started  and  a  seaman,  who 
admitted  he  knew  some- 
thing about  cooking,  was 
installed  in  the  galley. 
With  newspapers  for  a 
tablecloth,  the  officers  sat 
down  for  their  first  break- 
fast aboard  ship.  Sugar, 
salt  and  pepper  were  on 
the  table  in  cups,  with  a 
spoon  in  each.  Someone 
remarked  that  the  coffee 
tasted  salty,  and  the 
officers  naturally  con- 
cluded that  they  had  put  salt  in  their  cups  by  mistake.  A 
new  lot  of  coffee  was  obtained,  and  this  time  they  tasted 
the  sugar  before  using,  but  the  effect  was  the  same.  The  cook 
was  called,  and  on  being  questioned  as  to  how  he  made  the 
coffee,  replied  that  the  water  had  been  dipped  from  over  the 
side  of  the  ship! 

The  Pocahontas  had  many  encounters  with  submarines, 
but  these  appeared  to  be  matters  of  less  worry  to  the  crew 
than  the  labors  which  were  necessary  to  keep  the  ship's 


NAVAL  RESERVES —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  117 

machinery  in  running  trim.  Joe  states  that  the  "Black  Gang" 
deserves  lasting  praise  for  their  accomplishments  in  keeping 
the  auxiliary  machinery  in  condition.  He  cites  in  evidence 
the  following  verse,  composed  by  the  "Black  Gang"  of  the 
Pocahontas: 

"Here's  to  the  man  below  the  decks 

In  a  world  of  heat  and  grime, 

Where  the  engine  hums  and  the  sun  never  comes 

To  mark  the  passing  time; 

To  the  man  who  holds  in  his  calloused  hand 

The  strength  of  a  mighty  fleet, 

As  he  opens  the  doors  where  the  Fire  God  roars, 

And  gives  him  coal  to  eat." 

Arthur  W.  Lacasse  of  the  Rhode  Island  Glass  Division 
entered  service  December  2nd, -19 17,  with  the  rank  of  appren- 
tice seaman.  During  his  term  in  the  navy  he  served  on  the 
following  ships:  Massachusetts,  Donguan,  De  Austria,  Elcia 
De  Souzon,  South  Dakota,  Mansfield  and  the  submarine 
G-I2.  Lacasse  had  two  memorable  thrills.  One  of  these  was 
in  the  Dardanelles.  His  vessel  struck  a  mine  and  twenty-four 
of  the  crew  perished.  On  the  other  occasion  he  was  ship- 
wrecked and  twenty-four  hours  elapsed  before  he  was  rescued 
by  the  U.  S.  S.  Lawrence.  Lacasse  was  released  December  ^th, 
1918,  ranking  as  a  fireman,  second  class. 

"//  Never  Rains  Misfortune  dogged  the  footsteps  of  Harry 
But  It  Pours"  Getson  of  the  Ohio  Division.  After  re- 
porting at  the  Great  Lakes  Naval  Training 
School  he  contracted  the  measles,  which,  forming  on  his 
lung,  necessitated  an  operation  in  which  two  ribs  were  re- 
moved. Getson  was  taken  home  but  suffered  a  relapse  and 
had  to  be  removed  to  the  Marine  Hospital,  where  another 
operation  was  performed.  Partially  recovering,  he  again  took 
up  work  with  the  navy,  this  time  as  a  mail  truck  driver. 
He  had  been  on  duty  but  a  short  time  when  he  broke  his 
arm.  This  was  the  last  news  received  concerning  Getson, 
but  we  sincerely  hope  his  afflictions  ended  with  our  informa- 
tion. 

Arthur  P.  Roffee,  Jr.,  of  the  Providence  Base  Works, 
reported  for  duty  at  the  Reserve  Barracks,  Newport,  Rhode 
Island,  and  after  being  located  there  and  at  the  Brooklyn 
Navy  Yard  was  dispatched  to  Submarine  Chaser  168  for 


1 1 8  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

convoy  service.  Two  months  were  spent  in  convoying  passenger 
steamers  along  the  Atlantic  coast  during  the  submarine 
scares,  while  Roftee  made  several  trips  with  mine  sweepers 
into  mine  areas.  He  was  released  February  2oth,  1919. 

Lloyd  M.  Thornton,  likewise  of  the  Providence  Base 
Works,  entered  the  Navy  May  I2th,  1917.  On  May  i5th,  1918, 
he  received  his  commission  as  ensign  and  reported  aboard 
the  U.  S.  S.  Louisiana  for  duty.  From  May  to  November, 
1918,  he  was  on  convoy  service,  being  transferred  November 
26th,  1918,  to  the  War  College,  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

Lorenzo  W.  Paterson  of  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division 
was  at  the  Great  Lakes  Training  Station  from  July  I3th,  1918 
to  January  26th,  1919,  ranking  as  a  seaman,  second  class, 
while  Albert  B.  Carlson  of  the  Providence  Base  Works  en- 
rolled December  loth,  1917,  and  spent  nine  months  aboard 
the  U.  S.  S.  Tuna.  He  ranked  as  a  machinist's  mate,  first  class, 
and  was  placed  on  the  inactive  list  January  8th,  1919. 

Two  Ohio  Division  boys  in  the  Naval  Reserves  were 
Eugene  Wanamaker  and  Shird  P.  Atchley.  Wanamaker 
enrolled  in  May,  1917,  and  after  a  course  of  study  at  Great 
Lakes  and  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  became  a  wireless 
operator.  Part  of  his  time  was  spent  on  submarine  chasers. 
He  was  released  May  2nd,  1919.  Atchley  enrolled  March 
27th,  1918,  and  belonged  to  the  5th  Regiment,  5th  Company, 
at  the  Naval  station,  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  He  spent  some 
time  in  foreign  seas  in  the  vicinity  of  Bordeaux,  France. 

Ormsby  Miller,  a  foreman  with  the  Illinois  Miniature 
Lamp  Division,  entered  the  Naval  Reserves  December  i4th, 

1917,  as  a  seaman,  second  class.  The  company  to  which  he 
was  attached  was  detailed  to  build  and  maintain   the  part 
of  Great  Lakes  Naval  Station  known  as  Camp  Logan.  Before 
this  work  was  completed,   however,   Miller  was   transferred 
to   the  New  York  State  Range  at  Peekskill,  N.  Y.   In  May, 

1918,  he  was  ordered  to  Wakefield,  Massachusetts,  as  chief 
machine-gun    instructor,   having  just   completed   the  course 
in  machine-gun  instruction  at  the  Lewis  School,  Utica,  New 
York.    Ormsby  later  attended  the  Marine  school  for  machine- 
gunners  at  Quantico,  Virginia. 

Charles  Herman  of  the  Miniature  Bulb  Division  entered 
service  June  3rd,  1917,  as  an  apprentice  seaman  and  served 
aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  Iowa.  He  also  saw  service  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Navy  Yard;  at  Norfolk,  Virginia;  Baltimore,  Mary- 


Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
Youngstown,  Ohio 


y 


General  view  of  East  45th  St.  Properties,  Cleveland. 


Upper  Photo — Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp  Division,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Lower  Photo — Detroit  Miniature  Lamp  Division,  Detroit,  Mich. 


NAVAL  RESERVES  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  119 

land,  and  New  York  City,  being  released  December  22nd, 
1918. 

Two  of  the  National's  navy  boys  died  while  in  the  service. 
One  of  these  was  Datzel  Frederick  Hitchcock,  whose  record 
is  to  be  found  on  page  112.  The  other  was  Leslie  Willard  Parker, 
who  before  entering  the  navy  had  been  employed  as  a  foreman 
by  the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp  Division.  Born  August  iyth, 
1894,  in  Sauk  Rapids,  Minnesota,  he  was  a  graduate  of  Shat- 
tuck  Military  School,  where  he  attained  the  rank  of  student 
captain.  On  April  22nd,  1918,  he  volunteered  and  was  accepted 
in  the  United  States  Naval  Reserve  Force.  Reporting  at  the 
Ensign  Training  School  at  Municipal  Pier,  Chicago,  he  was 
made  drill  master.  During  the  terrible  influenza  epidemic 
of  1918,  Parker  contracted  the  disease  and  died  November 
29th,  1918,  at  the  Marine  Hospital,  Cleveland. 

Ernest  L.  Callahan,  a  machinist  with  the  Providence 
Base  Works,  was  rated  as  a  machinist's  mate,  first  class,  and 
was  located  at  the  training  station  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 
He  enrolled  July  jrd,  1918,  and  was  released  January  2yth, 
1919.  Edward  J.  Tucker  of  the  Rhode  Island  Glass  Works 
was  aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  Seneca,  serving  from  July  i6th,  1918, 
to  December  jist,  1918,  as  a  seaman. 

On  May  I5th,  1918,  Marvin  H.  Russell,  a  chemical 
engineer  with  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division,  entered  the 
engineering  section  of  the  United  States  Navy  as  a  seaman, 
second  class.  He  reported  at  the  Great  Lakes  Naval  Training 
Station  and  was  then  transferred  to  the  training  school  at 
Pelham  Bay.  From  there  he  was  assigned  to  the  Naval  En- 
gineering School  at  Stevens  Institute,  Hoboken,  New  Jersey, 
where  upon  completion  of  the  course  he  was  commissioned 
an  ensign  and  detailed  to  the  U.  S.  S.  Mobile  as  an  engineering 
officer.  This  ship  was  in  the  convoy  service  and  steamed 
between  New  York  and  Brest,  France.  Russell  was  released 
June  I5th,  1919. 

Apprentice  Seaman  George  H.  Lynch  of  the  Puritan 
Refilled  Lamp  Division  was  enrolled  at  the  age  of  nineteen 
in  the  yth  Regiment,  8th  Company,  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
and  was  transferred  to  the  operating  base  at  Hampton  Roads, 
Virginia.  He  also  spent  some  time  aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  Wis- 
consin in  the  Philadelphia  Navy  Yard. 

John  J.  Burns  of  the  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
and  Herbert  G.  Miller,  later  employed  by  the  same  Division, 


I2o  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

were  at  the  Great  Lakes  Training  Station  and  the  Newport 
Training  School,  respectively.  Burns  was  a  carpenter's  mate, 
third  class,  and  was  released  March  6th,  1919,  while  Miller 
was  a  seaman,  first  class,  aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  South  Carolina 
and  was  relieved  from  duty  January  loth,  1919. 

Seaman  Charles  H.  Spink,  who  was  later  employed  by 
the  Rhode  Island  Glass  Division,  enrolled  March  22nd,  1918, 
as  a  seaman,  second  class.  He  spent  some  time  in  foreign  waters 
and  had  one  encounter  in  the  North  Sea  with  an  enemy 
submarine  which  is  believed  to  have  been  sunk.  Spink  was 
released  from  duty  February  8th,  1919. 

Two  other  Rhode  Island  Glass  Division  boys  in  the  navy 
were  Joseph  R.  Fournier  and  Joseph  R.  La  Rue.  Fournier 
enrolled  December  i9th,  1917,  and  was  released  January 
1 8th,  1919.  During  this  period  he  saw  service  on  three  ships, 
the  Pennsylvania,  Housatonic  and  Patapco.  He  had  nine 
months'  duty  in  foreign  waters,  and  one  skirmish  with  a 
submarine,  which,  according  to  all  indications,  was  sunk. 
This  occurred  off  the  coast  of  Scotland;  the  very  same  day 
they  were  attacked  by  a  German  raider  but  succeeded  in 
getting  away.  On  the  morning  of  June  8th,  1918,  the  crew 
of  Fournier's  ship  began  to  lay  mines  in  Helgoland  Bay. 
In  the  course  of  three  and  one-half  hours,  832  mines  were 
laid.  The  following  day  the  Germans  attempted  to  sweep 
these  mines,  and  as  a  result  lost  three  ships. 

Joseph  R.  La  Rue,  who  we  believe  was  the  first  National 
man  to  enlist,  entered  the  navy  February  2nd,  1915,  as  an  ap- 
prentice seaman  and  in  1916  was  on  duty  in  Mexican  waters 
and  at  San  Domingo.  After  the  United  States  declared  war  he 
was  in  the  convoy  service  and  had  two  official  encounters 
with  submarines.  La  Rue  was  released  January  Jist,  1919, 
ranking  as  a  coxswain. 

Others  in  the  Naval  Reserves  were  William  J.  Kirwan 
of  the  Central  Falls  Lamp  Division;  Edward  P.  Casey  of  the 
Niles  Glass  Division;  Jerry  J.  Ahern,  later  of  the  Illinois 
Miniature  Lamp  Division,  and  Philip  T.  Hawkes,  who  was 
later  employed  by  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division. 
Kirwan  enrolled  July  lyth,  1918,  and  was  located  at  the 
Newport  Training  Station  where  he  ranked  as  a  carpenter's 
mate,  third  class.  Casey  entered  the  navy  May  6th,  1918,  and 
served  at  Great  Lakes  and  later  at  the  Dunwoody  Training 
Station.  He  ranked  as  an  apprentice  seaman.  Ahern  was  at 


NAVAL  AUXILIARY  RESERVE  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS         121 

Great  Lakes  from  August  7th,  1918,  to  December  nth,  1918, 
ranking  as  a  seaman,  second  class.  Hawkes,  an  apprentice 
seaman,  was  connected  with  the  naval  unit  at  the  University 
of  California.  He  was  put  on  inactive  duty  December  i6th, 
1918. 

NAVAL  AUXILIARY  RESERVE 

This  service  attracted  three  men  from  the  Cleveland 
Wire  Division,  Wesley  P.  Sykes,  Harold  E.  Prince  and  Harold 
M.  Abrams.  Sykes  attended  the  Deck  Officer's  School  at 
Great  Lakes,  Illinois,  and  was  later  on  duty  at  Municipal  Pier, 
Chicago,  and  at  Pelham  Bay  Park,  New  York.  He  ranke4  as 
a  seaman,  second  class.  Prince  was  also  a  seaman,  second 
class,  and  after  enrolling  in  the  navy  June  4th,  1918,  was 
sent  to  Great  Lakes,  where  he  attended  Camps  Decatur, 
Perry  and  Lawrence.  Prince  was  released  January  25th,  1919. 
Abrams  entered  service  September  9th,  1918,  as  an  apprentice 
seaman.  He  was  assigned  to  the  U.  S.  Shipping  Board  Training 
Ship  Missouri  at  Cleveland  until  released  from  service,  April 
iyth,  1919. 

Frederick  W.  Hild  of  Nela  Lamp  Division  was  also  in 
the  Naval  Auxiliary  Reserve,  enrolling  January  ioth,  1918. 
He  rose  to  the  rank  of  ensign  from  quartermaster,  third  class. 
During  the  period  of  his  service  he  was  aboard  the  U.  S.  S. 
William  B.  Dickson;  at  the  auxiliary  school,  Pelham  Bay  Park, 
N.  Y.;  in  the  office  of  the  supervisor  of  the  Third  Naval 
District  at  New  York;  attached  to  headquarters  of  the  Naval 
Overseas  Transportation  service  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  and 
aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  Mexican.  Upon  his  release,  February  7th, 
1919,  he  joined  the  Miniature  Lamp  Manufacturing  Depart- 
ment. 

Ivor  H.  Cadle  of  Nela  Lamp  Division  was  aboard  the 
training  ship  Missouri  and  later  was  assigned  to  the  steamer 
Richard  Trimble.  He  ranked  as  an  ordinary  seaman.  Cadle 
was  indefinitely  furloughed  December  I5th,  1918. 


THE  MARINE  CORPS 

GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES 

The  Marines,  unofficially  known  as  "leathernecks"  or 
"devil-dogs"  (a  compliment  for  which  they  were  indebted 
to  the  Germans),  enlisted  two  Nela  boys.  One  of  these  was 
George  E.  Hankison  of  Credit  Department,  who  enlisted  in 
Cleveland  July  24th,  1918.  He  was  attached  to  Company  F 
of  the  nth  Regiment  at  Paris  Island,  South  Carolina,  and 
late*r  was  located  at  Quantico,  Virginia.  After  arriving  over- 
seas he  saw  duty  at  Tours,  Monti erchaume  and  Beaume, 
France.  To  George  the  most  interesting  events  of  his  service 
were  being  pursued  by  a  German  submarine,  attending  a 
real  French  military  funeral  and  talking  to  a  French  woman 
who  "couldn't  compree."  While  in  the  Marines,  his  work 
consisted  of  camp  and  prison  guard  detail  and  performing 
in  a  post  show  that  toured  France.  He  was  later  admitted  to 
Beaume  University  as  a  government  student.  George  ranked 
as  a  private,  first  class. 

The  other  Nela  "devil-dog"  was  Ray  W.  Parshall  of 
the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory.  He  entered  service  in 
Cleveland,  June  i4th,  1917,  and  was  sent  to  Paris  Island, 
South  Carolina,  where  he  was  attached  to  a  supply  -company 
of  an  electrical  division.  Ray  was  the  recipient  of  a  sharp- 
shooter's medal,  having  made  the  highest  score  with  a  Spring- 
field rifle.  He  was  discharged  March  Jist,  1919,  being  at  that 
date  a  corporal. 

SALES  DIVISIONS 

The  only  Sales  Division  man  in  the  Marines  was  William 
H.  Pupke  of  the  Fostoria  Incandescent  Lamp  Division.  He 
enlisted  in  New  York  City,  October  i7th,  1918,  and  was 
ordered  to  Paris  Island.  From  there  he  went  to  Quantico, 
Virginia,  and  later  to  Hato  Mayor  and  to  San  Pedro  de 
Macoris,  which  is  located  on  the  Island  of  Haiti  and  is  part 
of  the  Dominican  Republic. 


"Big  Ben" — A  Naval  lo-inch  Gun 
(Photograph  furnished  by  Lieut.  C.  E.  Egeler) 


Smoke  Screen  thrown  out  by  a  War  Ship 
(Photograph  furnished  by  Lieut.  E.  A.  Anderson) 


Frank  Boiles 


Clyde  R.  Lightner  Ray  Parshall 


Ohio  Division,  Warren,  Ohio 


Trumbull  Mazda  Lamp  Division,  Warren,  Ohio 


MARINES  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  123 

MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS 

Frank  H.  Boiles  of  the  Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Divi- 
sion enlisted  as  a  Marine  June  I3th,  1917,  in  Youngstown, 
Ohio,  and  went  into  active  service  at  League  Island,  Phil- 
adelphia, Pennsylvania.  He  was  later  transferred  to  Norfolk, 
Virginia,  and  was  aboard  the  U.  S.  S.  Charleston  for  some 
time.  Boiles  was  discharged  April  joth,  1919. 

Private  Elmer  R.  Crossland  was  first  attached  to  the 
U.  S.  S.  Huntington  at  Paris  Island.  He  had  enlisted  June 
6th,  1918,  and  before  being  released  from  service,  St.  Patrick's 
Day,  1919,  had  also  been  stationed  at  Brooklyn  Barracks, 
New  York,  and  at  the. Marine  Barracks,  Norfolk,  Virginia. 
He  was  re-engaged  by  Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
as  assistant  foreman  in  the  Flange  Department. 

The  third  Marine  was  Clyde  P.  Freer  of  Ohio  Division. 
He  enlisted  in  Cleveland,  May  22nd,  1918,  and  upon  reaching 
Paris  Island  was  assigned  to  Headquarters  Company  of  the 
ijth  Regiment.  Freer  was  later  transferred  to  Quantico, 
Virginia,  and  was  discharged  June  i6th,  1919. 

Clyde  R.  Lightner  enlisted  in  the  Marines  July  I9th, 
1918,  at  Mare  Island,  California.  He  was  later  stationed  at 
Quantico,  Virginia,  and  Santa  Domingo.  Discharged  on 
October  2oth,  1919,  he  returned  to  work  at  the  Oakland 
Mazda  Lamp  Division. 


In  mulling  over  the  questionnaires  turned  in  by  the 
National  men  of  the  General  Offices  and  Laboratories  who 
went  into  the  aviation  service,  the  writer  unearthed  two 
curious  facts.  Every  man  enlisted,  and  eighty  per  cent  of 
those  entered  for  actual  flying  duty  were  married.  The  first 
fact  needs  no  elaboration  but  the  second  amuses  us.  Can 
it  be  that  married  men  are  so  weighted  down  with  cares  that 
they  welcome  a  chance  to  get  up  in  the  air?  Of  the  aviation 
men  engaged  primarily  in  ground  or  production  work,  ninety 
per  cent  were  single.  No  doubt  they  had  heard  the  old  saying 
that  "marriages  are  made  in  heaven,"  and,  preferring  the 
bachelor  life,  decided  that  exploring  the  heavens  in  a  flying 
machine  was  a  better  job  for  those  who  were  already  married. 

The  Engineering  Department,  not  satisfied  with  contrib- 
uting the  largest  number  of  men  to  the  Navy  from  the  National, 
likewise  gave  the  greatest  number  to  the  Aviation  Service. 
Of  twenty  men  reporting  as  going  into  this  branch,  ten  were  from 
the  Engineering  Department.  Nela  Operating,  Nela  Re- 
search Laboratory,  and  Commercial  Development  each  gave 
two  men,  while  Equipment  Development,  Statistical,  Adminis- 
tration and  Large  Lamp  Sales  Departments  had  one  each. 

On  April  iyth,  1917,  Lucien  D.  Coman,  Jr.,  left  the  employ 
of  Nela  Research  Laboratory  to  become  a  radio  operator 
with  the  ist  Signal  Battalion  at  Fort  Leaven  worth.  He  was 
transferred  to  the  Aviation  Section  and  sent  to  Kelly  Field, 
Texas.  Among  the  other  places  where  Coman  was  stationed 
were  Selfridge  Field,  Michigan;  Mineola,  Long  Island,  and 
the  following  points  in  England:  Winchester,  Wy  ton-Hun  ting- 
ton,  Thetford,  South  Farnborough  and  Lord  Junction.  He 
remained  thirteen  months  in  England,  where  he  was  attached 
to  the  Royal  Air  Force  as  Handley-Page  Direction  Finder. 
His  work  consisted  of  radio  construction  and  operating. 
Coman  claims  the  honor  of  being  the  second  American  to 
direct  a  Handley-Page  plane  by  wireless.  He  was  rated  as  a 
wireless  observer,  and  was  on  flying  status.  Coman  was  dis- 
charged December  24th,  1918. 

Lieutenant  Wayne  M.  Holmes  of  the  Engineering  Depart- 
ment enlisted  as  a  private,  first  class,  with  the  Aerial  Gunnery 


Edward  A.  Buel 
J.  Watson  Dunbar 
Clarence  J.  Berry 


Lee  C.  Kent 
Walter  Sturrock 


Robt.  N.  Falge 
Harry  Mattis 


Hollis  L.  Townsend  James  M.  Ketch 


Lorraine  G.  Hardin 
George  J.  Chapman 
Marion  D.  Cooper 


Lucien  D.  Coman,  Jr. 
John  J.  Turner 
Arthur  Sullivan 


Edward  A.  Kilroy 
Albert  E.  Wennerstrom 
William  W.  Schaefer 


AIR  FORCES — ^GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  125 

branch  and  was  ordered  to  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics 
at  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio.  Completing  the 
course  there,  he  was  dispatched  to  the  Office  of  the  Chief 
Signal  Officer  at  Washington.  Holmes  also  saw  duty  at  Elling- 
ton Field,  Houston,  Texas;  Rockwell  Field,  San  Diego, 
California,  and  in  the  aviation  technical  section  at  Dayton, 
Ohio.  He  found  aerial  gunnery  work  to  be  very  interesting, 
especially  when  operating  among  the  clouds. 

Another  Engineering  Department  man  commissioned  in 
the  air  service  was  Lorraine  G.  Hardin.  Enlisting  July  joth, 
1917,  he  was  sent  to  that  well  known  haven  of  sand  storms, 
Kelly  Field,  San  Antonio,  Texas.  From  there  he  was  ordered 
to  Park  Field,  Memphis,  Tennessee,  and  then  went  overseas, 
where  he  was  on  duty  at  the  front  from  September  ist,  1918, 
to  the  date  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  He  was  with 
the  2oth  Aero  Squadron  and  ranked  as  engineer  officer.  He 
was  discharged  May  2jrd,  1919. 

Euel  Increases  Ed  A.  Buel,  a  sales  engineer  in  the  Com- 
His  Knowledge  mercial  Development  Department,  enlisted 
November  2jrd,  1917,  and  was  ordered 
to  Kelly  Field,  Texas.  Among  the  camps  and  places  where 
Buel  served  were  Camp  Sevier,  South  Carolina;  Rich  Field, 
Waco,  Texas;  Air  Service  Depot  at  Morrison,  Virginia; 
Hazelhurst  Field,  Mineola,  New  York;  General  Supply  Depot, 
Middletown,  Pennsylvania,  and  at  the  Port  of  Embarkation, 
Newport  News,  Virginia.  Ed's  task  consisted  of  questioning 
recruits  for  card  records,  and  he  found  that  certain  nationalities 
desired  particular  branches  of  the  service.  For  example,  the 
Jews  favored  the  quartermaster  corps,  Greeks  and  Italians 
liked  the  cavalry  or  artillery,  while  the  Irish  leaned  toward 
the  infantry.  Buel  also  learned,  in  conducting  intelligence 
tests,  that  the  college  man  was  by  far  the  most  intelligent, 
while  barbers  apparently  displayed  the  least  amount  of 
"gray  matter."  The  question  arises,  what  about  the  man 
who  graduates  from  a  barber  college?  Ed  rose  to  the  rank 
of  second  lieutenant. 

Lieutenant  Gillson  W.  Beals,  known  to  his  friends  as 
"Shorty,"  enlisted  December  I2th,  1917,  and  was  assigned  to 
the  35 ist  Aero  Service  squadron.  "Shorty"  saw  service  at 
many  camps,  among  them  Kelly  Field,  Texas;  Camp  Mac- 
Arthur,  Waco,  Texas;  Baron  Field,  Fort  Worth,  Texas;  Air 


126  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Service  School  for  Radio  Officers,  New  York  (where  he  earned 
his  commission);  Post  Field,  Fort  Sill,  Oklahoma,  and  Gerstner 
Field,  Lake  Charles,  Louisiana.  Beals  was  rated  as  a  radio 
officer  and  was  in  service  one  year.  He  returned  to  the  Com- 
mercial Development  Department. 

Hollis  L.  Townsend,  office  manager  of  the  Operating 
Department,  enlisted  November  3Oth,  1917,  and  was  sent 
to  Kelly  Field,  where  he  was  assigned  to  the  656th  Aero 
Squadron.  Hollis  had  been  in  the  service  but  a  few  weeks 
when  he  volunteered  for  overseas  duty  and  was  sent  across. 
Among  the  places  in  France  where  he  was  stationed  were 
Paris,  Romorantin,  Libourne  and  Bordeaux.  He  was  with  a 
service  squadron  and  consequently  was  kept  busy  handling 
the  many  accessories  and  spares  which  were  required  by  the 
flying  squadrons  at  the  front.  Townsend  experienced  several 
air  raids  and  was  in  Paris  when  the  Germans'  long-range 
"Big  Bertha"  first  opened  fire.  He  was  discharged  May 
i3th,  1919. 

A  NATIONAL  MAN  CITED 

''Citation — Second  Lieutenant  Walter  Sturrock,  for  ex- 
ceptionally meritorious  and  conspicuous  services  at  the 
Third  Aviation  Instruction  Center,  France,  American  Expe- 
ditionary Forces.  In  Testimony  thereof,  and  as  an  expression 
of  appreciation  of  these  services,  I  award  him  this  citation. 

(Signed)     JOHN  J.  PERSHING, 

Commander-in-Chief." 

Such  was  the  honor  awarded  on  April  I9th,  1919,  to 
Walter  Sturrock  of  the  Engineering  Department  for  the  work 
which  he  had  done  during  the  summer  and  fall  of  1918  at  the 
Third  Aviation  Instruction  Center,  Issoudun,  France.  Walter 
enlisted  November  I5th,  1917,  and  became  an  instructor 
in  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  at  Cornell  University. 
Later  he  was  transferred  to  a  similar  school  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts.  From  there  he  was  assigned  to  Call  Field, 
Wichita  Falls,  Texas,  and  then  went  overseas.  At  Issoudun 
he  was  connected  with  the  3ist  Aero  Squadron,  ranking  as 
officer  in  charge  of  engineering  work  at  Flying  Fields  Four, 
Five  and  Six.  For  his  splendid  work  at  these  fields  Sturrock 
was  later  promoted  to  ist  lieutenant. 

The  aviation  men,  like  the  "gobs,"  were  inclined  to  be 
reticent  and  would  not  accommodate  us  with  any  detailed 


AIR  FORCES  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES 


127 


account  of  their  adventures.  This  is  to  be  regretted,  for  the 
writer  knows  that  any  man  who  has  been  barracked  in  the  hog 
pens  and  stables  at  Camp  Dick,  or  has  done  much  "bunk  fatigue" 
during  his  service,  surely  was  fed  up  on  more  than  army  food. 

In  fact,  the  only  surprise  we  had  was  to  think  that  our 
old  friend  Clarence  J.  Berry  of  the  Engineering  Department 
would  return  to  France  after  the  war  in  order  to  sign  his 
name  to  letterheads  bearing  "Brandt  &  Fouilleret,  Material 
Electrique,  23  a  31  rue  Cavendish,  Paris,  France."  Berry 
enlisted  December  I3th,  1917,  and  was  sent  to  radio  school. 
He  was  commissioned  a  second  lieutenant  and  sent  to  France, 
where  he  was  located  at  Paris  headquarters.  Berry  made 
several  trips  to  the  front,  but  the  only  effect  these  trips  seemed 
to  have  on  him  was  to  make  his  love  for  France  stronger. 
Clarence  came  back  to  the  States  in  February,  1919,  to  be 
discharged  from  the  army,  and  returned  to  France  in  June 
of  the  same  year.  Bon  voyage,  Berry! 

An  overseas  man  was  Patrick  Vililo  of  the  Nela  Operating 
Department.  After  service  at  Fort  Thomas,  Kentucky,  and 
Camp  Sevier,  South  Caro- 
lina, he  went  to  France  and 
served  at  St.  Maixent,  Ro- 
morantin,  Paris  and  Oxly 
Field.  He  returned  to  Nela 
early  in  June,  1919. 

He  of  Engineering  De- 
partment fame,  Marion  D. 
Cooper,  enlisted  May  4th, 
1918,  in  the  flying  service 
and  attended  ground  school 
at  Ohio  State  University. 
There  Cooper  studied  mo- 
tors, learned  how  to  figure  \ 
deviation  and  receive  ten 
words  a  minute  on  the  wire- 
less, besides  other  infor- 
mation too  complex  to  mention.  Completing  the  course  there, 
he  was  sent  to  the  concentration  camp  at  Camp  Dick,  Dallas, 
Texas,  and  then  to  Ellington  Field,  Houston,  Texas,  where 
he  was  commissioned  as  a  bomber. 

George  J.  Chapman  of  the  Large  Lamp  Sales  Department 
entered  the  flying  service  February  i9th,  1918.  After  ground 


128  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

work  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  and  at 
Camp  Dick,  he  was  sent  overseas  where  he  was  located  in 
Tours,  France.  Chapman  was  discharged  April  4th,  1919. 

Harry  Mattis  of  the  Equipment  Development  Depart- 
ment was  one  of  our  overseas  boys.  He  enlisted  March  i4th, 
1918,  and  was  sent  to  Kelly  Field,  Texas.  Harry  went  as  far 
as  England,  where  he  was  located  first  at  Camp  Knotty-Ash 
and  later  at  Codford.  During  his  time  in  the  Air  Service  he 
was  attached  to  the  8 1 2th  Aero  Repair  Squadron  and  the  2nd 
and  322nd  Aero  Squadrons.  He  was  discharged  January 
2nd,  1919. 

James  W.  Dunbar  of  the  Engineering  Department  en- 
listed in  the  flying  section  of  the  Air  Service  December  i4th, 
1917.  With  two  hundred  other  "barrack  aviators"  he  spent 
the  month  of  January,  1918,  at  Fort  Wayne,  Detroit,  Michigan, 
waiting  impatiently  for  orders  which  would  send  him  to  ground 
school.  These  came  early  in  February.  The  rest  of  his  service 
was  seen  at  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics,  Ithaca, 
New  York;  Camp  Dick,  Dallas,  Texas,  and  Dorr  Field, 
Arcadia,  Florida. 

"Up  in  the  Another  Engineering  Department  man  in  this 
Air"  with  a  service  was  James  M.  Ketch  who  enlisted 
Cadet  Pilot  December  I2th,  1917,  and  attended  the  aviation 
school  at  the  University  of  Illinois.  He  after- 
wards attended  the  radio  school  at  Columbia  University, 
New  York  City,  and  was  then  sent  to  Fort  Sill,  Oklahoma. 
There  his  task  was  to  instruct  in  the  stripping  and  assembling 
of  machine  guns  and  in  the  operation  of  radio  telephones 
while  in  the  air  with  some  none-too-experienced  pilot.  It 
was  Ketch's  delight  to  take  a  joy-ride  early  in  the  morning, 
rising  to  great  heights  in  order  to  watch  the  sun  rise  through 
the  clouds.  It  was  a  three-color  symphony  of  clear  blue  above, 
solid  silver  below  and  the  golden  hazy  streak  coming  through 
the  clouds.  James  was  commissioned  a  second  lieutenant, 
and  discharged  January  i8th,  1919. 

The  service  record  of  William  D.  Dorsh,  later  of  Statis- 
tical Department,  reads  Kelly  Field,  Texas;  Camp  Morrison, 
Virginia;  Camp  Mills,  Long  Island;  Camp  Lopcombe,  Eng- 
land, and  Calais,  France.  He  enlisted  December  7th,  1917, 
and  was  attached  to  the  335th  Aero  Squadron.  The  happiest 
day  Dorsh  spent  in  the  service  was  in  England,  when  he  made 


Part  of  Nela  Park — Photo  taken  from  an  Airplane 


Army  Planes  used  in  Photographic  Observation  Work — 
Langley  Field,  Va. 


A  Nasty  Spill 

(Photo  furnished  by  Lieut.  W.  Sturrock,  who  witnessed  many  such 

accidents  "Over  There."  Lieut.  Sturrock  is  standing  with  his 

back  to  the  camera) 


A  German  Anti-Aircraft  Gun  and  its  Carriage 
(Photo  furnished  by  M.  S.  E.,  Hollis  Townsend) 


AIR  FORCES  —  GENERAL  OFFICES  AND  LABORATORIES  129 

his  first  flight  in  an  airplane.  These  rides  became  daily  oc- 
currences and  gave  Bill  a  very  decided  liking  for  the  air 
service.  He  was  discharged  December  2jrd,  1918. 

Ralph  O.  Compton  of  the  Engineering  Department 
became  an  instructor  in  ground-school  work.  He  was  on  duty 
at  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics,  Ithaca,  New  York,  and 
later  at  the  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Texas.  He  was  com- 
missioned a  first  lieutenant. 

Among  those  commissioned  direct  from  civil  life  was  Dr. 
Harry  M.  Johnson,  a  psychologist  with  Nela  Research 
Laboratory.  He  was  commissioned  a  first  lieutenant  in  the 
Sanitary  Corps  and  assigned  to  the  Air  Service  at  the  Medical 
Research  Laboratory,  Hazelhurst  Field,  Mineola,  Long  Island. 
During  the  period  of  his  enlistment  Johnson  also  served  at 
Ellington  Field,  Houston,  Texas,  and  at  the  School  of  Military 
Aeronautics,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  California. 
At  the  date  of  publication  of  this  volume  he  was  Chief  of  the 
Section  of  Psychology  at  the  Medical  Research  Laboratory, 
Mitchell  Field,  and  had  attained  the  rank  of  captain.  His 
work  consisted  of  developing  and  administering  tests  for  the 
selection  of  aviators,  and  classifying  them  according  to  their 
fitness  for  particular  kinds  of  aeronautical  work.  He  was 
also  interested  in  the  investigation  of  the  effect  of  certain 
aeronautical  conditions  on  performance.  Johnson's  army  life 
must  have  been  all  work  and  no  play,  for  he  asserted  he  saw 
"nothing  more  amusing  than  aviators." 

Lee  C.  Kent  of  the  Engineering  Department,  after 
enlistment,  was  sent  to  College  Park,  Maryland,  in  the  Avia- 
tion Section  of  the  Signal  Corps.  After  a  month's  training 
there  he  was  sent  to  Columbia  University,  New  York,  to 
take  a  14  weeks'  course  in  the  Air  Service  School  for  Radio 
Officers.  From  here  he  was  transferred  to  Post  Field,  Fort 
Sill,  Oklahoma;  he  was  commissioned  as  second  lieutenant 
at  Gerstner  Field,  Louisiana.  He  later  taught  at  the  Radio 
School,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology,  Pittsburgh,  Penn- 
sylvania. Kent  returned  to  Nela  upon  being  discharged  Jan- 
uary iyth,  1919. 

Albert  E.  Wennerstrom  of  the  Administration  Depart- 
ment reported  to  the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production  on  October 
2jrd,  1917,  as  production  man.  He  was  made  assistant  to 
the  Chief  of  the  Ordnance  and  Instrument  Section  of  the 
Equipment  Division.  This  section  had  charge  of  the  produc- 


130  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

tion  of  all  the  instruments  and  equipment  for  airplanes.  In 
September,  1918,  Wennerstrom  was  transferred  to  the  Elec- 
trical Section,  Oxygen  Equipment  Branch,  and  had  charge 
of  the  production  of  the  high-pressure  oxygen  cylinders  and 
accessories  which  are  essential  to  a  pilot  when  flying  at  high 
altitudes.  He  was  with  this  branch  of  the  service  until  April 
joth,  1919. 

John  J.  Turner  of  Statistical  Department  rose  from 
sergeant  to  second  lieutenant  in  the  Air  Service.  He  was 
located  at  the  following  places'  Columbus  Barracks,  Kelly 
Field,  Camp  Sevier  and  at  the  Aviation  Fields  at  Waco, 
Texas;  Morrison,  Va.,  and  Garden  City,  New  York. 

Joseph  Stone  enlisted  in  the  Air  Service  and  first  trained 
at  Kelly  Field,  Texas.  He  was  transferred  to  the  Aero  Pro- 
visional Service  at  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania.  When  discharged 
from  service  he  was  employed  by  the  Lamp  Development 
Laboratory. 

NAVAL  AVIATION 

Nela  had  but  one  man  in  this  service — Robert  N.  Falge 
of  the  Engineering  Department.  Entering  service  March  5th, 

1917,  he  attended  ground  school  at  the  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology.  His  flying  training  was  received  at  the 
Naval    School,    Pensacola,    Florida.    He    was    commissioned 
an  ensign  and  placed  on  inactive  duty  February  gth,   1919. 

MARINE  AVIATION 

Albert  S.  Terry,  formerly  of  the  Miniature  Lamp  Sales 
Department,  enlisted  in  the  Marine  Flying  Corps  on  July  I3th, 

1918,  and   had  just   completed   his   ground   training   at   the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  when    the   armistice 
was   signed.   Albert   ranked   as   gunnery   sergeant,   and   was 
discharged  December  I2th,  1918. 


THE  AIR  FORCES 

SALES  DIVISIONS 

Three  men  reported  from  the  Sales  Divisions  as  going 
into  the  Aviation  Service:  Ralph  H.  Garrison  of  Chicago 
Bryan-Marsh,  Arthur  Sullivan  of  Shelby,  and  William  W. 
Schaefer  of  New  England  Bryan-Marsh. 

Garrison  enlisted  for  flying  service  in  November,  1917, 
and  was  ordered  to  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  at 
Berkeley,  California.  From  there  he  was  sent  to  Camp  Dick 
where,  when  not  drilling  on  the  race  track,  he  was  on  fly- 
swatting  detail  in  the  mess  hall.  Garrison  was  next  heard 
of  at  Columbia  University,  New  York  City.  Other  places 
where  he  was  stationed  were  Post  Field,  Fort  Sill,  Oklahoma; 
Gerstner  Field,  Lake  Charles,  Louisiana,  and  Camp  Doniphan, 
Oklahoma.  He  attained  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant,  and 
was  discharged  January  6th,  1919. 

Attending  the  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Camp  at  Fort 
Benjamin  Harrison,  Arthur  Sullivan  was  commissioned  a 
first  lieutenant,  assigned  to  the  Aviation  Service  and  ordered 
to  Kelly  Field,  Texas.  From  there  he  was  sent  overseas, 
being  stationed  in  Winchester  and  later  at  Doncaster,  England. 
Arthur  was  discharged  December  28th,  1918. 

The  third  man  in  the  Aviation  Service  was  William  W. 
Schaefer  who  enlisted  September  .i6th,  1918,  in  the  Bureau 
of  Aircraft  Production.  He  was  stationed  at  Fort  Slocum, 
New  York,  and  ranked  as  a  sergeant,  first  class.  His  duty 
consisted  of  teaching  recruits  the  fundamentals  of  army  dis- 
cipline. He  was  discharged  February  24th,  1919. 


THE  AIR  FORCES 

MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS 

The  Aviation  Service  in  all  its  branches  was  represented 
by  boys  from  the  Manufacturing  Divisions  of  the  National. 
A  few  were  overseas,  where  they  found  the  life  of  an  aviator 
to  be  much  more  thrilling  than  it  was  in  training  camps  at 
home.  The  majority,  however,  were  in  service  squadrons 
on  this  side  of  the  water,  and  their  duties  were  manifold 
and  of  great  importance.  The  testing  of  motors,  the  assem- 
bling of  planes,  the  upkeep  of  hangars  and  numerous  other 
details  kept  the  enlisted  men  on  their  toes  from  dawn  to  dusk. 
To  the  airplane  mechanic  the  pilot  owes  much,  for  his  safety 
in  the  air  depends  largely  upon  the  mechanic's  careful  daily 
inspection  of  his  plane. 

Thomas  O.  Moffit  enlisted  July  2nd,  1917,  in  the  4th 
Aero  School  squadron  and  on  July  9th  was  assigned  to  Chanute 
Field,  Rantoul,  Illinois.  He  spent  thirteen  months  at  this 
field,  during  that  time  being  with  the  4th,  i6th  and  j8th 
Aero  Squadrons.  As  there  was  no  flying  done  at  Chanute 
Field  during  the  winter  of  1917,  he  was  made  an  instructor 
in  airplane  rigging.  In  the  spring  of  1918,  Tom  was  put  in 
charge  of  the  hangars  and  hangar  personnel,  being  in  charge 
of  one  hundred  and  five  planes  and  about  four  hundred  men. 
In  May,  1918,  he  was  assigned  to  the  268th  Aero  Squadron 
and  sent  to  Commack  Field,  Long  Island,  but  after  a  month's 
stay  there  was  assigned  for  overseas  duty.  The  squadron 
sailed  from  Boston  July  i6th,  1918,  on  the  Canadian  cattle- 
boat  Wineferedian  and  had  an  uneventful  journey  until, 
when  about  two  hundred  miles  off  the  Irish  Coast,  it  was 
attacked  by  four  submarines.  Luckily,  a  convoy  of  destroyers 
had  just  met  the  Wineferedian  and  the  submarines  were 
driven  off,  one  being  sunk  by  means  of  depth  bombs.  Moffit 
landed  in  Bristol,  England,  August  ist,  1918,  and  was  sent 
to  a  rest  camp  at  Winchester  and  later  to  East  Borne,  where 
he  was  stationed  for  two  weeks.  At  the  date  of  the  signing 
of  the  armistice  Moffit  was  in  Dover,  where  his  squadron 
was  maintaining  an  American  flight  for  British  flyers.  He 
now  ranked  as  chief  mechanic  and  assistant  to  the  engineer 
officer.  On  November  2ist  Moffit  sailed  for  home.  He  was 


Scenes  like  the  above  were  Common  at  the  Third  Aviation  Instruction 
Center,  France,  (Largest  Flying  Center  in  the  World) 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Lieut.  W.  Sturrock) 


An  Aeroplane  View  of  German  Line  at  Meuse-Argonne — Sept.  26, 1918 
(Illustration  furnished  by  Lieut.  Wilber  Johnson) 


Edward  R.  Shimonek 


Walter  L.  Peters 


Earle  L.  Windenberg  William  D.  Brown 

Herbert  E.  Quinlan 

Charles  T.  Nottage  Clarence  W.  Thornbur 


Lamp  Equipment  Division,  E.  I52nd  St.,  Cleveland 


AIR  FORCES  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS  133 

discharged  January  24th,  1919,  at  Camp  Grant.  Upon  re- 
turning to  civilian  attire,  he  assumed  a  position"  as  mechanic 
with  the  Illinois  Miniature  Lamp  Division. 

The  Guntner  brothers,  Frank  G.  and  Jay  A.,  both  in 
the  employ  of  the. Lamp  Equipment  Division,  enlisted  March 
1 6th,  1918,  in  the  Air  Service.  They  were  ordered  to  Kelly 
Field,  Texas.  Jay  was  attached  to  the  3ioth  Aero  Squadron 
and  later  to  the  6o8th,  with  which  organization  he  went  over- 
seas. He  had  gone  as  far  as  Winchester,  England,  when  the 
armistice  was  signed.  Jay  was  discharged  January  27th,  1919. 

Frank,  after  parting  from  his  brother  at  Kelly  Field, 
was  sent  to  Gerstner  Field,  Lake  Charles,  Louisiana,  where 
he  was  attached  to  a  service  squadron.  He  was  discharged 
January  I3th,  1919,  ranking  as  a  private,  first  class. 

Leon  T.  Fahrenthold,  who  entered  service  January  i6th, 
1918,  as  a  cadet  pilot,  was  assigned  to  the  School  of  Military 
Aeronautics  at  Austin,  Texas,  but  was  transferred  to  the 
Chemical  Warfare  Service  and  located  at  the  Defense  Labora- 
tories at  Nela  Park.  Upon  being  discharged  December  joth, 
1918,  he  took  employment  with  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division. 

Corporal  William  D.  Brown,  of  Ohio  Division,  enlisted 
in  Youngs  town  December  i2th,  1917,  and  was  sent  to  Fort 
Omaha,  Nebraska.  Later  he  was  transferred  to  Camp  Mor- 
rison, Virginia.  In  France  Brown  was  attached  to  the  io2nd 
Balloon  Company.  He  was  discharged  May  2ist,  1919. 

A  Lafayette  Only  one  National  man  was  in  the  ranks  of  the 
Escadrille  American  Lafayette  Escadrille.  He  was  Private 
Representative  Charles  T.  Nottage  of  the  Lamp  Equipment 
Division.  Nottage  enlisted  July  3Oth,  1917, 
in  Cleveland,  and  after  arriving  overseas  operated  with  a 
French  Army  division  in  the  Champagne,  Chemin  des  Dames 
and  Flanders  sectors  from  February  i8th,  1918  to  June 
3<Dth,  1918,  and  with  the  American  troops  in  the  Toul  sector 
and  in  the  St.  Mihiel  and  Meuse-Argonne  offensives  from 
July  4th  to  November  nth,  1918.  The  Escadrille  was  per- 
mitted to  wear  the  fauragere,  which  is  part  of  the 
French  uniform  and  shows  the  number  of  citations 
a  company  has.  Nottage  was  discharged  April  i8th,  1919, 
and  ranked  as  a  private,  first  class. 

Lieutenant  Walter  Le  Roy  Peters  of  the  Illinois  Miniature 
Lamp  Division  entered  service  December  ist,  1917,  and  at- 


134  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

tended  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  at  the  University 
of  Illinois,  (jraduating,  he  was  sent  to  the  concentration 
camp  at  Camp  Dick,  Dallas,  Texas,  which  Peters  says  was 
"a  very  nice  place,  providing  you  were  not  in  the  army." 
At  Camp  Dick,  the  time  of  the  "flying  infantry"  was  taken 
up  with  drill,  calisthenics,  boxing,  bayonet  and  gas-mask 
drill,  sweeping  the  Fair  Ground  streets,  kitchen  police  and  fly- 
swatting  detail.  Finally  one  of  the  innumerable  rumors  con- 
cerning transfer  to  flying  field  came  true,  and  Peters  was 
sent  to  Scott  Field,  Belleville,  Illinois.  After  three  months 
of  dual  and  solo  work,  he  was  commissioned.  Discussing 
the  planes,  Peters  said  that  "Curtiss  made  the  ships,  but  that 
God  flew  a  great  many  of  them." 

After  receiving  his  commission,  Peters  was  made  an 
instructor,  and  the  task  of  teaching  cadets  he  found  to  be 
very  amusing  but  often  dangerous.  He  was  soon  transferred 
to  Kelly  Field,  a  place  which  everyone  tried  to  avoid,  but  a 
few  days  at  that  field  convinced  him  that  flyers  really  learned 
the  game  there.  Altogether,  Walter  had  about  two  hundred 
and  seventy-five  hours  in  the  air.  He  was  rated  as  a  pursuit 
pilot  instructor. 

On  August  2nd,  1917,  Edward  R.  Shimonek  heeded  his 
country's  call  and  enlisted  in  the  31 6th  Field  Signal  Battalion. 
He  was  sent  to  Camp  Lewis  and  was  later  transferred  to  the 
4iith  Aero  Construction  Squadron  at  Vancouver  Barracks, 
Washington.  His  work  consisted  of  drill  instruction,  and  of 
rounding  up  alien  enemies  and  I.  W.  W.'s  in  the  lumber  and 
spruce  camps  of  the  Northwest.  Ed  was  promoted  from 
private  to  sergeant  and  then  to  second  lieutenant.  Upon 
being  discharged  from  the  army  January  nth,  1919,  he 
returned  to  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division  as  foreman. 

Mechanic  John  W.  Harwood  of  the  Lamp  Equipment 
Division  enlisted  in  Cleveland,  March  i6th,  1918,  and  was 
sent  to  Kelly  Field,  San  Antonio,  Texas.  Harwood  did  not 
tell  us  any  of  his  army  experiences,  but  probably  considered 
that  Texas  sand  storms  needed  no  explanation.  He  was 
discharged  January  4th,  1919. 

A  Niles  Glass  Division  lad,  Clarence  W.  Thornburg  en- 
listed in  Youngstown,  Ohio,  August  i4th,  19 17,  and  was  ordered 
to  Kelly  Field.  He  was  attached  to  the  97th  Aero  Squadron 
and  on  October  27th,  1917,  sailed  for  France,  where  he  remained 
until  February  i2th,  1919.  Thornburg  was  stationed  at 


AIR  FORCES  —  MANUFACTURING  DIVISIONS 


'35 


Clermont  Ferrand,  France,  and  was  connected  with  a  bombing 
squadron.  He  experienced  many  air  raids,  but  managed  to 
escape  harm. 

Steve  Janidlo  of  the  Lamp  Equipment  Division  was 
inducted  August  3rd,  1918,  in  Cleveland,  and  sent  to  Camp 
Sherman,  where  he  was  attached  to  the  I58th  Depot  Brigade. 
He  was  soon  transferred  to  the  Air  Service  and  ordered  to  the 
aviation  depot  at  Fort  Wayne,  Detroit,  Michigan,  where  he 
remained  until  discharged,  January  2jrd,  1919.  During  the 
epidemic  of  influenza,  Steve  was  confined  to  the  hospital 
for  five  weeks  but,  thanks  to  the  good  care  given  him,  his 
condition  never  became  critical. 

Another  Mechanic    Albert    L.    Swenson    enlisted    June 

Broken  25th,    1918,  in   Minneapolis,   and  was  sent   to 

Heart  the  Mechanics  School  at  St.   Paul,  where  he 

was  attached  to  Company  D  of  the  8y2nd 
Aero  Squadron.  On  October  ist,  1918,  he  was  ready  to  join 
an  overseas  squadron,  when  notified  that  he  had  been  appointed 
an  instructor  in  aerial 
motors.  On  November 
nth  the  Germans  dealt 
him  a  severe  blow  by 
signing  that  little  docu- 
ment known  as  the  Arm- 
istice, for  just  two  days 
previously  he  had  been 
accepted  as  a  candidate 
for  a  commission  in  the 
flying  section  of  the  Air 
Service.  Swenson  was 
discharged  December  2ist,  1918,  and  took  employment  with 
the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp  Division. 

Carl  Meyers,  who  was  later  employed  by  the  Euclid 
Glass  Division,  enlisted  in  Cleveland  and  was  placed  on  duty 
at  Sutton,  West  Virginia.  Later  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Pittsburg  Arsenal,  from  which  he  was  discharged  February 
28th,  1919. 

Lieutenant  Robert  L.  Colthart,  who  was  attending  school 
at  the  time  of  his  enlistment  in  the  infantry,  June  I  ith,  1917, 
was  sent  to  Fort  McDowell,  Angel  Island,  and  later  trans- 
ferred to  the  Air  Service.  Afterwards,  he  was  on  duty  at  Kelly 


136  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Field,  Texas;  Camp  Gordon,  Texas;  Fort  Omaha,  Nebraska; 
Vancouver  Barracks,  Washington,  and  Presidio,  California. 
Upon  being  discharged  from  the  army  January  nth,  1919,  he 
took  employment  with  the  Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division. 

Enlisting  December  ijth,  1917,  Bertrand  A.  Cramer  was 
ordered  to  Kelly  Field  and  attached  to  the  joyth  Aero  Squadron. 
From  there  he  was  sent  to  Waco,  Texas,  and  later  to  Camp 
Greene,  Charlotte,  North  Carolina.  On  July  3ist,  1918,  Cramer 
sailed  for  overseas  and  was  stationed  in  England  until  December 
loth,  1918,  being  at  Winchester,  Rendcomb  and  Camp  Knotty- 
Ash.  After  arriving  in  England  he  was  accepted  as  a  candidate 
for  a  commission  in  the  flying  service,  but  the  armistice  cut 
short  his  flying  aspirations.  He  was  discharged  December 
29th,  1918,  and  employed  by  the  EucliH  Glass  Division. 

Charles  Frett  enlisted  December  4th,  1917,  at  Belleville, 
Illinois,  and  was  ordered  to  Scott  Field,  where  he  was  with  the 
22 ist  Aero  Squadron.  He  was  afterwards  placed  on  detached 
service  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  at  the  time  of  his  release  from 
the  army,  January  jrd,  1919,  was  at  St.  Paul,  Minnesota. 
He  took  a  position  in  the  Sealing  Department  of  the  St.  Louis 
Mazda  Lamp  Division. 

Entering  service  September  i6th,  1917,  Joseph  A.  Vise  of 
the  Euclid  Glass  Division  was  assigned  to  the  33ist  Infantry 
of  the  8jrd  Division.  He  was  soon  transferred  to  the  68oth  Aero 
Squadron  and  ordered  to  Kelly  Field.  Other  camps  at  which 
Vise  was  stationed  were  Camp  Greene,  North  Carolina; 
Mitchell  Field,  Mineola,  and  Garden  City,  New  York. 

Roy  L.  Leighton  of  Lamp  Equipment  was  in  service  two 
years.  Part  of  this  time  was  spent  in  Coblenz,  Germany, 
with  the  Army  of  Occupation. 

MARINE  AVIATION 

Chester  M.  Sullivan  of  the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp 
Division  entered  the  Marine  Aviation  Corps  July  3rd,  1918, 
as  gunnery  sergeant  and  was  ordered  to  report  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  Boston.  After  completing 
the  course  at  this  school  he  was  sent  to  the  Marine  Flying 
Field,  Miami,  Florida,  where  he  was  stationed  until  released 
from  service,  December  i9th,  1918.  Sullivan's  most  thrilling 
experience  in  the  service  was  his  first  tail  spin.  He  does  not 
describe  the  feeling,  leaving  that  pleasure  to  the  reader's 
imagination. 


Miss  Laura  E.  Moore  Miss  Frances  Ashford 

Miss  Beatrice  A.  Fahey 

Miss  Emily  E.  Colquhoun  Miss  Anne  Carlton 

Lower  Photo:    Nurses  Decorating  Graves  in  France 


How  the  Yanks  received  the  News  of  the  Armistice 


ARMY  AND  RED  CROSS  NURSES  137 

NAVAL  AVIATION 

The  only  National  manufacturing  man  entering  this 
service  was  Herbert  E.  Quinlan  of  the  Nela  Lamp  Division. 
He  eolisted  July  25th,  1918,  and  ranked  as  chief  quartermaster, 
being  stationed  at  the  United  States  Naval  Aviation  Depot, 
Seattle,  Washington.  He  was  later  transferred  to  the  naval 
air  base  at  San  Diego,  California,  where  he  remained  until 
released  from  service,  December  loth,  1918. 

OUR  ARMY  AND  RED  CROSS  NURSES 

Doing  service  in  the  Great  War  implied  above  all  the 
obligation  of  giving  oneself,  heart  and  soul,  to  a  cause.  To 
the  soldier  it  brought  the  test  of  giving  up  home,  comfort, 
friends  and  all  the  surroundings  of  his  daily  life  and  endan- 
gering himself  to  enemy  fire,  but  with  the  knowledge  that 
he  was  as  well  prepared  and  as  well  armed  as  the  foe  who 
faced  him.  To  the  civilian  it  was  the  sacrifice  of  time  and  money 
and  the  curtailment  of  routine  pleasures  to  which  he  was 
accustomed,  but  with  the  element  of  personal  danger  erased. 

To  the  nurse  the  sacrifice  was  a  combination  of  both. 
Her  home  life  was  dissolved  and  as  she  sailed  away,  behind 
her  were  left  friends,  comfort  and  the  ample  necessities  of 
life,  while  before  her  was  intimate  danger,  for  unlike  her  ward, 
the  soldier,  she  was  not  armed,  nor  was  she  prepared  by  months 
of  preliminary  physical  training  to  endure  the  hardships 
that  were  to  follow. 

It  was  the  National's  privilege  to  place  on  its  Honor 
Roll  the  names  of  five  women  who  volunteered  their  services 
to  the  American  Red  Cross  or  Army  Nurses  Corps, — Miss 
Moore,  Miss  Colquhoun,  Miss  Fahy,  Miss  Ashford  and  Miss 
Carlton.  These  Yankee  women  served  in  France  and  were 
located  in  American  and  British  hospitals  where  they  were 
kept  busy  from  dawn  to  dusk.  Their  task  was  of  a  dual  nature, 
for  not  only  did  they  minister  to  the  physical  ailments  of 
the  sick  and  wounded,  but  they  had  to  see  that  the  morale 
of  the  patients  was  kept  up, — and  in  this  they  were  very 
successful.  All  reports  emphasize  the  sterling  qualities  dis- 
played by  these  nurses,  and  the  rank  and  file  of  American 
citizenship  takes  off  its  hat  to  the  accomplishments  of  the 
bearers  of  mercy.  The  civilian  praises  them  for  their  valor; 


138  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

the  soldier  honors  them  for  the  gentle  and  invaluable  aid 
which  they  rendered  to  the  sick  and  wounded. 

War  Workers       Miss  Laura  E.  Moore,  at  the  time  she  vol- 
In  White  unteered  her  services,  was  in  charge  of  the 

Service  Department  at  the  East  I52nd 
Street  plant,  Cleveland.  She  enlisted  September  I2th,  1918, 
in  Cleveland,  in  the  American  Red  Cross.  Overseas  she  was 
on  duty  at  Military  Hospital  No.  5  at  Autcuil,  France.  Her 
story  is  told  here  in  her  own  words: 

"I  found  my  entire  service  very  interesting  but,  as  I 
look  back  over  it  all  now,,  it  seems  to  me  that  I  was  needed 
most  and  able  to  render  the  most  service  while  crossing  the 
ocean,  when  they  were  dying  faster  than  we  could  care  for 
them.  Our  second  day  out,  they  commenced  being  taken  down 
with  a  severe  form  of  influenza  and  pneumonia.  We  nurses 
were  pressed  into  immediate  duty,  and  worked  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  hours  a  day  our  whole  trip.  We  buried  one  hundred 
and  sixty-five  at  sea  during  our  voyage,  and  when  we  reached 
Liverpool  many  more  were  taken  to  hospitals  and  left.  When 
I  reached  France,  I  was  fortunate  in  being  placed  in  the 
largest  tent  hospital  in  the  world,  where  I  remained  during 
my  entire  overseas  service.  We  accommodated  twenty-five 
hundred  men  at  one  time,  and  our  experiences  there  were 
wonderful." 

Her  record  speaks  for  itself,  and  nothing  need  be  added 
to  illustrate  her  sincerity  and  devotion  unless  it  be  an  extract 
from  a  letter  which  she  wrote  to  her  friends  at  E.  I52nd  St. 
as  an  appreciation  for  the  kindness  shown  her  before  she  sailed 
for  France.  She  wrote  in  part: 

"I  would  like  to  shake  the  hand  of  each  and  every  one 
of  you  and  thank  you  from  the  bottom  of  my  heart  for  your 
kindness  and  thoughtfulness  at  this  time,  and  even  this  would 
not  express  the  sincere  appreciation  I  have  in  my  heart  for 
this  very  wonderful  help.  So  when  I  am  'over  there,'  rendering 
in  my  small  way  what  help  I  can  to  those  who  have  given  their 
all,  I  shall  think  of  you,  my  friends,  back  here  in  Cleveland, 
who  have  helped  to  make  it  easier  for  me  to  do  what  I  am  able 
to  do." 

Miss  Moore  was  released  from  service  February   I2th, 


ARMY  AND  RED  CROSS  NURSES 


139 


1919,  and  her  return  to  East  i52nd  St.  was  a  happy  event  for 
all  concerned. 

Another  nurse  who  saw  considerable  service  was  Miss 
Beatrice  A.  Fahy,  Service  Secretary  at  the  Minnesota  Mazda 
Lamp  Division.  Miss  Fahy  enlisted  in  the  Army  Nurse  Corps 
in  Minneapolis  on  April 
nth,  1918,  and  was  sent 
to  Fort  Des  Moines, 
Iowa.  She  was  soon  or- 
dered to  France,  where 
she  was  stationed  for  a 
time  with  Base  Hospital 
No.  66  at  Neufchateau, 
and  later  with  Camp 
Hospital  No.  12  at  Val- 
dahon.  In  referring  to 
her  service,  Miss  Fahy 
said: 

"Aside  from  fight- 
ing the  battle  of  spinal 
meningitis  with  the  'Wild 
Cat'  Division  (the  26th 
Division)  in  Camp  Hos- 
pital No.  12  at  Valdahon,  France,  living  on  cold  boiled 
potatoes,  'corn  willie,'  hard  tack,  'gold  fish'  and  baked  beans 
for  three  months,  and  being  attired  in  raincoats,  rubber 
boots  and  rain  hats  throughout  our  stay  in  'Sunny'  France, 
our  work  was  like  the  work  of  any  of  the  nurses  who  left 
God's  country  to  do  our  mite." 

Miss  Fahy  was  discharged  June  ist,  1919,  ranking  as 
head  nurse. 

The  third  army  nurse  was  Miss  Frances  Marie  Ashford, 
who  was  employed  by  the  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
as  Assistant  Service  Secretary  and  Emergency  Nurse.  She 
enlisted  August  i8th,  1917,  and  was  assigned  to  a  detachment 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Unit  No.  21.  She  sailed  for  France 
in  October,  1917,  where  she  joined  the  original  unit.  Miss 
Ashford  narrated  that  "there  were  many  amusing  incidents 
as  well  as  many  sad  and  terrible  experiences.  We  worked  from 
early  morning  until  late  at  night.  One  hospital  consisted  of 
tents  and  boarded-up  huts,  with  no  conveniences,  but  I 


140  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

enjoyed  the  work  and  was  loath  to  return,  even  on  account 
of  illness." 

Miss  Ashford  was  in  service  as  late  as  January  ist,  1920. 

Miss  Emily  E.  M.  Colquhoun,  who  previous  to  enlisting 
in  the  Lakeside  Unit  of  the  Army  Nurse  Corps,  August  i4th, 
1917,  was  a  Service  Secretary  at  the  45th  Street  Properties, 
was  attached  to  the  British  Expeditionary  Forces  at  Rouen, 
France.  Her  time  was  spent  at  Base  Hospital  No.  4  and  Mobile 
Hospital  No.  5.  From  a  letter  which  she  wrote  under  date  of 
January  28th,  1918,  we  get  some  idea  of  the  service  she 
rendered.  She  says,  in  part: 

"It  is  so  strange  to  be  cut  off  from  people;  we  can  hardly 
realize  it  as  we  go  along  being  just  ourselves  and  living  our 
lives  from  day  to  day  and  meeting  all  the  new  sensations 
and  thrills.  It  is  so  strange  to  have  vanished  from  all  you 
people  into  the  gray  cloud  which  veils  France  from  the  rest 
of  the  world. 

"I  wish  you  people  could  share  all  this  life  of  ours  with 
us.  It  is  full  of  the  charm  of  feeling  that  one  really  counts  in 
the  work  the  world  has  to  do.  It  is  full  of  sad  things,  but  it 
is  also  full  of  the  most  delightful  bits  of  humor  and  fun, 
and  in  our  wards  there  is  lots  of  laughter  and  the  boys  have 
many  happy  hours. 

"Last  week  we  had  in  our  ward  a  man  who  had  been 
in  one  of  the  big  opera  companies,  and  next  to  him  was  a  man 
who  had  played  first  violin  in  the  Grenadier  Guards  Band. 
We  hunted  around  until  we  found  a  violin,  and  for  several 
days  we  worked  to  the  most  beautiful  music.  Our  singer 
sang  and  our  violinist  played  and  we  had  bits  of  opera  and 
bits  of  Tommy  songs  and  those  who  were  not  too  sick  joined 
in.  I  wish  you  could  hear  the  ones  left  behind  sing  'Take  Me 
Back  to  Dear  Old  Blighty'  as  the  lucky  ones  who  are  going 
home  are  carried  out  on  stretchers.  Tommy  is  an  awfully 
good  sport,  you  know,  and  laughs  over  his  troubles  more 
often  than  he  weeps  over  them." 

Her  letter  continues  in  that  mood  and  shows  clearly 
the  fascination  which  the  work  held  for  her,  despite  its  dangers 
and  hardships. 

Miss  Colquhoun  was  discharged  in  August,  1919,  returning 
to  45th  Street. 

Miss  Anne  M.  Carlton,  Service  Secretary  of  the  Cleveland 
Wire  Division,  was  closely  associated  with  Miss  Colquhoun 


THE  NATIONAL  AND  ITS  SERVICE  MEN  141 

during  her  career  as  an  army  nurse.  Miss  Carl  ton  entered 
the  Lakeside  Unit  of  the  American  Nurses  Corps  May  5th, 
1917,  in  Cleveland,  and  in  France  was  stationed  at  American 
Base  Hospital  No.  4  and  at  the  British  Expeditionary  Force 
General  Hospital  No.  9.  Miss  Carlton's  most  interesting 
experience  was  "returning  to  the  United  States,"  but  her 
thorough  devotion  to  her  army  work  can  be  readily  understood 
by  anyone  who  reads  the  following  extract  from  a  letter 
written  "Somewhere  in  France"  in  July,  1917. 

"We  are  very  busy  of  course,  but  we  like  it — I  can't 
tell  you  how  much — the  people,  the  country  and  everything. 
We  are  so  happy  to  be  really  in  this  big  game  that  nothing 
else  really  matters.  We  work  very  hard  from  nine  to  twelve 
hours  each  day,  and  then  we  have  to  be  within  call.  We  play 
as  hard  as  we  work.  I  wish  I  could  tell  you  everything,  but 
we  can  write  only  about  the  play  part.  We  hear  nothing 
but  war,  war,  war,  but  I  don't  believe  we  have  a  single  fear 
in  the  world." 

The  spirit  of  fearlessness  mentioned  by  Miss  Carlton 
was  characteristic  of  the  National's  overseas  nurses.  They 
were  all  so  interested  in  their  work,  so  mindful  of  the  suffering 
and  weal  of  their  patients,  that  their  own  safety  was  never 
uppermost  in  their  minds.  They  tackled  an  exacting  and 
important  service;  performed  it  thoroughly  and  cheerfully; 
and  proved — insofar  as  individual  records  could  prove  it — 
that  American  womanhood  can  stand  the  test  of  danger  and 
personal  deprivation  as  magnificently  as  Yankee  manhood. 

THE  NATIONAL  AND  ITS  SERVICE  MEN 

The  foregoing  pages  register  the  service  of  a  majority 
of  those  who  represented  the  National  Lamp  Works  in  the 
World  War.  These  records  in  some  instances  may  seem  exas- 
peratingly  brief  but  this  fact  is  easily  explained.  The  average 
American  soldier  went  into  war  with  a  set  determination  to 
give  his  best  efforts  to  the  struggle  and  with  the  thought  of 
getting  the  affair  over  within  the  shortest  possible  time. 
Military  service  meant  supreme  effort  and,  on  the  part  of 
many,  extreme  hardships  and  suffering.  When  the  war  was 
won,  action  was  followed  by  reaction  and  more  than  one  man 
desired  to  wipe  entirely  from  his  mind  the  miseries  and  un- 
pleasant events  he  had  experienced.  Modesty  prevented 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


others  from  giving  fuller  details  of  their  military  career  and 
in  these  cases,  too,  one  must  read  between  the  lines,  remem- 
bering that  the  service  which  the  lad  rendered  his  country 
is  not  to  be  measured  by  the  few  bare  facts  recorded  in  this 
volume. 

A  considerable  number  of  National  men  were  still  in 
government  employ  at  the  time  our  volume  went  to  press. 
This  accounts  for  the  omission  of  certain  service  records  which 
some  of  our  readers  may  be  particularly  interested  in.  Wherever 
possible,  information  has  been  solicited  from  these  men,  but 
in  some  instances,  as  they  moved  from  camp  to  camp,  it 
became  impossible  to  trace  them  to  their  latest  addresses. 
A  list  of  the  National  employees  in  service  on  January  1st, 
1920,  may  be  taken  from  the  Roll  of  Honor  appearing  on 
page  147.  The  asterisks  denote  those  in  service  at  that  date. 
This  number  comprises  about  twelve  per  cent  of  the  Na- 
tional's contribution  in  manpower  to  the  war.  Of  those  dis- 
charged from  service  about  65  per  cent  returned  to  the 
National.  This  figure  illustrates  remarkably  well  the  bond  of 
harmony  prevailing  between  the  organization  and  its  men. 
The  list  of  National  men  from  whom  no  service  information  was 
received  may  also  be  found  by  referring  to  the  Roll  of  Honor 
at  the  end  of  this  Part.  They  are  denoted  by  the  mark  §. 

NATIONAL'S  ATTITUDE  TOWARD  THE  RETURNED 
SERVICE  MAN 

The  National's  attitude  toward  the  returned  soldier  is 
amply  illustrated  in  Terry  and  Tremaine's  General  Letter 
1138,  of  November  nth,  1918. 

"Our  managers  and  other  employees  have  given  a  hearty 
response  to  all  requests  that  we  have  made  for  their  assistance 
in  war  work.  It  has  enabled  us  to  fulfill  the  responsibility  that 
we  have  felt  for  the  war  work  of  our  organization  as  a  whole. 
In  all  war  endeavors  our  organization  has  made  a  splendid 
showing,  and  we  believe  that  our  employees  have  shown  a 
higher  degree  of  patriotism  than  have  the  employees  of  most 
other  organizations. 

"Probably  none  of  us  has  done  everything  that  was 
possible,  or  that  he  should  have  done,  for  when  our  American 
boys  gave  up  their  homes  and  their  positions  and  went  away 
to  fight  for  us  and  others,  they  made  real  sacrifices,  and  few 


THE  ATTITUDE  OF  THE  RETURNED  SERVICE  MAN  143 

of  us  have  done  more  than  to  submit  to  a  few  unimportant 
self-denials.  Our  boys  did  more  than  to  earn  our  gratitude. 
It  is  a  big  debt  that  we  owe  them.  The  best  way  for  us  to 
pay  this  debt  is  to  assist  them  so  that  they  may  make  their 
lives  the  most  useful,  and  retain  the  greatest  amount  of 
self-respect.  Some  of  them  may  have  temporarily  lost  their 
interest  in  useful  civil  occupations,  or  there  may  be  difficulty 
in  finding  positions  that  correspond  to  their  abilities  and 
make  the  best  use  of  their  talents.  Some  will  have  lost 
limbs,  and  we  must  see  that  they  are  supplied  with  the  very 
best  artificial  substitutes,  and  that  care  is  taken  in  their 
re-education,  until  they  are  fitted  for  useful  occupations.  We 
may  occasionally  find  those  who,  because  of  discouragement 
or  the  acquirement  of  unfortunate  habits,  will  not  readily 
respond  to  our  endeavors.  We  must  remember  that  their 
attitude  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  fulfilling  of  our  obliga- 
tion, which  is  to  restore  to  them  as  nearly  as  possible  what 
they  have  given  up  for  us.  We  must  have  consideration,  tact 
and  persistency  until  we  have  accomplished  our  part. 

"Our  policy  with  respect  to  this  matter  will  be  to  make 
ourselves  responsible  for  the  return  to  useful  life  (not  merely 
supplying  them  with  'jobs'),  of  a  larger  number  of  young  men 
than  the  number  that  left  our  employ  to  engage  in  the  war. 
As  far  as  practical,  we  will  take  those  who  left  our  employ  and 
restore  them  to  positions  at  least  equal  to  those  that  they  held 
when  they  left  us.  We  shall  appoint  some  one  who  will  make 
this  whole  subject  his  sole  responsibility,  until  it  is  fully 
accomplished.  (Note. — Mr.  J.  E.  Kewley  was  so  appointed.} 

"The  work  of  reconstruction  and  adjusting  ourselves 
to  normal  conditions  will  be  an  immense  task,  and  will  grad- 
ually be  taken  in  charge  by  the  different  governments,  but 
this  cannot  be  done  in  a  moment.  So  long  as  there  is  work 
to  do  we  must  continue  our  interest,  and  this  is  particularly 
true  of  the  care  and  attention  of  soldiers.  We  shall  expect 
to  continue  seeking  for  such  opportunities  as  our  organization 
is  fitted  to  undertake,  and  we  shall  count  upon  the  continued 
loyal  support  of  our  managers  and  our  employees." 

THE  ATTITUDE  OF  THE  RETURNED  SERVICE  MAN 

The  ex-service  man  has  embedded  in  his  heart  recollec- 
tions of  the  support  accorded  him  by  those  who  stayed  at 


144  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

home  while  he  did  his  bit  in  uniform.  Those  individuals  and 
concerns  which  backed  him  to  the  limit  are  thought  of  as 
true  partners  in  helping  to  defeat  the  monster  of  militarism. 
Those  whose  support  was  half-hearted,  or  in  other  words  of 
negative  value,  can  scarcely  expect  to  receive  the  hearty 
approval  of  boys  who  willingly  sacrificed  themselves  for 
others. 

ATTITUDE  TOWARD  THE  NATIONAL 

National  men  who  were  in  service — and  these  lines  are 
written  by  one  of  them — appreciate  the  support  accorded 
by  the  National  organization  and  by  those  of  its  employees 
who  were  unable  to  enter  the  military  establishment.  A  few 
of  the  many  ways  in  which  the  National  Lamp  Works  backed 
up  the  boys  are  enumerated  below,  not  because  it  invites 
praise  for  its  efforts  but  because  the  war  veterans  acknowledge 
the  spirit  in  which  these  things  were  done: 

* 

1.  The   National   dedicated   its   efforts   to   winning   the 
war.  Making  lamps  was  secondary. 

2.  The  organization  subscribed  liberally  to  all  Liberty 
Loans,  contributed   abundantly   to  relief  funds   and 
backed    up    the   government    in    all    other    financial 
undertakings. 

3.  It  gave  willingly  of  its  employees'  time  to  make  all 
government  activities  successful. 

4.  Offered    re-employment    to     those    returning    from 
service. 

5.  National    Divisions    and    Departments    remembered 
their  men  in  service  throughout  the  year  by  many 
kind    favors.    For   example,    Minnesota    Mazda   had 
a  committee  appointed  to  take  care  of  its  people  in 
service,    furnishing    them    with    information,    news 
items,  candy,  gum,  cigarettes  and  the  like.  A  mailing 
schedule  was  established,  and  each  week  something 
was  forwarded  to  show  the  absent  members  of  the 
organizations    that    they    were    remembered. 

6.  A  month's  pay  was  given  to  every  employee  upon 
entering  service,  providing  he  had  been  in  the  Com- 
pany's employ  six  months. 


THE  AMERICAN  LEGION  145 


ATTITUDE  TOWARD  THE  GOVERNMENT 

The  new  civilian  is  a  far  better  American  today  than  when 
he  first  donned  military  attire.  Months  of  strenuous  service 
in  which  he  thought  America,  talked  America  and  gave  his 
whole  existence  to  America,  have  inculcated  in  him  firmly 
the  principles  for  which  America  stands,  so  that  today  he 
loves  everything  that  builds  for  true  Americanism  and  hates 
everything  which  opposes  it. 

The  United  States  Government  has  done  much,  and  will 
continue  to  do  much,  for  its  World  War  veterans.  Likewise, 
the  latter  are  doing  a  great  deal  for  Uncle  Sam.  Organizations 
of  men  who  saw  service  in  1917-18  are  lending  thought  and 
diligent  effort  to  the  problems  which  confront  us  today. 
Chief  among  these  service  organizations  may  be  cited  the 
American  Legion,  whose  members  have  been  active  in  quelling 
riots  and  spreading  the  principles  on  which  our  republic 
is  founded.  The  formation  of  East  Cleveland  Post,  No.  163, 
which  was  organized  wholly  through  the  efforts  of  ex-service 
men  at  Nela  Park,  may  be  interesting  to  our  readers. 

THE  AMERICAN  LEGION 

In  war  and  out  of  war,  one  hundred  per  cent  American! 
That  is  the  slogan  to  which  this  body  of  honorably 
discharged  soldiers,  sailors  and  marines  have 
pledged  themselves.  In  war  they  fought  for 
justice,  freedom  and  democracy.  Today  they  are 
upholding  and  perpetuating  the  fruits  of  their 
victory  and  are  receiving  the  encouragement  of  all  America- 
loving  people. 

Early  in  September,  1919,  several  ex-soldiers  at  Nela 
Park  decided  to  organize  an  American  Legion  post  to  which 
the  fellows  at  Nela  and  East  I52nd  Street  could  belong. 
Russell  P.  Askue  (see  page  40)  was  extremely  active  in  in- 
teresting others  in  the  movement.  Colonel  F.  M.  Dorsey, 
Chief  of  the  Development  Division  of  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Service,  was  called  upon  and,  being  already  familiar  with 
the  aims  of  the  Legion,  was  more  than  willing  to  do  his  bit. 
At  Colonel  Dorsey 's  request  Colonel  J.  R.  McQuigg,  com- 
mander of  the  1 1 2th  Engineers,  agreed  to  address  National 
men  at  Nela  Park,  September  I9th,  on  the  American  Legion. 
Notices  of  this  meeting  were  posted  at  Nela  Park,  E. 


146  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

St.,  and  E.  45th  St.  and  a  large  number  of  service  men  were 
in  attendance. 

At  the  close  of  Colonel  McQuigg's  spirited  talk,  given 
in  the  lecture  room  of  the  Engineering  Building,  Chairman 
Dorsey  called  a  meeting  for  September  25th.  At  this  later 
meeting  the  following  temporary  officers  were  elected. 

Ed.  Du  B.  Stryker,  Chairman. 

W.  W.  Loveland,  Secretary. 

The  temporary  officers  presented  the  application  for  a 
post  charter,  which  was  approved  and  granted  September 
joth,  1919,  as  East  Cleveland  Post,  No.  163.  On  the  same 
date  Messrs.  Leroy  Lemon,  M.  H.  Keys  and  H.  W.  Vanderwerf 
were  chosen  to  represent  the  Post  in  the  county  council. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting,  held  October  2oth,  1919,  the 
following  permanent  officers  were  elected  for  the  year  ending 
October  2oth,  1920. 

Leroy  Lemon  (of  the  Ohio  Blower  Co.) — -Post  Com- 
mander. 

Ed.  Du  B.  Stryker — Post  Vice-Commander. 

M.  D.  Cooper — Post  Adjutant. 

J.  W.  Dunbar — Post  Historian. 

F.  W.  Hild— Post  Finance  Officer. 

D.  C.  Hughes — Post  Chaplain. 

The  following  members  were  appointed  as  an  executive 
committee  to  serve  with  the  foregoing  officers: 

Messrs.  L.  E.  Smith,  F.  M.  Dorsey,  J.  F.  Donovan, 
O.  L.  Brunner  and  D.  C.  Herrick. 

East  Cleveland  Post  No.  163  is  not  limited  to  Nela 
employees;  any  honorably  discharged  service  men  and  women 
are  eligible  and  eagerly  welcomed  to  membership.  Regular 
meetings  are  held  in  the  lecture  room  at  Nela  Park.  As  of 
May,  1920,  1 68  men  were  enrolled  in  this  post. 

So  ends  the  story  of  the  five  hundred  and  ninety-seven 
National  men  and  women  who  gave  themselves  to  the  cause 
of  humanity  by  entering  government  service  during  the  dark 
days  of  1917-1918.  A  complete  account  of  their  service  can 
never  be  written,  except  as  these  patriots  have  already  written 
it  in  their  deeds. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  147 

ROLL  OF  HONOR 

Below  are  listed  the  597  men  and  women  who  left  their 
civilian  employment  with  the  National  Lamp  Works  and 
entered  the  forces  of  the  United  States  or  her  allies  during  the 
period  of  the  war.  The  asterisk  (*)  denotes  those  who, 
according  to  our  best  information,  were  in  service  as  late  as 
January  i,  1920.  The  section-mark  (§)  denotes  those  concern- 
ing whose  service  no  detailed  information  could  be  obtained 
by  the  editors  of  this  volume.  The  dagger  (f)  denotes  those 
who  died  in  the.  service.  Those  marked  (N)  were  in  the  Navy; 
all  who  are  not  otherwise  marked  were  in  the  Army. 

NAME  RANK  WHEN        DEPARTMENT     OR    DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE   ENTERING   SERVICE. 

Abrams,  Harold  M OrdinarySeaman(N)  Cleveland  Wire. 

Acker,  William  A § Cleveland  Wire. 

fAllen,  John  S Returned  Lamp  Inspection. 

Allen,  Louis  B Private,  ist  Class..  .Nela  Operating. 

Allsopp,  William Sergeant Equipment  Development. 

Anderson,  Earl  A Lieutenant,  senior 

grade  (N) Engineering. 

*Anderson,  George § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Anderton,  Herbert  L. .  .  .Corporal Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Arrinda,  A §Private Lamp  Equipment. 

*Ashdown,  Gerald  J § Cleveland    Wire. 

Ashford,  Miss  Frances.  .Nurse St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Askue,  Russell  R Private    (Officer 

Candidate) Ivanhoe-Regent  Works. 

*Atchley,  Shird  P (N) .Ohio  Division. 

Austin,  Frank § Niles  Glass. 

Baeckler,  Walter Private Youngstown  Mazda. 

Baker,  Robert  F ist  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Baldauf,  Harry  E Wagoner Euclid  Glass. 

Ballou,-Lance  C 2nd  Lieutenant Bryan-Marsh  (Central  Falls). 

Bard,  Rudolph  T Sergeant Nela  Press. 

Barker,  Altamont  S Corporal Engineering. 

Barry,  Ovide  L Private Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Beake,  Gower  L Private,  ist  Class..  .Niles  Glass. 

Beals,  Gillson  W 2nd  Lieutenant  .  .  .  .Commercial  Development. 

Beauregarde,  Louis §(N) Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp . 

Bechhold,  Myron  J Private,  1st  Class..  .Nela  Operating. 

Beck,  Horace  W.  Jr Private Columbia  Lamp. 

Beckman,  Elmer  H Private,  ist  Class. .  .Chemical  Laboratory. 

Bedaka,  Andrew § Cleveland  Wire. 

Belford,  John §Private Engineering. 

Benoit,  Dona § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Berry,  Clarence  J ist  Lieutenant Engineering. 


148  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

NAME  RANK.  WHEN       DEPARTMENT     OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

Beutel,  Frederick Yeoman  (N) Transportation. 

Billington,  Joseph § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Billitter,  Lewis § Niles  Glass. 

Birster,  Charles  M Lamp  Equipment. 

Boehning,  William  C .  .  .  Private Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Boggis,  H.  P § Engineering. 

Boiles,  Frank  H Private  (Marine 

Corps) Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Boucher,  Edward §(N) Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp . 

Bouvier,  Albert  E Cook Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp . 

Bova,  Thomas § Providence  Base  Works. 

*Branch,  Frank § Lamp  Equipment. 

Brennan,  Edward Mechanic St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Briggs,  Walter  E § Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Broadbent,  William  H .  .  Private Euclid  Glass. 

fBrooks,  Enoch  E §Private Niles  Glass. 

Brooks,  George  H Sergeant Niles  Glass. 

Brown,  Andrew  J 2nd  Lieutenant Federal  Miniature  (New York) 

Brown,  Edward § Cleveland  Wire. 

Brown,  L.  C Engineering. 

Brown,  Norman  A § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Brown,  Roland  S Corporal Providence  Base  Works. 

Brown,  William  D Corporal Ohio  Division. 

*Browning,  Parker §(N) Lamp  Equipment. 

Brundage,  Arthur §(N) St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Buel,  Edward  A 2nd  Lieutenant Commercial  Development. 

Bulla,  Oscar  M Private Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Burdette,  Donald § Engineering. 

Burdick,  Lewis  E Private,  ist  Class. .  .Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Burns,  James  B Private Niles  Glass. 

Burns,  John  J Carpenter's   Mate, 

3rd  Class  (N) ....  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Butler,  Clifford Cleveland  Wire. 

Cadle,  Ivor  H Ordinary     Seaman 

(Merchant  Marine)Nela  Lamp. 

Callahan,  Ernest  L Machinist's  Mate,  Ist 

Class  (N) Providence  Base  Works. 

Cameron,  Stanley  G.  . . .  §Private Lamp  Equipment. 

Cannon,  John  F Private Niles  Glass. 

Cardinale,  Joseph Private,  ist  Class. .  .Providence  Base  Works. 

Carlson,  Albert  B Machinist's  Mate, 

ist  Class  (N) .  .  .  .Providence  Base  Works. 

Carlton,  Miss  Anne  M Cleveland  Wire. 

*Carroll,  James § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

*Carter,  John §(N) Niles  Glass. 

Casey,  Edward  P Apprentice  Seaman. 

(N) Niles  Glass. 

Castrovillari,  Cosmo. . .  .Private,  ist  Class  .  .Providence  Base  Works. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  149 

NAME  RANK.  WHEN        DEPARTMENT     OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED       BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

Caswell,  Sydney  C 1st  Lieutenant Nela  Specialties. 

Catano,  Paul Neja  Press. 

Catatto,  Nick Euclid  Glass. 

Catugno,  Antonio § Providence  Base  Works. 

Chadwick,  Theodore  G Ohio  Division. 

Chapman,  Earl  J § Lamp  Equipment. 

Chapman,  George  J. .  .  .  2nd  Lieutenant ....  Large  Lamp  Sales 

Chasson,  Emil § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Chiconi,  Arthur  H Troop  Mechanic. . .  .Lamp  Equipment. 

fClancy,  George  C Euclid  Glass. 

Clark,  Clarence Bugler,  ist  Class.  .  .Lamp  Equipment. 

*Cleal,  Ray § Niles  Glass. 

*Coates,  Lawrence § Cleveland  Wire. 

*Cobb,  Percy  W Captain  Nela  Research  Laboratory. 

Coburn,  Charles § Niles  Glass. 

Colcord,  Fred Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Colquhoun,  Emily  M 45th  St.  Properties. 

Coman,  Lucien  D.  Jr .  . .  Corporal  (flying  rat- 
ing)   Nela  Research  Laboratory. 

fComisky,  Lewis  M Ivanhoe-Regent  Works. 

Commery,  Eugene  W .  . .  Civilian  Worker  .  .  Engineering. 

Compton,  Ralph  O ist  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Conte,  C § Providence  Base  Works. 

Conway,  T.  C § Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Cook,  Howard  M Ensign  (N) Nela  Specialties. 

*Cook,  William  W § Niles  Glass. 

Cooper,  Marion  D 2nd  Lieutenant Engineering. 

fCoughlin,  Robert  T Corporal Cleveland  Wire. 

Cousineau,  Arthur  A. ...  Private Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Cover,  Leo  G Captain Cleveland  Wire. 

Coy,  Ralph  W § Euclid  Glass. 

Cress,  Phil  J § Realty. 

*Crew,  Bert § Lamp  Equipment. 

Crossland,  Elmer  R Private  (Marine  . .  . 

Corps) Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Cunningham,  Albert Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Cunningham,  Thomas  J.§ Nela  Operating. 

Curth,  Ralph Nela  Research  Laboratory. 

Dana,  Junius Private,  ist  Class. .  .Cleveland  Carbon  Filament. 

Dargie,  Arthur § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Davies,  James  L Chief   Machinist's 

Mate  (N) Equipment  Development. 

Davis,  Robert  W Lieutenant,    junior 

grade  (N) Large  Lamp  Sales. 

Davis,  W.  G § St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Dawson,  Carl  H §Civilian  Worker.  .  .Standardizing. 

*Dearborn,  William § Cleveland  Wire. 


1 50  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

NAME  RANK.  WHEN       DEPARTMENT     OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE   ENTERING   SERVICE. 

*Debasky,  Anthony § Cleveland  Carbon  Lamp. 

Derry,  Ernest  N Private Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Dick,  Paul § Cleveland  Flashlight  Lamp. 

Dieckow,  Walter  W .  .  .  .  Private Lamp  Equipment. 

Diehl,  W § Engineering. 

Dipietro,  Cormine Nela  Operating. 

Doane,  Le  Roy  C ist  Lieutenant I  van  hoe-Regent  Works. 

fDoll,  James  W Loudon  Glass. 

Donovan,  J.  F Captain Equipment  Development. 

Doran,  Edward  L Private,  ist  Class..  .Niles  Glass. 

Dorsey,  Frank  M Colonel   Lamp  Development. 

Doty,  Charles  C Private Buckeye  Electric. 

Doyle,  J.  M Cleveland  Wire. 

Dubinsky,  John  H § Niles  Glass. 

Duff,  J.  Roy §Captain Chief  Accounting. 

Duff,  Nicholas  V Private Returned  Lamp  Inspection. 

Du  Gar,  Fred  W §Ensign  (N) Engineering. 

Dunbar,  Edward  V §  (N)  Engineering. 

Dunbar,  J.  Watson  . .  .  .Cadet  Flyer Engineering. 

Duncan,  Robert  N Private,  ist  Class..  .Miniature  Bulb. 

Dunn,  James  H Private Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Dunnigan,  Raymond  A.  Sergeant Niles  Glass. 

Durst,  Paul  H Private Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Eddy,  John  L Private '. Nela  Operating. 

*  Edwards,  Edward  S. .  .  .  §  (N)  Providence  Base  Works. 

Egeler,  Carl  Edward. .  .  .Lieutenant,      senior 

grade  (N) Engineering. 

Ellis,  Herbert  W Sergeant,  ist  Class .  Engineering. 

Endress,  Clarence  H. .  .  .  §2nd   Lieutenant.  .  .Standardizing. 

Ensign,  Leland  R Corporal Ohio  Division. 

*Evans,  George  A § Providence  Base  Works. 

Evans,  Roy  H Private Miniature  Lamp  Sales. 

Exall,  John § Cleveland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Fahy,  Miss  Beatrice  A.  .Head  Surgical  NurseMinnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Fahy,  Raymond §  (N) Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Falge,  Robert  N Ensign  (Naval 

Aviation) Engineering. 

*Fatica,  John § Miniature  Bulb. 

Fatigo,  Mike § Cleveland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Feder,  Milton  S § Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Fee,  Francis  T Private St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Felske,  Elmer Private Cleveland  Wire. 

Finnigan,  Frank  R Private Niles  Glass. 

Finnigan,  Harry Niles  Glass. 

Firm,  David  O Private Euclid  Glass. 

Firman,  Harry §  (N) St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Fisher,  Fred  T § Euclid  Glass. 

*  Fisher,  Grover  L § Nela  Operating. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  151 

NAME  RANK  WHEN       DEPARTMENT    OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

Foley,  Dennis  D Private,  1st  Class..  .Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Forrest,  Alphonse  W.  . . .  § Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Foster,  Charles Ohio  Division. 

Fotte,  Carmelo Providence  Base  Works. 

Fournier,  Joseph  R Seaman,2ndClass(N)  Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Frear,  Perry  M 1st  Lieutenant Nela  Specialties. 

Frechette,  George § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Freer,  Clyde  P (Marine  Corps)  .  . .  .Ohio  Division. 

Fricke,  Walter  C Yeoman  (N)  Columbia  Lamp. 

Fried,  Monroe  J Corporal Nela  Press. 

Fullerton,  Richard Cleveland  Wire. 

Gage,  John  H 1st  Lieutenant Fostoria  Incandescent  Lamp. 

Gaiser,  Erich § Cleveland  Wire. 

fGardner,  Jesse  S Ohio  Division. 

Garrison,  Ralph  H 2nd  Lieutenant Bryan-Marsh  (Chicago). 

*Gerlach,  Irving  H § Bulb  and  Tubing. 

Getson,  Harry (N) Ohio  Division. 

Gibbs,  Arthur  D Private,  ist  Class..  .Niles  Glass. 

Gilbert,  Herschel  R Standardizing. 

Gilmour,  Fred Niles  Glass. 

*Gionannucci,  Savior.  .  .  .Private Providence  Base  Works. 

Glasser,  Joseph § Engineering. 

Glave,  Herman Cleveland  Wire. 

*Goetz,  Joe § Illinois  Miniature  Lamp. 

Gormly,  George  C Apprentice  Seaman. 

(N) Engineering. 

Gorton,  Daniel § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

*Graves,  G.  S § Lamp  Equipment. 

Gregory,  Fred  S Sergeant Ohio  Division. 

Greisen,  Anthony  S Corporal Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

*Griffin,  James  J §  (N) Niles  Glass. 

Griffin,  Patrick Private Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Griffiths,  Ernest  J §Sergeant Niles  Glass. 

Grooms,  William §Private,  ist  Class.  .Loudon  Glass. 

Grossberg,  Maurice § Cleveland  Wire. 

Guntner,  Frank  G Private,  ist  Class..  .Lamp  Equipment. 

Guntner,  Jay  A Private,  ist  Class.  ..Lamp  Equipment. 

Gustafson,  Evald Private Euclid  Glass. 

Haefeli,  Edwin  J Civilian  Employee.  .Lamp  Development. 

Hagan,  John  H Sergeant Providence  Base  Works. 

Hagensen,  Theodore  A Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Hall,  Walter Captain Bryan-Marsh  (Chicago). 

Hamel,  Louis  A Private Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Hamey,  Joseph  V Private Euclid  Glass. 

fHammell,  Clarence Private Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Hamrich,  Paul  R Lamp  Equipment. 

Handel,  Albert Private Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Handrigan,  Joseph  L.. .  .Private Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 


152  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

NAME  RANK  WHEN       DEPARTMENT     OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

Hankison,  George  E. . .  .Private,  1st  Class..  .Credit. 

Hannemann,  Joseph  J.  .Corporal Bryan-Marsh  (Chicago). 

Hannemann,  William  F. . Sergeant Bryan-Marsh  (Chicago). 

Hardin,  Lorraine  G ist  Lieutenant Engineering. 

""Harris,  Walter  L § Lamp  Equipment. 

Harris,  William § Loudon  Glass. 

tHartman,  Edward  F St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Hartman,  Roger  F Sergeant Puritan  Refilled  Lamp. 

Harwood,  John  W Private Lamp  Equipment. 

Hathaway,  George  E .  .  .  Sergeant Nela  Research  Laboratory. 

Hayman,  George  B Sergeant Cleveland  Miniature  Lamp. 

Henderson,  Wayne  G. .  .Private Chemical  Laboratory. 

Hennecke,  Robert  C. .  .  .Sergeant,  ist  Class.. Federal  Miniature  (Chicago). 

Hennessey,  John  F Private Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Herkner,  Walter  F Ordinary  Seaman  (N)  Cleveland  Carbon  Lamp. 

Herman,  Charles Seaman, istClass(N)Miniature  Bulb. 

Herrick,  DeWitt  C Lieutenant,       junior 

grade  (N) Engineering. 

Herrmann,  Henry § Credit. 

*Hertzog,  Thomas § Lamp  Equipment. 

Hild,  Frederick  W Ensign  (N) Nela  Lamp. 

Hill,  Shelden  G Private Puritan  Refilled  Lamp. 

Hilling,  William  G Cleveland  Wire. 

*Hilton,  J § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Himeon,  Everett  W.  .  .  .Corporal Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Hitch,  Horace  M Statistical. 

fHitchcock,  Datzel  F. .  .  .Marine       Engineer, 

3rd  Class  (N) ....  Engineering. 

Hoerlein,  Benjamin  H..  .Sergeant Buckeye  Electric. 

Holm,  Charles  L 2nd  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Holmes,  Wayne  Moore. .  2nd  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Holt,  Paul  A 2nd  Lieutenant Ohio  Division. 

Horr,  Edward  N Captain Engineering. 

Howatt,  Earl Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Hughes,  Dale  C ist  Lieutenant Lamp  Development. 

Hulbert,  Thome  L §  (N) Lamp  Development. 

Hull,  Edwin  J Captain Cleveland  Wire. 

Hunsicker,  Walter  D .  .  .  Seaman,    2nd    Class 

(N) Colonial  Electric. 

Ibele,  Walter  C (N) Lamp  Development. 

flngram,  Joseph  R Loudon  Glass. 

Janidlo,  Steve Private Lamp  Equipment. 

Jeffries,  Paul  J Private Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Jensen,  Holgard  V § Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Jewell,  Theodore  S Private Nela  Operating. 

*Johnson,  Harry  M Captain Nela  Research  Laboratory. 

Johnson,  Hugo Private,  ist  Class..  .Euclid  Glass. 

Johnson,  Orval  E Musician,  2nd  Class.Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  153 

NAME  RANK  WHEN       DEPARTMENT    OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

Johnson,  Oscar  E Private,  ist  Class..  .Lamp  Equipment. 

Johnson,  Roy §  (N) .Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Johnson,  Wilbur  M 2nd  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Jones,  Benjamin Private  (British 

Army) Ohio  Division. 

Jones,  Charles  H Niles  Glass. 

*Jones,  Granville  W § Illinois  Miniature  Lamp. 

Jones,  Robert Niles  Glass. 

Jones,  William  D Ohio  Division. 

tjudd,  Francis  L Private Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Kavanaugh,  William  J '.  .Private Engineering. 

Kaye,  Elmer  A Corporal Euclid  Glass. 

Kaye,  Roy  P Private,  ist  Class. .  .Euclid  Glass. 

t  Kearney,  Frank  J Sergeant Niles  Glass. 

Keenan,  W.  Carroll. .  .  .Sergeant Nela  Operating. 

Keiser,  Elmer  G Private   Loudon  Glass. 

Keiser,  Guy Private,  ist  Class. .  .Niles  Glass. 

Keister,  Baird § Engineering. 

Keister,  Lowell  M.  Jr. .  .Private Realty. 

Kelley,  James §  (N) Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Kelley,  William  B § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Kelly,  Walter  A Private Euclid  Glass. 

Kent,  Lee  C 2nd  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Kenyon,  Bradford  H.  ...2nd  Lieutenant Providence  Base  Works. 

Kesler,  Charles  C Private,  ist  Class..  .Loudon  Glass. 

Ketch,  James  M 2nd  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Khoury,  Nicholas § Nela  Lamp. 

Kilroy,  Edward  A § Realty. 

King,  Henry § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

King,  Walker  J Lamp  Development. 

Kirwin,  William  J Carpenter's      Mate, 

3rd  Class  (N) ....  Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Knallay,  William § Euclid  Glass. 

Knealy,  Willis  M § Cleveland  Wire. 

*Kois,  Steven § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Komick,  John Private Nela  Operating. 

Koons,  David  F Corporal Euclid  Glass. 

Kopecky,  Frank  E Private Shelby  Lamp. 

Kremm,  Arthur  L Sergeant,  ist  Class. . Euclid  Glass. 

*Kubiski,  John  J §  (N) Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Lacasse,  Arthur  W Fireman,  2nd  C.  (N)  Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Lane,  William Cleveland  Wire. 

Larkman,  Rowland  E. . .  Private Cleveland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Larremore,  Floyd  M. .  .  .Sergeant Euclid  Glass. 

Laufketter,  Fred  C Production  Engineer  Fostoria  Incandescent  Lamp. 

*Lawton,  L § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Lea,  Herbert  S § Trumbull  Mazda  Lamp. 

Leach,  O.  M §  (N) Bryan-Marsh  (Detroit). 


154  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

NAME  RANK.  WHEN       DEPARTMENT     OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED       BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

*Ledeger,  Martin § Nela  Operating. 

Lehmann,  E.  E §Private Standardizing. 

Leigh  ton,  Roy  L Master  Signal 

Electrician Lamp  Equipment. 

Lemaire,  Joseph Bugler Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Lemr,  Charles Private Nela  Lamp. 

*Lenney,  James § Niles  Glass. 

Leonard,  Arthur § Lamp  Equipment. 

Levitt,  William  T Sergeant,  ist  Class.. Ohio  Division. 

Lightner,  Clyde (Marine  Corps) Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

*Lincoln,  R.  D §  (N) Niles  Glass. 

Lindblom,  Sven  O Corporal Providence  Base  Works. 

Lindsay,  James  C Cleveland  Wire. 

Linerode,  Charles  C Auditing. 

fLintz,  Noble  C Detroit  Miniature  Lamp. 

Lippman,  F.  D § Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Loucks,  Roxy § Euclid  Glass. 

Loveless,  Carl § Trumbull  Mazda  Lamp. 

Lucas,  Leo § Niles  Glass. 

*Lunberg,  John §  (N) Loudon  Glass. 

Lynch,  George  H Apprentice    Seaman 

(N) Puritan  Refilled  Lamp. 

Lyons,  John  J Private,  ist  Class..  .Euclid  Glass. 

Lyons,  Lester  W Sergeant Sunbeam  Lamp   (New  York 

City). 
*Madigan,  Thomas § Niles  Glass. 

Madison,  Elisha  P Private Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Maganini,  Arthur §  (N) Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Mahoney,  Charles § Niles  Glass. 

Mahoney,  James § Niles  Glass. 

Mall,  Frank § Euclid  Glass. 

Marcogliese,  Vitaliono .  .  § Providence  Base  Wrorks. 

Marks,  D.  W § Euclid  Glass. 

*Marshall,  Floyd  C § Providence  Base  Works. 

Marshall,  Herman  H.  P..  Private,  ist  Class..  .St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Martin,  Earl  T Corporal Illinois  Miniature  Lamp. 

Martin,  Ward  F Private Nela  Lamp. 

Martine,  J.  Leon § Columbia  Lamp. 

Masonbrink,  Herbert  C. Private Lamp  Equipment. 

*Mastronardi,  John § Providence  Base  Works. 

Mattern,  Walter  R Corporal Nela  Operating. 

Mattis,  Harry Private Equipment  Development 

Mayer,  Frank § Nela  Operating. 

Mayhew,  William § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

McCartney,  Jack § Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

McDermott,  Robert  J..  .§Private Providence  Base  Works 

McElhaney,  Harry  H. . .  § Loudon  Glass. 

*McFarland,  Edward  J .  .  §  (N) Miniature  Bulb. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  155 


NAME  RANK  WHEN       DEPARTMENT     OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

McGrath,  William  C..  .  .Corporal Columbia  Lamp. 

*McKeown,  F § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

*McShane,  M § Lamp  Equipment. 

Merrick,  Joseph  S Private,  1st  Class..  .Loudon  Glass. 

Merrick,  Walter  F Private Loudon  Glass. 

Metz,  J § Lamp  Equipment. 

Metzger,  Francis  C Lamp  Equipment. 

Metzger,  R § Lamp  Equipment. 

Michelson,  S.  Emil Musician,  1st  Class .  Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Miller,  Ormsby  D (N) Illinois  Miniature  Lamp. 

Miller,  Walter  M Oiler  (U.  S.  Shipping 

Board) Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Minncuci,  Sylvester.  .  .  .Private Providence  Base  Work?. 

Mitrovich,  Joseph  M.  .  .Private Ohio  Division. 

Molloy,  Joseph  A Private Nela  Operating. 

Molloy,  Thomas  J Corporal Nela  Lamp. 

Molloy,  Richard (Canadian  Army)  .  .  Cleveland  Wire. 

Monaco,  Giovani  Del.  .  .  (N) Providence  Base  Works. 

Monahan,  Andy Private Niles  Glass. 

Mondi,  S (N) Providence  Base  Works. 

Montagano,  Arthur Providence  Base  Works. 

Moore,  Laura  E Nurse Nela  Operating. 

Moredock,  Albert  R.  .  .  . Chief Storekeeper(N) Columbia  Lamp. 

Morgenstern,  Herbert  J.. Private,  ist  Class.  .  .Standardizing. 
*Morris,  Dewey § Cleveland  Wire. 

Morrison,  Carrol  B Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Morrison,  William  E. .  .  .Lieutenant,  junior 

grade  (N) Cleveland  Miniature  Lamp 

Moss,  Septic § Niles  Glass. 

Motto,  Charles  J § Cleveland  Wire. 

*Muir,  Leland  J § Law. 

Mullarky,  Michael  T.  .  .Sergeant Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Murphy,  Howard  H.  .  .  .Private Euclid  Glass. 

Murphy,  Patrick Private Euclid  Glass. 

Murray,  John  C Private Buckeye  Electric. 

Murtaugh,  James Niles  Glass. 

Myers,  George  W Private Euclid  Glass. 

Mylechraine,  R. Cleveland  Miniature  Lamp. 

Nash,  Ralph  C 2nd  Lieutenant Peerless-Brilliant  Lamp 

Nesbitt,  Alfred §  (N) Niles  Glass. 

Newmeister,  R § Lamp  Equipment. 

Nibeck,  George  M Corporal Euclid  Glass. 

Nick,  Worbert §  (N) .London  Glass. 

Niehus,  Oswald  H Cleveland  Wire. 

Niess,  George Niles  Glass. 

Nixon,  Crawford  G 2nd  Lieutenant Standardizing. 

Norris,  George  E Private Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Norton,  Glenn  E Corporal Ohio  Division. 


156  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

NAME  RANK.  WHEN       DEPARTMENT     OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE 

Nottage,  Charles  T Private,  1st  Class..  .Lamp  Equipment. 

Nungesser,  Ralph  A.  . .  .Lieutenant,     junior 

grade  (N) Commercial  Development. 

O'Dea,  Richard § Lamp  Equipment. 

fO'Donnell,  Michael Nela  Operating. 

O'Grady,  Charles  F Sergeant,  ist  Class.. Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp. 

Olson,  Harold  A Ensign  (N) Engineering. 

Ostiguy,  Wilfred § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Owen,  Fred  B and  Lieutenant Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Paine,  Russell  A Private Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Palermo,  Joseph Private,  ist  Class..  .Lamp  Equipment. 

Pantonlis,  Gret § Trumbull  Mazda  Lamp. 

Papenfuse,  Charles  A ...  § Euclid  Glass. 

fParker,  Leslie  W (N) Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

*Parmelee,  Luther § Nela  Lamp. 

Parshall,  Ray  W Corporal  (Marine 

Corps) Lamp  Development. 

Paterson,  Lorenzo  W.. .  .  Seaman,  2nd  C.  (N)  Cleveland  Wire. 

Pearson,  Joseph § Cleveland  Wire. 

tPeffer,  Harry  E Niles  Glass. 

Pelton,  Lawrence  P Ohio  Division. 

Perry,  Raymond ist  Lieutenant Ivanhoe-Regent  Works. 

*Persiani,  Antonio § Providence  Base  Works. 

*Petas,  Nick § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Peters,  Walter  L 2nd  Lieutenant Illinois  Miniature  Lamp. 

Petosky,  Nick Cook Euclid  Glass. 

*Pettit,  Marvin § Bryan-Marsh  (Chicago). 

Phillips,  Chester § Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Pierce,  Harold  E Private Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Pindell,  William  H.  Jr .  .  Captain Sterling  Electric  Lamp. 

Pion,  Romeo  F § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Porter,  Wilbur  N Seaman,istClass(N)Nela  Operating. 

Potteiger,  Hurley Corporal Loudon  Glass. 

Potter,  Joseph Private Lamp  Equipment. 

Powers,  Alman § Detroit  Miniature  Lamp. 

Price,  Le  Roy  F §Private Engineering. 

Price,  Wayne  F Wagoner Euclid  Glass. 

Prince,  Harold  E Seaman,    2nd   Class 

(N) Cleveland  Wire. 

Prunckunog,  L § 45th  St.  Properties. 

Pupke,  William  H (Marine  Corps)  ....  Fostoria  Incandescent  Lamp. 

Purser,  Raymond  C Ohio  Division. 

Putka,  Joe § 45th  St.  Properties. 

Quinlan,  Herbert  E Chief  Quartermaster 

(Naval  Aviation) .  Nela  Lamp. 
*Quinn,  Raymond §(Marine  Corps) . .  .Niles  Glass. 

Racey,  J.  C Cleveland  Wire. 

*Rayl,  Robert  W § Lamp  Equipment. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  157 

NAME  RANK.  WHEN       DEPARTMENT    OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

*Real,  Frank § Niles  Glass. 

Reed,  William  J Private Illinois  Miniature  Lamp. 

Reider,  Kenneth  G Sergeant Glass  Technology. 

Reisinger,  James  C §  (N) Engineering. 

Rensel,  John  V Private Nela  Lamp. 

Rice,  John § Engineering. 

Rick,  Joseph  J Sergeant Sterling  Electric. 

Riendeau,  Henry § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

*Riser,  Andrew  J § Niles  Glass. 

Ritter,  Forest  L Sergeant Ohio  Division. 

Rodgers,  Duke § Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Roffee,  Arthur  P Boatswain's  Mate, 

2nd  Class.  (N) .  .  .  Providence  Base  Works. 

Ronan,  N.  T § Bryan-Marsh  (Chicago). 

Rosborough,  William  M.ist  Lieutenant Shelby  Lamp. 

Ross,  Gabriel  J § Cleveland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Ross,  William Private Credit. 

Rossington,  Laurence. .  .Private  (Canadian 

Army) Publicity. 

Rossington,  Wallace  M.. Regimental  Sergeant 
Major  (Canadian 
Army) Large  Lamp  Sales 

Roth,  Herman  A §  (N) Realty. 

*Rummell,  Edward § Niles  Glass. 

Russell,  M.  H Ensign  (N) Cleveland  Wire. 

Russell,  John § Niles  Glass. 

Rust,  Louis  J §Ensign  (N) Engineering. 

Ryan,  James  E Private Niles  Glass. 

Ryan,  John  E § Law. 

Sack,  Edwin  L Lamp  Equipment. 

Sambol,  Frank (Serbian  Army)  .  .  .  .Lamp  Equipment. 

Samsel,  Carl § Euclid  Glass. 

Samples,  George  E § Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Sanborn,  Norman  P.  .  .  .Ensign  (N) Engineering. 

Sankey,  T.  Harold Private Nela  Operating. 

Santangelo,  Domenico.  .Private Providence  Base  Works. 

Santoro,  Emilio Private Providence  Base  Works. 

Savage,  Charles  E Private,  1st  Class..  .Engineering. 

Savage,  Francis  J Private Nela  Press. 

Savo,  George Chief  Yeoman  (N)..Law. 

Scalley,  William  F § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

*Schaefer,  William  W. .  .  .Sergeant,  1st  Class.. Bryan-Marsh  (Central  Falls). 
*Scharch,  E.  J § Nela  Lamp. 

Scharringhausen,  Clyde.. Private Columbia  Lamp. 

Schiene,  Anthony § St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Schmoll,  N § Euclid  Glass. 

Schroeder,  William  E.  .  .Private,  ist  Class..  .Nela  Press. 

Schuler,  Fritz Corporal Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 


158  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

NAME  RANK  WHEN       DEPARTMENT    OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

Sealey,  G.  L §  (N) Engineering. 

*Sertell,  Aloysious § Niles  Glass. 

Shimonek,  Edward  R.  .  .2nd  Lieutenant Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Sincere,  Vincenzo Private Providence  Base  Works. 

Skebe,  M § Euclid  Glass. 

Sliger,  George  D Private Auditing. 

Sloan,  R.  M § Engineering. 

Smith,  Albert Private Rhode  Island  Glass. 

*Smith,  Albert § Cleveland  Wire. 

*Smith,  Alonzo § Niles  Glass. 

Smith,  Beryl  S Private Lamp  Equipment. 

Smith,  George  F Private Chemical  Laboratory. 

Smith,  George  H 2nd  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Smith,  Otto §. .  .' Niles  Glass. 

Smith,  Robert  H Private Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Smith,  Roy  W § Trumbull  Mazda  Lamp. 

Smith,  Sidney  C Niles  Glass. 

Smith,  Uhl  M Master      Engineer, 

senior  grade Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Smoots,  Philips  P Private Euclid  Glass. 

Snee,  Bernard § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Snouffer,  John  C Private Euclid  Glass. 

*Soder,  Edward § Niles  Glass. 

Sotzen,  Howard 2nd  Lieutenant Shelby  Lamp. 

Sponsler,  Coursen  W. . .  .  Corporal Bulb  and  Tubing. 

Sproull,  John  R § Euclid  Glass. 

Staggers,  Elery §Corporal Loudon  Glass. 

Stambler,  David Private Puritan  Refilled  Lamp. 

Stark,  Lawrence  W Sergeant St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

Starn,  Wayne  E Private Loudon  Glass. 

Steinhurst,  William  F. .  .  Corporal Loudon  Glass. 

*Stephan,  Steve Musician  (N) Cleveland  Miniature  Lamp. 

Stock,  John  J Sergeant St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp. 

*Strang,  John  J § Bryan-Marsh  (Chicago). 

Streng,  E.  C §2nd  Lieutenant.  .  .  .  Engineering. 

Sturrock,  Walter ist  Lieutenant Engineering. 

Sullivan,  Arthur ist  Lieutenant Shelby  Lamp. 

Sullivan,  Chester  M.  .  .  .Gunnery  Sergeant.  . 

(Marine  Aviation)Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 
fSullivan,  James  E Niles  Glass. 

Svec,  John § Nela  Operating. 

fSwartz,  Ray  L Ohio  Division. 

Sweetland,  A.  A §  (N) Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

*Sweed,  Harry § Niles  Glass. 

Sykes,  Wesley  P §  Seaman,  2nd  Class 

(N) Cleveland  Wire. 

Tait,  Howard  J Regimental  Sergeant 

Major Ivanhoe-Regent  Works. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  159 

NAME  RANK  WHEN        DEPARTMENT     OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED       BEFORE   ENTERING   SERVICE. 

Talbot,  Ira  D Private Equipment  Development. 

Tefft,  Lincoln  J Private Administration. 

Terry,  Kenneth § Nela  Operating. 

Teschke,  Emil Private,  ist  Class..  .Lamp  Equipment. 

Theberge,  Napoleon  ....  § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Thorn,  Victor § Euclid  Glass. 

Thornburg,  Clarence  W. Private Niles  Glass. 

Thornton,  Lloyd  M Ensign  (N) Providence  Base  Works. 

Thurber,  Harry § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Titus,  William  R Private Ohio  Division. 

Townsend,  Hollis  L Master  Signal  Elec- 
trician   Nela  Operating. 

Tragresser,  Joseph  C. . .  .  Private Niles  Glass. 

Trimble,  William  L Private Ohio  Division. 

Trisko,  George  F Private Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Trittipo,  Walter  E Major Ivanhoe-Regent  Works. 

*Trotter,  James §  (N) Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Tucker,  Edward  J Seaman  (N) Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Turner,  John  J 2nd  Lieutenant Statistical. 

Vanderwerf,  Howard  W.  Ensign  (N) Engineering. 

Vanness,  Joseph  L Private Euclid  Glass. 

Van  Sickler,  Donald  ....  §Private Oakland  Mazda  Lamp. 

Varnam,  Joseph  E Cleveland  Wire. 

*Vaughan,  David § Cleveland  Wire. 

Vernon,  Vinton  B Apprentice  Seaman. 

(N)   Engineering. 

Vililo,  Patrick Private Nela  Operating. 

Vise,  Joseph  A Cook Euclid  Glass. 

Voccola,  Ernest § Providence  Base  Works. 

Von  Bank,  Ray  J Private Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp. 

Wagner,  Charles § Euclid  Glass. 

Walker,  Carl  C Private,  1st  Class..  .Engineering. 

*Wallace,  Dallas § Nela  Operating. 

Wallace,  William  A Sergeant Sunbeam  Lamp  (Chicago). 

Walsh,  John  A 2nd  Lieutenant    .  .  .  Equipment  Development. 

Walsh,  John  M Private Niles  Glass. 

Walsh,  William  R Private Euclid  Glass. 

Walters,  Robert  J Sergeant,  ist  Class. .  Euclid  Glass. 

Wanamaker,  Eugene. .  .  .Radio  Operator  (N)  Ohio  Division. 

Warren,  Walter  L Private,  ist  Class..  .  Engineering. 

Weaver,  Alfred  J § Returned  Lamp  Inspection. 

Webb,  H.  Leslie Sapper     (Canadian 

Army) Nela  Lamp. 

Weeks,  Walter  H Mechanical EngineerBryan-Marsh  (Central  Falls). 

Weir,  Thomas  L Corporal Nela  Operating. 

Welton,  Joseph  A Private Glass  Technology. 

Wennerstrom,  Albert  E .  Production  Work. .  .  Administration. 

Wentworth,  Percy § Providence  Base  Works. 


160  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

NAME  RANK  WHEN       DEPARTMENT    OR     DIVISION 

DISCHARGED        BEFORE  ENTERING  SERVICE. 

*Wentz,  Frank § Niles  Glass. 

*Whipple,  Howard § Cleveland  Wire. 

White,  Arthur  J Private Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

fWhiteman,  Harmon  E Niles  Glass. 

Whiting,  Bradford Private,  ist  Class..  .Returned  Lamp  Inspection. 

jWilcox,  W.  A Euclid  Glass. 

*Wilkinson,  Paul § Nela  Operating. 

Williams,  Frank  C Corporal Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp. 

Williams,  John §  (N) Niles  Glass. 

Williams,  Robert  J Private Niles  Glass. 

Wilson,  James  H Private Nela  Lamp. 

Windenberg,  Earle  L.  .  .  §AerialPhotograph'r  Cleveland  Wire. 

Wirth,  Roy  T Lieutenant  (N) Filament  Laboratory. 

Wishon,  Frank  J Private,  ist  Class..  .Nela  Operating. 

Wolfe,  Harry Cleveland  Wire. 

Wolfford,  Luke  P Major Cleveland  Carbon  Lamp. 

Wood,  Douglas  M Major Bryan-Marsh  (Chicago). 

Wood,  Joseph § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

*Woodman,  Courtney Puritan  Refilled  Lamp. 

Woods,  Wallace  W § Rhode  Island  Glass. 

Worley,  L.  P §Private,  ist  Class.  .Loudon  Glass. 

Wright,  Donald  B Sergeant Nela  Lamp. 

Yoakam,  Wilbert Ohio  Division. 

*Youngblood,  J.  C §  (N) Cleveland  Wire. 

Zeisler,  Jake § 45th  St.  Properties. 

Zeller,  Raymond  H.  ...  .Seaman,   2nd    Class 

(N) Ivanhoe-Regent  Works. 

Ziegler,  Gus Niles  Glass. 

Ziegler,  John  H Private Niles  Glass. 


PART  II 


WAR   ENGINEERING, 

DEVELOPMENT  AND 

RESEARCH 


How  THE  MEN  AND  FACILITIES  OF  THE  GENERAL  LABORATORIES 

OF  THE  NATIONAL  LAMP  WORKS  CONTRIBUTED 

TOWARDS  MAKING  AMERICA'S 

FIGHTING  MACHINE 

EFFECTIVE 


WAR  ENGINEERING, 
DEVELOPMENT  AND  RESEARCH 

THE  STORY  IN  BRIEF 

When  the  United  States  declared  war  against  militaristic 
Germany  on  April  17,  1917,  she  immediately  found  herself 
in  a  state  of  such  unpreparedness  as  to  dishearten  even  the 
most  optimistic  of  all  the  millions  of  Americans  who  so  quickly 
rose  in  defense  of  her  ideals.  From  the  military  point  of 
view,  the  conditions  were  appalling.  None  of  the  allied  coun- 
tries had  entered  the  war  so  woefully  unprepared  as  we. 
With  practically  no  standing  army,  with  practically  none 
of  all  the  vast  quantities  of  guns  and  ammunition  so  necessary 
in  modern  warfare,  with  airplanes  so  few  in  number  as  to 
be  the  laughing-stock  of  European  countries,  with  many 
battleships  in  our  naval  fleets  long  superseded  in  tonnage 
and  in  range  of  guns  by  the  battleships  of  foreign  powers, 
and  with  practically  no  submarine  force  at  all,  it  was  not 
surprising  that  Americans  began  to  question  the  ability  of 
this  country  to  acquit  herself  in  a  manner  in  any  way  compa- 
rable with  her  achievements  in  the  past. 

It  was  "up  to  the  United  States,"  and  the  manner  in 
which  she  attacked  the  problems  and  came  through  to  victory 
with  flying  colors  is  now  a  matter  of  history.  The  preparations 
made  between  the  time  that  war  was  declared  and  the  signing 
of  the  armistice,  even  when  viewed  in  the  perspective  which 
the  lapse  of  time  affords,  were  so  stupendous  as  to  defy  com- 
prehension. And  the  great  force,  or  the  great  combination 
of  forces  and  resources  which  made  this  enormous  program 
possible,  was  the  industrial  army  of  the  United  States ,  numbering 
more  than  38,000,000  well-generaled  and  well-organized  men 
and  women. 

The  outstanding  feature  of  the  entire  program  undertaken 
by  this  industrial  army  was  the  quickness  with  which  large 
organizations,  efficiently  handled,  were  able  to  adapt  their 
immense  resources  and  trained  personnel  to  the  war  needs  of 
the  government.  All  companies  perhaps,  large  and  small,  were 
alike  patriotic  and  alike  desirous  of  serving  their  country 
to  the  best  of  their  ability,  but  the  results  produced  by  large 


164  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

companies  which  had  vast  capital  and  thousands  of  skilled 
men  and  women  working  in  unison  for  the  same  general  pur- 
pose, by  organizations  which  were  able  to  go  ahead  with 
investigational  and  research  work  for  the  government  without 
waiting  for  the  usual  appropriations,  and  by  enormous  plants 
which  had  long  been  using  certain  processes  very  similar 
to  the  processes  demanded  by  the  government  in  the  rush 
and  strain  of  the  war — these  results  were  phenomenal  and  far 
outran  the  original  programs. 

One  of  the  large  organizations  which  was  among  the 
earliest  to  offer  its  resources  and  trained  personnel  to  the 
government  for  war  work  was  the  National  Lamp  Works 
of  General  Electric  Company.  All  of  this  organization's  corps 
of  experts,  engineers  and  scientists,  were  offered  to  the  govern- 
ment for  any  kind  of  work  which  the  latter  might  suggest; 
special  equipment  and  special  processes  which  might  possibly 
result  in  any  saving  of  time  or  money  were  donated  as  a  part 
of  the  National's  war  contributions;  and,  more  especially, 
all  of  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  perfected  organization 
and  co-ordination  of  effort  were  immediately  put  at  the 
government's  disposal. 

Although  primarily  a  lamp  manufacturing  concern,  the 
National  Lamp  Works  through  its  General  Laboratories 
in  Cleveland,  undertook  and  brought  to  a  successful  con- 
clusion an  enormous  amount  of  experimental  and  development 
work  on  such  a  variety  of  problems  as  would  seem  impossible 
to  anyone  not  familiar  with  the  adaptability  and  resource- 
fulness of  a  large  staff  of  highly  trained  specialists. 

In  one  of  the  Nela  Park  Laboratories  exhaustive  exper- 
iments on  carbon  were  undertaken,  the  results  of  which  led 
to  the  production  of  the  most  efficient  gas  mask  introduced 
overseas.  Extensive  laboratory  investigations  were  also  made 
on  toxic  gases,  especially  mustard  gas,  and  were  directly 
responsible  for  the  early  commercial  production  of  these 
gases.  When  the  armistice  was  signed,  a  new  gas,  the  most 
deadly  ever  known,  was  ready  to  be  put  on  a  production 
basis,  prior  to  its  shipment  to  the  Western  front. 

The  only  branch  of  the  war  work  which  closely  approx- 
imated that  usually  done  at  the  National  Lamp  Works  was 
the  work  on  vacuum  tubes  and  X-Ray  tubes.  While  not 
previously  familiar  with  many  of  the  intricate  operations 
required  to  produce  these  highly  complicated  tubes,  the 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  165 

personnel  of  both  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division  and  the  X-Ray 
Tube  Division  proceeded  to  apply  their  own  expert  lamp 
manufacturing  experience  and  produced  tubes  by  the  thousands 
of  a  quality,  uniformity,  and  efficiency  that  had  never  before 
been  reached. 

Nela  Research  Laboratory  conducted  extensive  tests 
regarding  the  relative  advantages  of  monocular  and  binocular 
field  glasses.  A  signalling  unit,  employing  a  ribbon  filament 
lamp,  was  also  developed  and  proved  to  be  decidedly  superior 
to  the  older  types  of  signalling  apparatus  adopted  by  the 
U.  S.  Army.  The  results  of  the  work  on  airplane  camouflage 
were  exceptionally  interesting  because  they  represented 
pioneer  work  in  an  absolutely  new  field  of  investigation. 

Numerous  war  activities  and  investigations  of  a  more 
or  less  miscellaneous  nature  were  conducted  by  the  Engi- 
neering Department  of  the  National  Lamp  Works,  chief 
among  them  being  the  work  on  the  lighting  of  aviation  fields 
for  night  flying,  landing  lights  for  airplanes,  protective  lighting 
for  industrial  plants,  and  many  different  types  of  indicator 
lamps.  Probably  the  largest  contribution  of  the  Engineering 
Department  was  in  man-power,  the  Department  being  prac- 
tically stripped  of  men  during  the  entire  war. 

The  Chemical  Laboratory  and  the  Glass  Technology 
Department  also  conducted  valuable  research  work  for  the 
government.  A  detailed  record  of  all  these  war  activities  is 
given  in  the  following  pages. 


166  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


WAR   DEPARTMENT, 

WASHINGTON, 


April  17,   1919. 


Rational  Lamp  Works, 
•;elu  park, 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Gentlemen: 

The  Director  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service  has 
brought  to  my  ettention  both  the  nature  ard  the  extent  of 
the  conspicuous  service  rendered  to  our  country  by  the 
National  Lamp  Works  of  the  General  Electric  Company,  in 
placing  every  resource  of  -their  splendid  organization  at 
the  command  of  the  Development  Division  of  the  Chemical 
Warfare  Service  throughout  the  period  of  the  war. 

Not  content  with  releasing  for  Government  service  one 
of  your  most  energetic  and  resourceful  chemical  engineers, 
Ifr.  F.  M.  Dorsey,  to  become  Chief  of  the  Development  Division, 
C.W.S.,  I  am  advised  that  you  aided  him  in  every  way  within 
your  power,  by  supplying  fully  equipped  laboratories  and  a 
trained  personnel,  advancing  funds  to  carry  out  the  important 
experiments  necessary  in  translating  laboratory  results  into 
successful  large  scale  manufacturing  production,  loaning 
office  space  and  land  for  the  erection  of  buildings,  and  in 
a  host  of  other  ways  speeding  the  work  along  to  the  best  of  your 
ability. 

It  is  difficult  to  overestimate  cooperation  of  this  kind. 
Its  contribution  to  the  defensive  side  of  chemical  warfare  is 
measured  in  soldiers'  lives  saved  at  the  front,  while  its 
notable  achievements  on  the  offensive  side  undoubtedly  played 
a  role  in  determining  the  final  decision  of  the  Central  powers. 
It  was  the  unselfish  patriotism  an?  devoted  loyalty  of  such 
corporations  and  such  men  that  made  possible  America's  part 
in  the  defense  of  Liberty  and  Justice. 

The  Secretary  of  War,  therefore,  takes  this  occasion  to 
convey  to  the  officers  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  and  especially 
to  Messrs.  F.  S.  Terry,  3.  G.  Tremaine,  J.  S.  Randall,  and 
S.  E.  Doane,  his  heartiest  thanks  for  their  patriotic  assistance, 
and  to  express  his  high  appreciation  of  the  value  of  the  services 
so  generously  given. 

Very  respectfully. 


Benedict  Crowell 
Acting    Secretary  of  TJ 


An  appreciation  from  the  Secretary  of  War  of  the  part  played  by 
the  National  Lamp  Works  in  the  achievements  of  the  Development  Divi- 
sion, Chemical  Warfare  Service. 


THE  STORY  OF  THE  CHEMICAL 
WARFARE  SERVICE 

When  the  United  States  entered  the  war  against  Germany, 
in  April,  1917,  there  was,  perhaps,  no  phase  of  the  stupendous 
undertaking  that  demanded  swifter  attention  than  did  the 
problem  of  combating  the  use  of  poison  gases,  which  had  been 
developed  by  the  Germans.  And  in  order  that  the  reader 
may  better  appreciate  the  great  importance  of  the  experimental 
work  fostered  by  the  National  Lamp  Works,  in  bringing  about 
a  satisfactory  solution  of  this  problem,  we  give  the  following 
brief  resume  of  the  introduction  of  poison  gases  in  warfare. 

The  first  authentic  records  we  have  of  the  use  of  suffo- 
cating gases  in  warfare,  indicate  that  about  43}  Before  Christ, 
sulphur  fumes  were  used  in  besieging  many  cities  during  the 
war  between  the  Spartans  and  Athenians.  Centuries  later, 
in  August,  1855,  in  an  attempt  to  reduce  Sebastopol,  the 
British  Admiral  Dundonald  recommended  the  use  of  sulphur 
fumes  and  even  worked  out  the  details  of  the  problems  atten- 
dant with  their  use.  The  English  government,  however,  refused 
to  sanction  the  proposition  on  the  grounds  that  no  honorable 
combatant  would  be  willing  to  inflict  the  horrible  effects  that  the 
sulphur  fumes,  had. 

It  is  quite  evident  that  the  probable  future  use  of  some 
form  of  a  poisonous  gas  was  still  in  the  minds  of  military 
men  when  the  Hague  Peace  Conference  convened  in  1899 
for,  at  this  time,  many  of  the  prominent  European  and 
Asiatic  nations  pledged  themselves  not  to  employ  in  any  form 
whatsoever,  suffocating  or  poisonous  gases  in  warfare.  Among 
the  nations  who  so  pledged  themselves  was  Germany,  who 
ratified  this  resolution  on  September  4,  1900.  The  anti-gas 
declaration  was  again  considered,  and  again  ratified,  at  the 
Second  Hague  Conference,  in  1907.  A  peculiar  circumstance 
attending  both  of  these  conferences  was  the  fact  that  the 
United  States  never  signed  the  resolution. 

On  April  22,  1915,  the  Germans  broke  their  solemn 
agreement  and  delivered  their  first  gas  attack  against  the 
Canadians  at  Ypres.  The  agonizing  effects  of  this  attack  are 
well  known.  The  practical  annihilation  of  the  troops  who 
were  exposed  to  the  deadly  effects  of  the  wicked  green  chlorine 


168  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORXD  WAR. 

gas,  and  the  utter  lack  of  any  accurate  knowledge  of  the  means 
of  combating  it,  will  always  stand  as  historic  evidence  of 
the  treachery  and  ruthlessness  of  militaristic  Germany  in 
the  Great  War. 

Only  those  who  have  seen  men  badly  gassed  can  realize 
the  horror  that  accompanied  this  first  attack.  Thousands  of 
those  in  the  midst  of  the  cloud  were  suffocated.  Those  on  the 
fringe  of  the  cloud  saved  themselves  from  the  pungent  stifling 
fumes  by  burying  their  faces  in  the  earth,  or  by  wrapping 
mufflers  around  their  mouths  and  noses.  All  manner  of  ex- 
pedients were  resorted  to,  from  handkerchiefs  and  socks  filled 
with  earth  moistened  with  urine,  to  anything  else  that  could 
be  thought  of. 

The  women  of  England  and  France  were  appealed  to, 
and  provided  the  soldiers  with  respirators  in  the  form  of  veils 
enclosing  a  handful  of  cotton  wool,  which  was  to  be  dipped  in  a 
solution  of  sodium  thiosulphate  (hypo),  sodium  carbonate 
and  glycerine  immediately  before  using.  Within  three  days 
about  1,000,000  such  respirators  were  made  in  England. 
In  the  case  of  one  British  army,  a  new  respirator  was  devised 
and  the  women  in  the  town  immediately  behind  the  front 
were  requested  to  make  a  supply.  Material  was  rushed  from 
Paris  by  every  car  available  and  within  a  few  days  those 
French  women  had  provided  80,000  of  the  new  respirators 
for  use  in  the  line  of  battle.  The  original  veils  were  reasonably 
effective  against  chlorine,  but  were  difficult  to  operate  in 
the  trenches  owing  to  the  need  of  keeping  the  soaking  fluid 
everywhere  convenient.  An  improvement  became  imperative 
as  soon  as  the  Germans  began  to  use  new  and  more  powerful 
gases. 

Deadly  Effects  Whether  the  German  high  command  had 
of  Gas  on  Huns  underestimated  the  probable  effect  of  this 
Themselves  first  attack  and  had  made  no  plans  for 

the  use  of  the  gas  over  a  more  extensive 
front,  or  whether  they  did  not  realize  the  actual  weakness 
of  the  Canadian  line,  is  not  known.  The  fact  remains,  however, 
that  they  did  not  press  their  advantage  and,  with  reinforce- 
ments rushed  up,  the  immediate  danger  was  over.  Strangely 
enough,  too,  although  the  Germans  were  the  first  to  use 
poison  gas,  they  were  not  prepared  to  defend  themselves 
against  it  when  it  was  hurled  back  at  them.  Their  masks  were 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  169 

extremely  inefficient,  and  in  no  way  comparable  to  the  masks 
developed  within  a  very  short  time  by  the  allies. 

How  many  months,  or  years,  the  Germans  had  been 
planning  for  this  first  gas  attack  is  a  mere  matter  of  conjecture. 
It  was  probably  a  pre-war  idea,  but  why  a  project  of  such 
enormous  possibilities  was  not  developed  to  a  really  practical 
basis  during  the  years  of  planning  and  anticipation  is  unknown. 
The  utter  lack  of  any  preparation  by  the  Germans  for  meeting 
a  similar  emergency  in  the  form  of  a  gas  attack  launched  by  the 
allies  would  suggest  that  the  German  Staff  thought  that 
the  mere  use  of  the  gas  would  be  decisive,  or  else  that  the 
war  would  be  over  before  the  allies  had  time  to  strike  back 
with  the  same  weapon. 

The  necessary  arrangements  for  the  launching  of  a  gas 
attack  were  quite  complex.  The  gas  had,  first  of  all,  to  be 
highly  poisonous;  it  had  to  be  available  in  large  quantities; 
it  had  to  be  in  such  a  form  as  to  be  easily  transportable;  and 
it  had  to  be  of  such  a  density  as  to  keep  close  to  the  ground 
when  liberated. 

Effect  of  With  such  a  gas  on  hand,  the  first  serious  problem 
Prevailing  to  be  considered  was  the  choice  of  country  and,' 
Winds  in  general,  a  flat  country  was  preferred.  Since 

the  gas  would  go  with  the  wind,  care  had  to  be. 
taken  that  the  attack  was  not  launched  in  a  strong  wind 
which  would  either  disperse  the  gas  cloud  or  blow  it  over  the 
enemy  trenches  too  rapidly.  Too  gentle  a  wind  was  dangerous 
because  of  the  suddenness  with  which  this  type  of  wind 
changes  direction,  and  it  would  be  disastrous  for  a  gas  cloud 
to  be  blown  back  to  the  trenches  whence  it  came.  Natural 
conditions  of  the  country  favored  the  allies  in  this  respect, 
since  about  three-quarters  of  the  prevailing  winds  were 
usually  blowing  away  from  them  toward  the  German  lines. 
In  connection  with  this  initial  gas  attack,  it  is  interesting 
to  note  that  whenever  any  such  act  of  extraordinary  vileness 
was  perpetrated  by  the  German  military  staff,  it  was  accom- 
panied by  considerable  exonerating  propaganda  with  the 
evident  purpose  of  preparing  both  the  home  conscience,  as 
well  as  that  of  neutral  countries,  for  the  proposed  innovation. 
Thus  an  official  German  communication  was  issued,  stating 
that  gas  warfare  originated  with  the  English  Admiral  Dun- 
donald,  whom  we  have  previously  mentioned.  Again,  before 


170  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

the  Germans  made  their  first  attack  (April  1915),  charges 
were  made  in  a  similar  official  communication,  that  the 
English  were  using  poison  gas  against  German  soldiers,  claim- 
ing this  had  been  done  as  early  as  March  i,  1915.  The  first 
British  gas  attack  actually  did  take  place  in  September,  1915 
and  not  before. 

Since  Germany  had  chosen  to  employ  poisonous  gases  in 
warfare,  self-preservation  made  it  immediately  necessary 
for  the  allied  nations  to  adopt  similar  tactics.  Accordingly 
England  and  France,  with  feverish  haste  turned  their  attention 
not  only  to  devising  methods  of  protection  for  their  own 
troops,  but  also  to  developing  large-scale  methods  of  manu- 
facturing toxic  gases  to  be  used  against  the  German  army. 
A  German  chemist  originated  most  of  the  new  and  more 
powerful  forms  of  gases,  but  the  Teutons  were  totally  unable 
to  produce  them  on  the  large-scale  basis  of  production  that 
was  rapidly  attained  both  in  the  allied  nations  and  in  America. 

NATIONAL  LAMP  WORKS  ENTERS  THE  FIELD 

Hence,  it  was  with  a  very  definite  purpose  in  mind  that, 
early  in  1917,  various  scientific  and  industrial  societies  in  this 
country  instituted  an  elaborate  census  of  the  facilities  and 
personnel  available  that  might  be  of  assistance  in  this  work. 
One  of  the  many  companies  to  answer  the  questionnaires  sent 
out  was  the  National  Lamp  Works,  and-one  of  the  many  men 
to  reply  was  Mr.  Frank  M.  Dorsey,  Chemical  Engineer  of 
the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory  at  Nela  Park. 

The  problems  of  gas  warfare  had  been  detailed  by  the 
army  and  navy  of  this  country  to  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  and 
Dr.  W.  K.  Lewis  was  appointed  Assistant  in  Charge  of  Defense 
Problems,  War  Gas  Investigations.  Accordingly,  after  an  in- 
vestigation of  Mr.  Dorsey 's  questionnaire,  Dr.  Lewis  appeared 
in  Cleveland  on  April  28,  1917  to  enlist  the  aid  of  the  National 
Lamp  Works  and  the  National  Carbon  Company  in  developing 
an  absorbent  material  for  use  in  gas  masks  capable  of  protecting 
the  American  soldier. 

The  first  order  for  gas  masks  was  issued  on  May  16,  1917, 
when  delivery  on  1,100,000  masks  was  requested  before  June 
30,  1918.  At  the 'same  time,  an  immediate  request  came  for 
25,000  masks  for  General  Pershing's  First  Division,  who  were 
to  sail  for  overseas  within  three  weeks'  time.  To  produce  such 


Mr.  J.  E.  Randall 

Consulting  Engineer  of  the  Lamp 

Development  Laboratory 

National  Lamp  Works 


Major-General  W.  D.  Sibert 

Director 

of  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Service 


Colonel  Frank  M.  Dorsey 

Chief  of  Development  Division 

Chemical  Warfare  Service 


Upper  Photos — Different  types  of  gas  masks  at  various  stages  of  development. 

Lower  Photo — -Picture  of  gas  in  use  in  France.     The  photo  clearly  shows  the  density 
of  the  gas  cloud  and  its  tendency  to  cling  to  the  depression  in  the  ground. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  171 

an  order  within  this  time  meant  to  compress  England's  two 
years'  experience  into  twenty-one  days.  Consequently,  on 
May  21,  1917  the  making  of  these  first  25,000  masks  was  started 
with  frantic  haste.  The  processes  of  manufacture  and  the 
number  of  parts  involved  called  upon  the  immediate  service 
of  various  industrial  plants.  The  spirit  of  co-operation,  and  a 
desire  to  serve  the  Government,  were  evident  among  all  the 
manufacturers  from  the  start,  and  all  available  facilities  were 
put  into  operation. 

The  situation  was  indeed  a  critical  one.  The  American 
soldier  was  soon  to  appear  on  the  battlefields  of  France.  These 
battlefields  were  being  swept  by  German  gas  in  ever-increasing 
quantities,  and  as  yet  no  satisfactory  canister  material  for 
gas  masks  had  been  developed  by  any  of  the  allies.  Circum- 
stances demanded  immediate  action.  Fortunately,  the  Govern- 
ment omitted  the  too-frequent  step  of  "appointing  a  committee 
to  investigate"  and,  as  a  result,  Dr.  Lewis  had  come  to  the 
National  Lamp  Works  the  day  after  he  received  his  appoint- 
ment from  the  Bureau  of  Mines. 

WHAT  A  GAS  MASK.  Is 

The  fundamental  principle  underlying  the  common  type 
of  gas  mask  is  probably  well  known  to  all.  The  air  to  be 
breathed  by  the  soldier  is  drawn  through  a  small  tin  box  or 
"canister";  thence,  by  a  hose  connection,  into  the  face-piece, — 
an  air-tight  rubber  compartment  that  fits  tightly  around  the 
face  of  the  wearer  and  is  provided  with  suitable  glass  eye- 
pieces. The  exhaled  air  passes  out  of  the  face-piece  through 
an  ingeniously  constructed  rubber  valve.  The  tin  box  had  to 
be  filled  with  some  material  that  would  remove  the  poison-gas 
from  the  air  as  the  air  passed  through  the  box  on  its  way  to  the 
lungs  of  the  soldier.  Obviously,  a  perfect  mask  is  one  which  will 
completely  remove  every  trace  of  the  poisonous  fumes  from 
the  air,  while  it  is  passing  through  the  tin  box  and  before  it 
can  reach  the  eyes,  nose  or  throat  of  the  wearer.  The  part  of 
the  "mask"  which  filters  out  the  poison  is  really  not  the  mask 
proper,  or  face-piece,  at  all,  but  it  is  the  stuff  contained  in  the 
little  tin  box. 

The  story  of  the  charcoal  which  was  used  in  the  tin  box 
or  canister  of  the  American  gas  mask  is  one  of  the  most  in- 
teresting phases  of  the  entire  undertaking.  Various  canister 


172  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

materials  had  been  tried  by  the  different  allies,  with  results 
which  were  far  from  satisfactory.  However,  different  forms  of 
charcoal,  as  used  by  the  Russians,  had  given  the  greatest 
degree  of  protection.  Scientists  had  long  been  vaguely  aware 
of  the  general  properties  of  charcoal  as  a  good  absorbent  for 
gases,  and,  consequently,  the  decision  was  made  in  this  coun- 
try to  develop  a  form  of  charcoal  that  would  be  a  sufficiently 
active  absorbent  to  serve  as  a  canister  filler.  The  National 
Carbon  Company  knew  as  much  about  charcoal  as  any  other 
concern  in  the  United  States  and,  together  with  the  National 
Lamp  Works,  were  best  prepared  to  undertake  the  develop- 
ment of  a  satisfactory  absorbent.  Mr.  Dorsey  had  had  con- 
siderable experience  in  wood  distillation  and  was  chosen  by 
the  Bureau  of  Mines  as  one  of  the  men  to  help  tackle  the 
problem. 

The  two  Cleveland  companies  first  began  independent 
investigations,  but  later  pooled  their  energies,  maintaining 
a  close  spirit  of  co-operation  throughout  the  entire  work.  By 
midnight  of  April  28,  an  entire  research  laboratory  at  the  plant 
of  the  National  Carbon  Company,  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
H.  D.  Batchelor  and  Dr.  N.  K.  Chancy,  were  busy  carbon- 
izing woods. 


The  National  Lamp  Works  went  at  it  with  equal  energy. 
Mr.  J.  E.  Randall,  Consulting  Engineer  of  the  Lamp  Develop- 
ment Laboratory,  patriotically  agreed  to  release  Mr.  Dorsey 
for  this  work,  and  an  entire  laboratory  together  with  the 
services  of  four  of  the  Lamp  Development  men — Messrs. 
Hughes,  Ibele,  King  and  Gathers — was  turned  over  to  Mr. 
Dorsey  for  this  investigation.  In  addition,  the  company  agreed 
to  meet  all  expenses  involved,  stating  that  such  would  be  a 
part  of  their  contribution  toward  the  winning  of  the  war.  A 
special  appropriation  was  made  by  authority  of  Messrs. 
Terry  and  Tremaine,  Managers  of  the  National  Lamp  Works, 
for  this  work.  It  should  be  noted  that  this  arrangement,  with 
respect  to  the  Gas  Defense  Investigation  at  Nela  Park,  con- 
tinued up  until  February  1919,  when  the  work  was  ordered 
discontinued. 

Mr.  Dorsey  and  his  assistants  started  work  immediately. 
It  is  safe  to  say  that  the  hours  observed  by  these  men  would 
have  been  the  cause  of  grave  concern  for  any  union.  The  results 


The  three  photographs  at  the  top  show  the  cocoanut  (with  and 
without  the  husk),  from  which  much  of  the  charcoal  for  gas  masks 
was  made. 

The  lower  picture  is  the  Tissot  Gas  Mask  with  the  charcoal  used 
and  the  canister.  The  Tissot  mask  was  the  latest  type  developed 
and  was  considered  by  many  to  be  the  best  type. 


Airplane  View  of  Carbon  Plant  of  Defense  Section,  Development 
Division,  at  Astoria,  Long  Island 


The   Defense   Station   of  the   Gas   Defense   Detachment,  Nela  Park 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  173 

of  the  work  at  Nela  Park,  however,  together  with  the  results 
secured  at  other  plants  where  similar  investigations  were  being 
carried  on,  soon  served  to  materially  alleviate  the  situation. 
By  the  middle  of  August,  1917,  Mr.  Dorsey  was  assisting  in 
the  installation  at  Astoria,  Long  Island,  of  a  large-scale  pro- 
duction equipment  for  the  manufacture  of  a  form  of  charcoal 
which  would  be  most  satisfactory  as  a  canister  filler.  Assist- 
ance was  also  rendered  in  the  initial  operation  of  this  plant, 
the  first  drum  of  activated  charcoal  being  shipped  September 
24,  1917. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Nela  organization  was 
not  the  only  organization  engaged  upon  the  charcoal  develop- 
ment problem.  The  policy  the  Bureau  of  Mines  had  originally 
adopted  was  to  start  investigations  independently  at  a  number 
of  places.  The  most  successful  process  evolved,  either  through 
the  individual  or  combined  efforts  of  the  different  organizations 
working  on  the  problem,  was  to  be  adopted  by  the  Govern- 
ment. The  first  procedure  installed  at  Astoria  represented  the 
combined  efforts  of  both  the  National  Lamp  Works  and  the 
National  Carbon  Company.  In  fact,  the  entire  development  of 
activated  charcoal  as  a  canister  filler  was  largely  due  to  the 
work  of  these  two  organizations.  This  was  a  rare  example  of 
two  rival  organizations  working  harmoniously  together  on 
the  same  problem,  the  work  being  so  arranged  as  to  avoid  all 
unnecessary  duplication. 

OBTAINING  THE  BEST  GRADE  OF  CHARCOAL 

To  most  of  our  readers,  no  doubt,  "charcoal  is  charcoal," 
just  as  "pigs  is  pigs,"  but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  there  are  as 
many  different  kinds  of  charcoal  as  there  are  woods  from 
which  the  charcoal  is  derived.  And  there  are  also  many  varied 
methods  of  preparing  charcoal  from  any  particular  wood.  All 
of  these  factors  affect  the  absorptive  qualities  of  the  charcoal 
for  gases.  Any  charcoal  will  absorb  a  definite  percentage  of  its 
weight  of  gas.  Hence,  the  densest  charcoals  will  be  most  effi- 
cient, weight  for  weight,  in  a  given  space.  The  dense  material 
immediately  surrounding  the  meat  of  the  cocoanut,  commonly 
called  the  cocoanut  hull,  was  found  to  be  the  most  compact  form 
in  which  carbon  exists  in  nature  in  commercial  quantities,  and 
was  capable  of  giving  the  best,  or  most  porous  form  of  charcoal. 

The  most  efficient  procedure  for  carbonizing  cocoanut 
hulls  was  next  evolved,  but  while  it  was  found  that  the  char- 


174  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

coal  so  produced  was  a  very  effective  absorbent  for  chlorine, 
it  was  not  sufficiently  absorbent  for  chlorpicrin  or  phosgene 
to  be  used  as  a  canister  filler.  During  the  process  of  carboniza- 
tion, numerous  impurities  had  condensed  in  the  pores  of  the 
material  and  had  prevented  maximum  contact  between  the 
carbon  and  the  gas,  retarding  the  rate  of  gas  absorption.  Con- 
sequently, it  became  necessary  to  devise  some  method  of 
removing  these  impurities  or,  as  the  process  is  generally  known, 
of  "activating"  the  charcoal. 

The  first  procedure  installed  at  Astoria  involved  the  pro- 
duction of  charcoal  from  cocoanut  hulls,  and  the  removal  of 
the  impurities  by  a  process  of  burning.  The  later  "activation" 
process  consisted  in  giving  the  charcoal  a  second  highly  special- 
ized heat  treatment  which  gave  it  a  greatly  increased  absorp- 
tive power. 

FORMATION  OF  DEFENSE  SECTION,  DEVELOPMENT  DIVISION, 
CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE 

At  this  point,  however,  the  investigation  did  not  cease 
but,  on  the  contrary,  expanded  rapidly.  Major -Bradley  Dewey, 
then  officer  in  charge  of  Gas  Defense  Service,  asked  that  work 
in  connection  with  this  and  related  problems  be  continued 
both  at  the  National  Lamp  Works  and  the  National  Carbon 
Company.  He  agreed  to  furnish  Mr.  Dorsey  with  the  required 
number  of  chemists  and  engineers  for  carrying  on  the  new  devel- 
opment work  and  on  November  nth,  1917,  30  soldiers  were 
sent  to  Nela  Park  to  assist  the  overworked  organization  there. 

The  soldiers,  of  course,  received  their  pay  checks  from  the 
Government,  but  the  National  Lamp  Works  continued  to 
provide  laboratory  space,  equipment  and  supplies  for  carrying 
on  the  work.  Everything  was  done  to  make  the  work  of  the 
men  as  pleasant  as  was  consistent  with  the  strenuous  duties 
in  which  they  were  engaged.  Frequently,  in  the  year  1918,  be- 
between  150  and  250  soldiers  were  quartered  at  Nela  Park. 
Through  the  efforts  of  the  Service  Department  of  the  National 
Lamp  Works  all  the  recreation  facilities  that  could  be  given 
them  were  thrown  open,  and  they  made  good  use  of  the  tennis 
courts,  the  baseball  field,  bowling  alleys,  etc.  In  baseball  they 
had  their  own  team  in  the  Service  Department's  Twilight 
League,  incidentally  winning  the  championship. 

The  Operating  Department  furnished  laborers,  carpenters 
and  plumbers  to  the  detachment  so  as  not  to  delay  the  work 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  175 

which  was  being  carried  pn.  They  also  gave  the  detachment 
first  call  on  all  automobiles  and  trucks  for  transporting  material 
until  the  necessary  equipment  was  obtained.  The  manager  of 
the  Operating  Department,  Mr.  P.  C.  Lynch,  aided  the  men 
at  different  times  to  find  suitable  rooms  when  the  detach- 
ment was  not  able  to  take  care  of  them. 

Mrs.  Lynch  placed  as  high  as  125  boys  every  Sunday 
during  the  influenza  epidemic,  sometimes  for  both  lunch  and 
dinner.  This  saved  the  boys  a  trip  down  town,  as  the  restau- 
rants around  Nela  Park  were  seldom  open  on  Sundays. 

The  detachment  grew  as  the  work  expanded.  In  August, 
1918,  with  the  authorization  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service 
and  the  formation  of  the  Development  Division  of  this  service 
with  Colonel  Dorsey  as  Chief,  the  Nela  Park  Defense  Detach- 
ment became  the  Defense  Section  of  the  Development  Divi- 
sion, where,  at  the  time  of  the  armistice,  250  officers  and  men 
were  engaged  on  gas  defense  problems.  From  April  28,  1917, 
when  the  problem  was  first  under  consideration,  until  the  sign- 
ing of  the  armistice,  Cleveland  was  the  center  for  the  develop- 
ment work  on  "activated"  charcoal,  the  material  which  helped 
to  make  the  American  gas  mask  the  best  on  foreign  battlefields. 

Mustard  Gas  The  old  axiom  that  "history  repeats  itself" 
Comes  to  the  was  strikingly  demonstrated  at  Ypres  on  July 
Front  20,  1917,  when  the  Germans  introduced 

"mustard  gas"  (so-called  on  account  of  its 
odor,  and  not  because  ordinary  mustard  has  anything  to  do 
with  its  manufacture)  in  an  attack  covering  practically  the 
same  point  in  their  salient  as  did  the  original  gas  attack  two 
years  before.  Shortly  afterwards,  similar  bombardments  with 
this  material  were  made  at  Nieuport  and  Armentieres.  During 
a  period  of  ten  days,  the  Germans  used  about  one  million  gas 
shells,  corresponding  to  approximately  2,500  tons  of  this  power- 
ful toxic  compound.  The  use  of  "mustard"  thereafter  became 
general  and  it  was  immediately  realized  that  for  certain  pur- 
poses of  fighting  this  chemical  was  the  most  effective  product 
so  far  employed;  in  fact,  it  was  considered  such  an  effective 
weapon  that  it  was  immediately  termed  "The  King  of  War 
Gases."  The  tactical  advantage  of  this  poison  gas  lies,  not  in 
its  immediate  killing  power,  but  in  its  persistence  and  the 
great  sensitiveness  of  the  eyes,  lungs  and  skin  of  men  exposed 


176  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

to  small  concentrations  of  this  material   in   the   atmosphere. 

A  large  number  of  Government  experts  at  once  concen- 
trated their  energies  on  developing  large-scale  methods  of 
manufacture,  and  the  production  of  mustard  gas  in  huge 
quantities  became  one  of  the  principal  objectives  of  those  in 
charge  of  gas  warfare  problems.  Nobody  in  any  of  the  allied 
countries  or  in  America  had  ever  produced  the  gas  in 
commercial  quantities  and,  upon  examination,  the  clumsy, 
expensive  methods  used  by  the  Germans  proved  to  be  totally 
inadequate  for  extensive  production.  No  definite  manufacturing 
procedure  had  been  submitted  to  the  U.  S.  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment, and  Colonel  Walker,  Commanding  Officer  of  the  Gun- 
powder Reservation,  at  Edgewood,  Maryland,  later  known  as 
Edgewood  Arsenal,  where  it  was  proposed  to  manufacture 
"mustard,"  suggested  through  Dr.  Lewis  that  development 
work  be  started  immediately  by  Mr.  Dorsey  in  Cleveland. 

The  National  Lamp  Works  had  permitted  Mr.  Dorsey 
to  give  his  entire  time  to  war  work,  and  he  readily  agreed  to 
take  over  the  new  problem.  The  National  agreed  to  meet  all 
expenses  involved  in  the  new  development,  reimbursement  to 
be  made  at  the  convenience  of  the  War  Department.  By  this 
arrangement,  it  was  possible  to  avoid  the  initial  delay  for  se- 
curing the  proper  appropriations  from  the  Government. 

Preliminary  information  was  received  from  the  American 
University  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  on  the  basis  of  which  a  small 
experimental  plant  was  established  March  12,  1918  in  Cleve- 
land, at  East  13  ist  Street  and  Taft  Avenue,  for  the  purpose  of 
further  developing  this  process  for  large-scale  manufacture. 
This  station  was  originally  established  as  a  branch  of  the  Edge- 
wood  Arsenal,  and  Mr.  Dorsey  was  appointed  technical 
director.  This  arrangement  continued  until  August,  1918, 
when,  with  the  authorization  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Ser- 
vice, the  East  ijist  Street  station  became  the  Offense  Section 
of  the  Development  Division,  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  with 
Colonel  Dorsey  as  Chief.  The  function  of  this  Division,  as 
authorized,  was  to  take  processes  for  the  manufacture  of  war- 
gas  material  as  worked  out  on  a  laboratory  scale  by  the  Re- 
search Division  (located  at  the  American  University)  and  de- 
velop these  processes  to  a  large-scale  production  basis. 

No  time  was  lost  in  putting  the  Cleveland  plant  in  shape 
for  experimental  work  and  from  April  2nd,  1918,  when  the 
first  run  was  made  on  the  new  installation,  until  the  signing 


L    L   L    I,   L    L 


"1       '  1-1  ;":  1 


Plant  used. by  the  Offense  Section,  Development  Division,  at  E.  ijist 
Street  and  Taft  Ave.,  Cleveland 


Another  View  of  the  Offense  Station,  indicating  the  Size  of  the  Plant 


Airplane  View  of  Mustard  Gas  Plant  at  Edgewood  Arsenal,  Maryland 


Maj.  L.  J.  Willien  Mr.  Henry  L.  Doherty          Lt.-Col.  W.  G.  Wilcox 

(ofH.  L.  Doherty  &  Co.) 

Capt.  Dale  C.  Hughes  Capt.  J.  R.  Duff  Capt.  Duncan  MacRae 

Capt.  C.  S.  Venable  Capt.  VV.  H.  MacAdams         Capt.  O.  L.  Barnebey 

Miss  T.  A.  Dromont  Mr.  P.  B.  Test 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  177 

of  the  armistice,  this  plant  was  the  development  center  for 
"mustard."  Within  a  short  time,  the  original  personnel  of  35 
men  was  increased  to  175  officers  and  enlisted  men.  No  barracks 
or  mess  halls  were  provided,  the  men  being  permitted  to  make 
their  own  arrangements  in  this  respect.  The  majority  found 
rooms  in  the  immediate  vicinity  and  patronized  the  numerous 
restaurants  within  easy  walking  distance  of  the  plant. 

COLONEL  DORSEY  ORGANIZES  "MUSTARD" 
DEVELOPMENT  WORK 

The  men  .did  their  work  well.  Most  of  them  actually 
seemed  to  enjoy  it.  On  the  day  that  each  man  reported,  he  was 
informed  of  the  nature  of  the  problem  before  him  and  of  its 
tremendous  importance.  Consequently,  they  performed 
willingly  all  of  the  hazardous  and  tedious  duties  required  of 
them.  The  men  had  but  one  ambition — they  were  determined 
to  "put  mustard  across." 

In  general,  while  no  attempt  was  made  at  this  plant  to 
produce  mustard  in  quantities  beyond  that  required  for  ex- 
perimental purposes,  the  results  obtained  were  immediately 
submitted  to  the  Edgewood  Arsenal,  the  Hastings-on-Hudson 
plant,  the  National  Aniline  and  Chemical  Company  plant  at 
Buffalo,  and  the  Dow  Chemical  Company  at  Midland, 
Michigan,  where  mustard  was  to  be  made.  In  May,  Mr. 
Dorsey  was  placed  in  charge  of  all  the  large-scale  manufactur- 
ing development  work  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines.  To 
avoid  duplication,  all  experimental  work  on  mustard  save  that 
conducted  at  the  Midland  and  Cleveland  stations,  was  dis- 
continued. It  was  originally  intended  to  expand  the  experi- 
mental work  at  Midland  to  actual  production,  but  in  Septem- 
ber, 1918,  the  work  at  Midland  was  ordered  discontinued. 

On  May  ist,  Mr.  Dorsey  was  placed  in  charge  .of  the 
Manufacturing  Development  Division  of  American  University. 
He  held  this  position  until  August  22,  1918,  at  which  time  he 
was  commissioned  as  Colonel  in  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service. 
While  in  charge  of  this  work,  Mr.  Dorsey  worked  not  only 
on  "mustard"  gas,  but  also  on  "tear"  gas,  "sneeze"  gas, 
and  several  others  of  an  extremely  toxic  nature.  In  addition 
to  the  work  in  Washington,  he  had  charge  of  the  development 
work  at  Midland,  at  Hastings-on-Hudson,  the  East  ijist 
Street  Laboratory,  and  the  Nela  Park  Laboratory.  Mr. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


Dorsey  also  acted  as  technical  advisor  for  the  defense  work 
at  Astoria,  Long  Island. 

In  connection  with  the  production  of  mustard  gas  itself,  it 
will  probably  be  of  interest  to  include  here  a  few  words  with 
regard  to  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  compound  under 
consideration.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  "mustard  gas"  is  not  a 
gas  at  all.  When  pure,  it  is  a  colorless  liquid,  having  a  slightly 
oily  appearance.  Contact  with  the  liquid  itself  gives  a  very 
serious  burn  unless  the  substance  is  removed  by  hot  water 
and  soap  within  one  minute's  time.  To  breathe  for  two  minutes 
air  saturated  with  mustard  gas  at  ordinary  room  temperature 
would  most  certainly  be  fatal.  Bare  skin  exposed  to  such  an 
atmosphere  for  two  minutes  would  be  badly  blistered  twelve 
hours  after  the  exposure.  The  mustard  fumes  readily  penetrate 
ordinary  clothing.  An  insidious  feature  of  this  particular 
gas  was  the  fact  that  its  action  is  practically  always  delayed. 
Several  hours  might  elapse  after  a  man  was  gassed,  even 
fatally,  before  he  became  aware  of  it,  and  then  it  was  too  late 
to  administer  the  treatment  that  might  save  his  life.  Hence, 
the  utmost  precaution  had  to  be  observed  in  handling  the 
material,  expecially  in  large  quantities. 

For  the  mustard  production  experiments,  a  part  of  the 
plant  was  partitioned  off  and  a  ventilating  system  so  arranged 
as  to  create  a  strong  draft  around  the  exposed  parts  of  the 
apparatus,  the  air  in  the  whole  room  being  changed  once  a 
minute.  The  "crew"  were  all  equipped  with  gas  masks,  oil- 
cloth suits  and  rubber  gloves.  The  accompanying  photographs 
show  some  of  the  protective  measures  taken  by  the  men 
handling  the  mustard. 

Mustard  Gas  By  June  i,  1918,  a  complete  plant  equip- 

Produced  in  Large  ment  together  with  a  satisfactory  oper- 
Amounts  ating  procedure  had  been  worked  out; 

a  large  part  of  the  apparatus  necessary 
for  large-scale  production  had  been  designed,  assembled,  and 
shipped  to  the  Edgewood  Arsenal,  Maryland;  and  a  number 
of  men  loaned  from  the  East  ijist  Street  station  were  assisting 
in  the  actual  operation  of  the  mustard  plant  at  Edgewood. 
A  number  of  important  developments  and  modifications 
were  subsequently  made  in  parts  of  the  original  procedure 
recommended  for  use  at  Edgewood.  In  August  1918,  for  in- 
stance, a  much  superior  process,  suggested  by  the  British, 


Upper  Photo — The  Mustard  Suit  (at  the  left)  shows  the  care  taken 
to  protect  the  wearer  from  the  effects  of  contact  with  the  gas. 

Upper  Photo  (right) — Burying  Mustard  to  avoid  accident  to  the 
men  working  with  it. 

Center — Picture  of  the  Booster  Casing  of  a  Gas  Shell,  stripped, 
to  show  the  different  parts. 

Lower  Photo — The  Booster  Casing  assembled. 


Headquarters  Building  of  the  Development  Division,  Nela  Park 


Private  residence,  leased  by  National  Lamp  Works,  used  by  Purchase,  Contract,  and 
Transportation  Sections,  Development  Division. 


Officers    attached    to    Headquarters,    Development    Division. 
Top    Row — left   to   right — Lts.   Hart,    Dobe,    Buckley,   Hoffman,    Westbrook,  Fulks, 

Penfield,  Staley. 
Bottom  row— left  to  right — Capts.  Duff,  McAdams,  Col.  Dorsey,  Capts.  MacRae,  Cover. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  179 

was  developed  at  the  Cleveland  station  and  later  put  into 
operation  at  the  Edgewood  plant.  The  whole  mustard  manu- 
facturing process  was  thus  gradually  developed  to  such  an 
extent  that  at  the  end  of  October  the  American  plants  were 
turning  out  more  of  this  material  than  all  the  plants  of  Eng- 
land, France  and  Germany  combined. 

It  is  a  simple  statement  of  fact — not  a  boast — to  state 
that,  had  the  proposed  allied  drive  for  the  spring  of  1919 
been  found  necessary,  the  quantity  of  mustard  that  would 
have  been  showered  upon  the  German  armies  would  have 
made  Ypres,  July  20,  1917,  a  painful  memory  to  the  German 
nation  for  years  to  come. 

From  June  ist  on,  the  East  13  ist  Street  station  was 
engaged  in  problems  related  to  mustard  gas  manufacture, 
particularly  those  related  to  the  purification  of  the  product, 
and  to  the  production  of  mustard  by  the  new  British  scheme 
mentioned  above.  Development  work  on  two  other  poison 
gases  was  begun,  but  this  work  was  discontinued  by  order 
of  the  War  Department  before  final  development  stages  were 
reached.  When  the  end  of  the  war  put  a  stop  to  all  activities 
at  this  post,  the  entire  plant  was  being  turned  over  to  the 
development  of  a  third  gas. 

With  the  formation  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service, 
as  already  stated,  the  Eas't  I3ist  Street  station  became  the 
Offense  Section  of  the  Development  Division.  By  August  ist, 
the  financial  side  of  this  new  branch  of  the  service  had  become 
sufficiently  well  established  to  make  it  possible  for  the  National 
Lamp  Works  to  withdraw  from  the  arrangements  by  which 
the  Company  had  been  advancing  the  money  necessary  to 
meet  the  expenditures  at  the  East  13  ist  Street  station. 

On  February  27,  1918,  Dr.  A.  W.  Smith,  of  the  Bureau 
of  Mines,  established  a  station  at  the  plant  of  the  Dow  Chem- 
ical Company  at  Midland,  Michigan,  for  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing raw  materials  for  both  mustard  and  chlorine  gas.  The 
Dow  Chemical  Company  is  one  of  the  largest  plants  in  the 
United  States  manufacturing  chemicals  only.  The  brine 
wells  at  Midland  run  unusually  high  in  the  percentage  content 
of  certain  chemicals  used  in  the  manufacture  of  poison  gases 
and,  after  an  investigation  conducted  by  Dr.  Smith,  plans 
were  laid  for  the  sinking  of  seventeen  brine  wells.  Work  on 
this  project  was  not  begun  until  March,  1918,  but  the  project 
was  practically  completed  when  the  armistice  was  signed. 


180  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

The  experimental  work  at  Midland  was  mainly  concerned 
with  the  design  and  construction  of  large-scale  apparatus 
for  the  production  of  mustard  gas,  using  procedures  evolved 
on  a  laboratory  scale  at  other  stations.  Comparatively  little 
laboratory  work  itself  was  done  at  Midland. 

In  August,  1918,  with  the  formation  of  the  Chemical 
Warfare  Service,  the  Midland  station  became  the  Midland 
Section  of  the  Development  Division,  with  Colonel  Dorsey 
of  the  National  Lamp  Works  as  Chief.  The  actual  supervision 
of  the  work,  however,  was  maintained  by  Dr.  Smith.  By 
August  20,  an  entire  plant  for  the  production  of  mustard 
had  been  developed  and  operated  successfully  with  a  plant 
capacity  of  five  tons  per  day.  The  original  plans  were  that, 
should  the  development  work  at  Midland  prove  successful, 
the  plant  of  the  Dow  Chemical  Company  should  assume 
actual  production  on  a  scale  of  forty  tons  per  day.  This  same 
month,  however,  the  War  Department  ordered  the  work 
discontinued. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  work  performed  at  the  Defense 
and  Offense  Sections,  in  the  support  of  which  work  the  National 
Lamp  Works  had  taken  such  an  active  part,  was  largely 
concerned  with  the  development  of  the  most  important  gas 
warfare  materials  produced  by  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service — 
namely,  activated  charcoal  by  the  Defense  Section,  and 
mustard  gas  by  the  Offense  Section.  According  to  the  original 
plan,  the  work  performed  at  Cleveland  was  development 
work,  that  is,  the  processes  evolved  elsewhere  on  a  laboratory 
scale  were  developed  in  Cleveland  to  a  large-scale  production 
basis.  The  finished  apparatus  and  designs  were  then  turned  over 
to  other  stations  where  the  actual  production  was  accomplished. 

THE  MILITARY  SITUATION  DEMANDED  A  MORE 
POWERFUL  GAS 

In  July,  1918,  the  military  situation  was  by  no  means 
all  that  could  be  desired.  As  a  result  of  a  series  of  tremendous 
drives,  the  German  army  had  almost  accomplished  their 
two-fold  object  of  capturing  Paris  and,  at  the  same  time,  of 
driving  a  wedge  between  the  French  and  British  armies.  These 
drives  had  been  characterized  by  a  greatly  increased  use  of 
poison  gas  by  the  Germans,  especially  mustard  gas.  Though 
all  of  the  allies  used  the  same  forms  of  gases  as  the  Germans, 
in  every  case  the  use  of  a  new  poison  gas  by  the  Germans 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  181 

preceded  its  use  by  the  allies.  Consequently,  the  latter  were 
always  at  a  great  disadvantage  in  this  respect,  and  were 
always  somewhat  behind  in  these  "up-to-date"  methods  of 
wholesale  man-killing. 

There  was  no  lack  of  realization  in  our  own  War  Depart- 
ment that  the  German  supremacy  in  the  use  of  poison  gas 
formed  a  very  serious  obstacle  to  the  complete  success  of 
the  plans  outlined  by  the  allied  general  staff.  Strenuous 
efforts  were  being  made,  both  at  Edgewood  Arsenal  and 
elsewhere,  to  make  up  our  deficiencies  in  this  respect  by 
producing  those  gases,  which  so  far  had  proved  to  be  most 
effective  against  the  Germans,  on  such  a  scale  as  would  assure 
to  our  armies  an  adequate  and  constant  supply  of  poison 
gases  of  the  highest  possible  quality.  At  the  same  time  it 
was  hoped  that  the  American  chemist  would  hasten  the  end 
of  the  war  and  contribute  largely  to  our  share  in  the  final 
victory  by  producing,  in  sufficient  quantities,  a  new  poison 
gas  which  would  be  more  effective  than  anything  previously  used. 

The  Research  Division  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service 
at  American  University,  Washington,  D.  C.,  had  been  working 
for  several  months  on  the  laboratory  development  of  such  a 
gas,  and  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  a  new  material  had  been 
found,  an  intensely  poisonous  liquid  somewhat  similar  to 
mustard  gas  in  its  effect  on  the  human  system  but  enormously 
more  effective.  It  was  felt  that  the  introduction  of  this  material 
into  gas  warfare,  if  made  at  a  critical  moment  and  as  a  complete 
surprise  to  the  Germans,  might  easily  prove  decisive. 

There  remained,  however,  the  problem  of  working  out 
the  details  of  large-scale  manufacture  of  the  new  gas  which 
will  be  known  herein  as  the  6-34,  and  the  task  of  producing 
it  in  quantity  sufficient  for  use  on  the  Western  Front  in  the 
spring  of  1919.  This  was  the  problem  assigned  to  Colonel 
Dorsey  as  Chief  of  the  Development  Division  on  July  12, 
1918.  It  was  further  ordered  that  this  Division  was  to  be  on 
a  production  basis  by  December  i,  1918. 

Work  on  the  Most  Colonel  Dorsey  attacked  these  problems 
Poisonous  War-Gas  with  characteristic  vigor  and  lack  of 
Ever  Known  ceremony.  On  July  I2th,  he  had  been 

notified  of  the  new  task  assigned  to  him. 
By  the  26th  of  the  same  month  a  suitable  location  for  the 
Experimental  Plant  had  been  found  at  Willoughby,  Ohio, 


i8a  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

and  was  occupied  by  a  guard  of  twenty-five  men  from  the 
Offense  Laboratory  in  Cleveland,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Wilcox  in 
charge,  whose  splendid  work  as  an  executive  was  responsible 
for  the  progress  of  the  organization.  An  idea  of  the  accom- 
plishments of  the  men  who  formed  the  group  stationed  at 
this  plant  may  be  obtained  only  when  one  considers  the  many 
difficulties  which  were  successfully  overcome  and  the  many 
expedients  resorted  to  in  order  to  secure  material  with  the 
least  possible  delay.  A  direct  appeal  to  the  mayor  of  the 
town  resulted  in  getting  all  of  the  contract  work  completed 
in  the  plant  in  the  shortest  possible  time.  The  utter  lack  of 
transportation  service  was  finally  remedied  after  every  possible 
type  of  conveyance  had  been  impressed  into  the  work. 

By  August  1 2th,  the  laboratory  equipment  had  been 
installed  and  the  research  work  was  started  under  the  direction 
of  Major  James  B.  Conant.  The  progress  made  in  this  labo- 
ratory research  work,  under  the  inspiration  of  Major  Conant's 
energetic  supervision,  was  truly  wonderful,  and  as  a  result 
of  the  work  revolutionary  changes  were  made  in  some  of  the 
processes  as  originally  planned  for  the  manufacture  of  the  6-34. 

By  November  i,  1918,  practically  every  detail  of  the 
plant  organization  had  been  provided  for.  All  of  the  plant 
lay-outs  had  been  completed;  all  the  equipment  had  been 
ordered,  and  much  of  it  delivered;  and  in  general  the  work  of 
converting  plans  and  research  results  into  the  actualities 
of  large-scale  production  was  nearing  completion.  By  the 
time  the  armistice  was  signed,  practically  all  of  the  large-scale 
units  for  the  various  steps  of  the  manufacturing  procedure 
were  completed,  sufficient  raw  material  was  on  hand  to  make 
a  good  beginning  of  quantity  production,  and  plans  for  the  large 
plant  were  complete,  awaiting  the  approval  of  the  Secretary 
of  War. 

THE  SPECIAL  INVESTIGATIONS  SECTION 

As  the  general  work  of  the  entire  Development  Division 
progressed,  need  was  felt  for  a  separate  organization  having 
for  its  purpose  the  solution  of  various  problems  which  con- 
stantly came  to  attention  and  yet  which  could  not  be  directly 
attached  to  any  already  existing  section.  The  work  which 
already  had  been  assigned  was  amply  sufficient  for  each 
section,  and  there  was  an  acute  need  for  a  new  section  which 
would  be  able  to  devote  its  entire  attention  to  the  miscella- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  183 

neous  problems  demanding  immediate  investigation.  As  a 
result,  the  Special  Investigations  Section  was  formed  on  August 
10,  1918,  with  Captain  Duncan  MacRae  in  charge,  and  began 
work  at  once  on  the  problem  of  obtaining  a  satisfactory 
"booster  casing"  for  the  75-millimeter  gas  shell. 

The  "booster  casing"  derived  its  name  from  the  fact 
that  it  is  the  container  that  holds  both  the  boosting  explosive 
charge  and  the  "spark"  which  is  used  to  ignite  the  explosive 
in  the  shell.  Any  explosive  confined  within  the  walls  of  a 
shell  requires  a  certain  amount  of  air  and  a  certain  spark  to 
"set  it  off"  properly.  The  spark  obtained  from  the  fuse  used 
in  the  gas  shell  is  very  small  and  must  be  greatly  increased 
or  "stepped  up"  in  order  to  cause  the  explosion  of  the  main 
charge. 

The  booster  casing  itself  was  a  hollow  steel  or  alloy 
tube,  about  one  inch  in  diameter  and  four  inches  long,  fitted 
with  external  threads  on  one  end  so  that  it  could  be  screwed 
into  the  nose  of  the  gas  shell.  A  powerful  explosive,  usually 
"TNT,"  in  such  a  form  that  it  could  be  handled  easily  without 
danger  of  unintentional  explosion,  was  packed  in  the  bottom 
of  the  tube.  Then  a  small  tube  or  cup  of  fulminate  of  mercury 
was  set  in  and  attached  to  the  tube  fuse  controlling  the  firing 
action.  The  small  spark  from  the  fuse  explodes  the  fulminate 
of  mercury  which,  in  turn,  sets  off  the  main  charge  of  TNT, 
rupturing  the  shell  itself  and  allowing  the  poison  gas  to  be 
released. 

Various  methods  of  manufacture  of  the  booster  casing 
were  investigated,  and  a  number  of  different  materials  tried. 
The  conclusion  drawn  from  these  investigations  was  that  the 
best  solution  of  the  problem  lay  in  the  manufacture  of  the 
casings  from  one  piece  of  steel.  An  experimental  production 
unit  was  established  at  the  plant  of  the  U.  S.  Automatic 
Company  at  Amherst,  Ohio,  capable  of  producing  2000 
booster  casings  per  24-hour  day. 

On  August  17,  1918,  the  problem  of  duplicating  the 
French  process  of  lining  gas  shells  with  glass  was  assigned 
to  the  Special  Investigations  Section.  The  object  of  the  glass 
lining  in  the  shell  was  to  prevent  the  corrosion  of  the  steel 
casing  of  the  shell  which  would  occur  if  the  gas  were  in  direct 
contact  with  the  steel.  The  glass-lined  shell  was  absolutely 
necessary  for  the  use  of  Brom-Benzyl  Cyanide,  the  most 
effective  tear-gas  known.  As  early  as  June  1918,  Dr.  A.  W. 


184  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Smith  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines  had  asked  Mr.  W.  M.  Clark, 
manager  of  the  Glass  Technology  Department  of  the  National 
Lamp  Works,  for  advice  and  assistance  on  this  problem.  On 
August  6,  1918,  Dr.  Whitney,  who  as  a  member  of  the  Naval 
Consulting  Board  was  familiar  with  government  needs, 
telegraphed  Mr.  Clark  to  meet  him  at  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment in  Washington.  At  this  conference,  Mr.  Clark  was  shown 
a  cablegram  from  General  Pershing,  dated  June  i6th,  covering 
the  matter  of  glass-lined  shells  as  used  by  the  French  artillery. 
Immediately  following  Mr.  Clark's  return  to  Cleveland,  a 
series  of  experiments  was  begun  in  Mr.  Clark's  department 
at  the  National  Lamp  Works,  paralleling  the  work  undertaken 
by  the  Special  Investigations  Section. 

Some  experimental  work  on  the  problem  had  been  carried 
out  at  the  Corning  Glass  Works,  Corning,  New  York,  under 
the  direction  of  this  Section,  and  it  had  been  concluded  that  a 
glass-lined  shell,  on  account  of  its  fragility,  was  inferior  to 
an  enameled  or  lead-coated  shell.  The  experiments  were 
conducted  for  the  purpose  of  improving  details  of  manufacture 
so  as  to  produce  a  glass  lining  more  capable  of  withstanding 
the  shock  and  jar  of  long  transportation  and  storage.  More 
than  700  shells  were  lined,  and  a  lining  developed  that  would 
withstand  a  drop  of  fifteen  inches  on  a  concrete  floor.  Out  of 
1 25  of  these  shells  which  were  shipped  from  Corning  to  Cleve- 
land, a  distance  of  311  miles,  only  two  linings  cracked.  The 
seal  between  the  booster  casing  and  the  glass  lining  was  so 
arranged  that  cracking  the  glass  would  not  result  in  any 
leakage  of  the  gas. 

Thanks  partly  to  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Clark  and  the  other 
National  Lamp  Works  men  who  were  engaged  on  this  problem, 
production  at  the  rate  of  500  per  day  could  have  been  attained 
on. a  week's  notice  at  the  time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice. 

The  complete  organization  of  the  Development  Division 
is  given  in  the  chart  on  page  187. 


CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE— PROBLEMS 
AND  METHODS 

It  is  quite  obvious  from  the  foregoing  discussion  of  the 
work  fostered  and  carried  on  by  the  National  Lamp  Works 
in  co-operation  with  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  that  the 
entire  personnel  in  charge  of  the  organization  consisted  of 
highly  trained  and  highly  specialized  engineers  and  scientists.  As 
such,  it  is  obvious  that  the  greater  amount  of  their  work  was 
of  a  character  unintelligible  to  the  layman.  Consequently, 
for  the  sake  of  these  chemists  and  those  who  worked  with  them, 
many  of  whom  will  read  these  pages,  it  has  been  considered 
best  to  include  a  separate  account  of  the  actual  problems 
investigated;  the  methods  used  to  solve  those  problems; 
the  names  of  the  men  engaged  in  the  work;  and  the  final 
successful  accomplishment  of  the  problems  turned  over  to 
the  National  Lamp  Works  for  investigation. 

HEADQUARTERS,  DEVELOPMENT  DIVISION 

In  May,  1917,  when  the  charcoal  development  work  began  at  Nela 
Park,  there  was  not  even  a  definite  headquarters  office.  Room  104  in  the 
Lamp  Development  Laboratory  had  been  taken  over  for  the  experimental 
work,  and  Mr.  Dorsey  shifted  his  desk  around  in  this  room  so  as  to  interfere 
as  little  as  possible  with  the  work  at  hand.  In  November,  1917,  Room  248 
in  the  same  building  was  given  to  Mr.  Dorsey  for  an  office.  Here  Mr.  Dorsey, 
with  his  secretary,  Miss  T.  A.  Dromont,  kept  all  the  files  and  records,  and 
transacted  all  the  business  details  connected  with  the  investigation. 

Any  reference  to  the  large  amount  of  clerical  work  which  went  through 
the  Development  Division  Headquarters  would  be  incomplete  without 
particular  mention  being  made  of  the  capability  and  efficiency  with  which 
this  work  was  handled  by  Miss  Dromont.  Originally  connected  with  the 
National  Lamp  Works,  Miss  Dromont  was  transferred  to  the  Chemical 
Warfare  Service  in  June,  1918,  continuing  her  work  in  this  Service  until  May 
1st,  1919.  She  had  complete  charge  of  all  secretarial  work  for  Mr.  Dorsey, 
including  the  handling  of  correspondence,  bookkeeping,  filing  and  technical 
reports.  She  also  satisfactorily  took  care  of  all  stenographic  work  for  the 
entire  Headquarters  personnel  from  November  n,  1917,  to  August  20,  1918, 
at  which  time  the  organization  had  grown  to  such  proportions  as  to  make  it 
impossible  for  one  person  to  handle. 

At  this  time  the  activities  of  the  different  experimental  stations  had 
increased  to  such  an  extent  that  the  technical  reports  coming  into  Head- 
quarters for  approval  threatened  to  swamp  Captain  McAdams,  who  was 
acting  as  executive  assistant  to  Mr.  Dorsey.  Accordingly,  on  July  1 5,  Lieut. 
L.  R.  Westbrook  was  transferred  from  the  East  ijist  Street  Station  to  aid 
in  the  revising  of  all  outgoing  technical  reports.  A  little  later  a  Confidential 


i86  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Information  Section  was  established  for  this  purpose,  with  Lieut.  West- 
brook  in  charge. 

On  August  ist,  the  Development  Division  was  established  and  Mr. 
Dorsey  was  appointed  Chief,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  On  August  loth, 
Capt.  J.  R.  Duff  was  appointed  Adjutant  for  the  newly  formed  division  and 
immediately  assumed  the  duty  of  organizing  a  General  Office.  Captain 
Wright  and  Lieutenants  McCurdy  and  Fulks  were  transferred  from  the  East 
ijist  Street  Station,  and  Lieutenant  Dobe  from  the  Defense  Station.  A 
number  of  stenographers  were  secured.  For  temporary  quarters  for  this 
office,  a  room  in  the  Sales  Building,  Nela  Park,  previously  used  as  a  gym- 
nasium, was  secured.  Colonel  Dorsey,  Captain  McAdams  and  Lieutenant 
Westbrook,  however,  retained  their  offices  in  the  Lamp  Laboratories  Build- 
ing. At  this  time  also,  a  Special  Investigations  Section  was  formed,  with 
Capt.  MacRae  in  charge.  A  third  adjoining  room  to  the  Lamp  Development 
Laboratory  Offices  was  secured  for  use  by  the  Confidential  Information  and 
Special  Investigations  Sections. 

On  October  4th  a  substantial  frame  structure,  shown  in  the  accompany- 
ing photograph,  was  erected  on  the  ground  of  the  National  Lamp  Works 
and,  with  Captain  Duff  in  charge,  was  used  as  offices  by  the  Finance  Divi- 
sion. Colonel  Dorsey,  together  with  the  General  Office,  the  Confidential 
Information  Section,  and  the  Special  Investigations  Section,  moved  into 
this  building.  The  Engineering  Section,  under  Lieut.  Penfield,  was  also 
transferred  from  the  East  13151  Street  Station  to  the  Headquarters  building. 
This  building  was  more  or  less  crowded,  and  many  changes  and  transfers 
were  made.  November  ist,  a  house  located  near  the  Defense  Section  build- 
ing was  leased  by  the  National  Lamp  Works  for  use  by  the  Purchase,  Con- 
tract and  Transportation  Sections,  under  Lieutenants  Hoffman  and  Staley. 

The  accompanying  chart  gives  the  organization  for  Headquarters 
on  November  n,  1918.  The  duties  of  all  the  different  sections  are  clearly 
defined  by  this  chart,  with  the  probable  exception  of  the  duties  of  the  Special 
Investigations,  Engineering,  and  Confidential  Information  Sections.  The 
work  of  the  Special  Investigations  Section  will  be  discussed  in  detail  in 
later  pages.  It  is  well  at  this  point  to  describe  somewhat  in  detail  the  func- 
tions of  the  Engineering  and  Confidential  Information  Sections. 

ENGINEERING  SECTION 

The  function  of  this  section  had  to  do  with  the  design  and  construction 
of  all  buildings,  apparatus  and  equipment  to  be  erected  at  the  different 
stations  of  the  Development  Division,  with  the  exception  of  the  Midland 
station.  The  work  at  Midland  was  taken  care  of  by  the  Engineers  of  the 
Dow  Chemical  Company.  Lieut.  Richard  Penfield  was  in  charge  of  the 
Engineering  Section,  with  Capt.  Edward  Hering  as  his  assistant.  About 
twenty  draftsmen  were  employed  in  this  section,  the  names  of  these  men 
being  included  in  the  Headquarters  and  Personnel  lists.  (A  branch  of  this 
section  was  established  at  Willoughby  to  take  care  of  work  at  that  station.) 

The  duties  of  this  section  not  only  involved  the  design  of  buildings 
and  equipment,  but  also  the  supervision  of  the  actual  construction  according 
to  these  designs.  Too  much  cannot  be  said  with  regard  to  the  success  of  the 
Engineering  Section  in  solving  the  many  problems  that  confronted  it. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


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i88  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

These  problems  ranged  from  the  design  of  small  pieces  of  special  plant 
apparatus  to  a  complete  plant  lay-out  such  as  that  at  Willoughby. 

CONFIDENTIAL  INFORMATION  SECTION 

This  section  consisted  of  three  men,  Lieut.  L.  R.  Westbrook  (in  charge) 
and  Sgts.  Beckett  and  Hartley.  The  work  of  this  section  had  to  do  with  the 
making  of  chemical  engineering  calculations,  the  censoring  of  outgoing 
reports,  the  procurement  and  distribution  of  technical  information,  and  the 
maintenance  of  the  technical  files  in  the  Headquarters  library. 

Due  to  the  urgent  need  for  speed  in  chemical  warfare  work,  there  was 
a  natural  tendency  for  those  in  charge  of  different  technical  investigations 
to  report  the  results  of  these  investigations  in  a  hurried  and  consequently 
inaccurate  manner.  Largely  through  the  agency  of  the  Confidential  Infor- 
mation Section,  it  was  possible  for  the  work  of  the  Development  Divi- 
sion to  be  reported  clearly  and  accurately  to  other  Divisions  in  the  Service. 

The  Headquarters  officers  are  shown  in  the  accompanying  photograph. 

DEFENSE  SECTION,  DEVELOPMENT  DIVISION 

Preliminary  In  the  first  phases  of  the  charcoal  development  work  at  Nela, 
Period  the  investigation  was  carried  on  by  the  following  men  loaned 

from  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory,  the  work  being 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  Mr.  Dorsey:  D.  C.  Hughes,  Walter  Ibele, 
W.  J.  King  and.  Arthur  Gather.  For  this  work,  Room  104  in  Building  314 
of  the  National  Lamp  Works  was  fitted  up  as  a  laboratory.  The  story  of 
the  work  accomplished  during  this  preliminary  period  of  investigation, 
though  highly  important  as  to  results  obtained,  can  be  told  very  briefly. 

In  beginning  the  development  of  an  absorbent  charcoal,  the  first 
obvious  step  was  the  determination  of  the  most  suitable  form  of  raw  material. 
A  preliminary  survey  of  the  available  literature  on  the  subject  showed  that 
whereas  the  ability  of  various  charcoals  to  absorb  gases  had  been  utilized, 
namely,  willow  charcoal  in  medicinal  work  and  cocoanut  charcoal  in  the 
production  of  high  vacuums,  still  no  data  was  at  hand  to  show  the  exact 
relationship  between  the  relative  absorptive  values  of  charcoals  obtained  by 
carbonizing  different  woods.  In  addition,  though  it  was  known  that  the 
carbonization  schedule  affected  the  absorptive  value,  or  activity  of  the  re- 
sulting charcoal,  the  information  available  indicated  only  that  carboniza- 
tion at  temperatures  above  650°  C.  gave  a  less  active  charcoal  than  car- 
bonization at  lower  temperatures.  The  first  work  at  Nela  Park,  therefore, 
was  concerned  with  the  distillation  of  all  the  more  common  woods  by  a 
definite  schedule,  the  temperature  being  625°  C.  This  work,  beginning 
about  May  15,  1917,  was  performed  by  Mr.  Dale  C.  Hughes  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Dorsey.  Some  300  distillations  were  made,  and  the  ab- 
sorptive power  of  the  resulting  products  tested  against  chlorine  gas. 
The  direct  result  was  the  adoption  of  cocoanut  hulls  as  the  standard  raw 
material  for  the  production  of  absorbent  charcoal. 

Probably  no  individual  engaged  in  any  of  the  work  on  carbon  put  more 
self-sacrifice  and  devotion  into  his  work  than  did  Mr.  Hughes.  Originally 
connected  with  the  Lamp  Development  Laboratory  of  the  National  Lamp 
Works,  he  worked  as  Mr.  Dorsey's  right-hand  assistant  from  May,  1917 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  189 

to  April  1st,  1918.  Later  he  had  complete  charge  of  the  experimental  carbon 
plant  at  Toledo,  Ohio.  In  August,  1917,  when  Mr.  Dorsey  was  sent  to  Astoria, 
Mr.  Hughes  was  placed  in  complete  charge  of  all  the  work  at  Nela  Park. 
On  April  ist,  1918,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Astoria  plant,  co-operating 
with  the  other  men  engaged  in  the  carbon  work  there.  About  the  first  of 
June  he  was  commissioned  as  First  Lieutenant  in  the  Sanitary  Corps,  and 
in  July  he  was  transferred,  with  the  same  rating,  to  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Service.  His  work  from  this  time  until  February  21,  1919,  when  he  received 
his  discharge,  consisted  of  further  experimental  work  on  carbon,  and  the 
application  of  the  experimental  results  to  carbon  manufacture. 

In  connection  with  the  above-noted  results,  considerable  confusion 
was  first  experienced  in  the  matter  of  judging  the  absorptive  value  of  a 
given  charcoal.  This  value  was  at  that  time  given  in  terms  of  the  time  re- 
quired for  penetration  by  chlorine  gas,  but  as  yet  the  method  for  making 
the  test  had  not  been  standardized.  As  a  consequence,  the  absorptive  effi- 
ciency of  a  given  charcoal  as  determined  at  Nela  Park  would  not  check 
with  values  obtained  on  the  same  material  as  tested  at  other  government 
stations. 

The  Nela  Park  organizations,  therefore,  undertook  the  development 
of  a  standard  procedure  for  testing  charcoal  on  the  basis  of  chlorine  gas. 
This  work  was  largely  performed  by  Messrs.  Ibele  and  King.  A  satisfactory 
procedure  was  evolved,  but  just  at  this  time  it  became  apparent  that  chlorine 
as  a  gas  warfare  weapon  would  soon  be  superseded  by  phosgene  and  chlorpi- 
crin.  This  necessitated  a  shift  from  chlorine  to  phosgene  and  chlorpicrin 
in  the  matter  of  testing  the  serviceability  of  experimental  canister  charcoal. 

A  method  evolved  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  based  upon  the  use 
of  chlorpicrin  as  the  test  gas,  enabled  a  very  accurate  determination  to  be 
made.  However,  the  Bureau  of  Mines  procedure  required  entirely  too  long 
a  period  of  operation  for  use  in  a  laboratory  where  a  large  number  of  such 
tests  had  to  be  made  daily.  This  "long  method"  was  accordingly  modified  by 
Mr.  King.  The  resulting  "accelerated  method,"  after  certain  later  improve- 
ments, was  ultimately  adopted  in  this  country  as  the  standard  procedure 
for  testing  the  activity  of  the  canister  charcoal. 

About  June  30,  1917,  work  was  begun  by  Mr.  Dorsey  and  Mr.  Hughes 
on  the  determination  of  the  proper  carbonization  schedule  for  cocoanut 
hulls.  A  schedule  was  first  evolved  on  a  laboratory  scale  at  Nela  Park, 
and  then  the  investigation  was  transferred  to  the  plant  of  the  Erie  Street 
Gas  Works,  Toledo,  Ohio,  for  large-scale  experimentation.  Here,  through 
the  kindness  and  courtesy  of  Mr.  Henry  L.  Doherty,  who  for  many  years 
had  been  a  highly  valued  friend  and  customer  of  the  National  Lamp  Works, 
and  the  operators  of  the  Toledo  Company,  a  bank  of  unused  gas  retorts  was 
loaned  for  the  experimental  work,  Mr.  Doherty  personally  assuming  all 
the  expense  involved.  Mr.  Doherty  also  turned  over  his  entire  Toledo  gas 
laboratory  to  Mr.  Dorsey  for  a  full  week.  Mr.  Dorsey  and  Mr.  Hughes 
spent  a  large  part  of  the  next  six  weeks  in  Toledo.  The  final  schedule  as 
worked  out  at  Toledo  became  the  standard  carbonization  practice  in  the 
production  of  absorbent  charcoal,  and  was  used  at  the  Astoria  Plaint  through- 
out the  course  of  the  war. 

During  the  progress  of  the  work  at  Toledo,  the  Research  Laboratory 
of  the  National  Carbon  Company  had  developed  on  a  laboratory  and  semi- 


190  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

plant  scale  a  procedure  for  increasing  the  activity,  that  is  "activating," 
the  charcoal  coming  from  the  ordinary  qarbonization  retorts.  This  procedure, 
called  the  "Air  Activation  Procedure,"  consisted  essentially  of  reheating 
the  charcoal  in  a  current  of  air  at  300°  to  350°  C.,  thus  burning  out  the 
hydrocarbon  impurities.  The  cocoanut  charcoal  obtained  at  Toledo  was 
found  to  respond  readily  to  this  treatment. 

Large-scale  apparatus  for  the  continuation  of  this  development  at 
Nela  Park  was  ordered,  but  before  this  apparatus  was  received,  the  demand 
for  canister  charcoal  became  acute.  Consequently  this  equipment  was 
shipped  to  Astoria,  where  the  Nela  Park  organization  assisted  in  the 
installation  of  the  complete  equipment  for  carbonizing  cocoanut  hulls  and 
air-activating  the  charcoal  so  obtained.  Assistance  was  also  rendered  in 
the  initial  operation  of  this  plant,  the  first  drum  of  activated  charcoal 
being  shipped  September  24,  1917. 

During  the  installation  of  the  Air  Activation  plant  at  Astoria,  it 
became  evident  d*ue  to  the  increase  in  the  charcoal  program  that  there  would 
be  a  shortage  of  cocoanut  hulls.  The  Nela  Park  Laboratory,  therefore, 
began  a  search  for  a  substitute.  This  work  was  done  largely  by  Mr.  Hughes. 
The  initial  tests  were  made  on  the  basis  of  air-activated  material.  However, 
during  the  progress  of  this  investigation,  work  by  the  National  Carbon 
Company  demonstrated  the  apparent  advantage  of  superheated  steam  over 
air  as  the  oxidizing  agent  in  charcoal  activation.  The  final  tests  on  cocoanut' 
hull  substitutes  were  accordingly  made  on  the  basis  of  steam-activated 
material.  The  result  of  this  investigation  led  to  the  later  adoption  at  Astoria 
of  the  "mixed"  charge,  mixtures  of  cocoanut  and  various  fruit  pit  charcoals 
being  activated  together. 

It  was  just  at  this  time  that  the  Steam  Activation  procedure,  as 
evolved  by  the  National  Carbon  Company,  was  turned  over  to  Mr.  Dorsey 
for  large-scale  development  work.  At  this  point  begins  the  story  of  the  Nela 
Park  Gas  Defense  Detachment. 

GAS  DEFENSE  DETACHMENT 

By  November  i,  1917,  Mr.  Dorsey  had  completed  the  installing  at 
Astoria  of  equipment  for  the  production  of  absorbent  charcoal  by  the  Air 
Activation  process  and  was  ready  to  take  the  new  steam  treating  process 
developed  by  the  National  Carbon  Company,  and  work  out  the  different 
difficulties  arising  in  putting  it  on  a  commercial  production  basis.  Although 
Mr.  Dorsey  had  several  assistants  from  the  National  Lamp  Works  working 
under  him,  the  development  of  the  steam  treating  process  demanded  a 
much  larger  personnel. 

Major  Bradley  Dewey,  then  officer  in  charge  of  the  Gas  Defense 
Service,  agreed  to  furnish  Mr.  Dorsey  with  the  required  personnel  of  chem- 
ists and  engineers  for  carrying  on  the  new  development  work,  and  the 
National  Lamp  Works  generously  agreed  to  pay  all  costs  for  the  work  done 
at  their  plant.  On  November  14,  1917,  Sgt.  T.  M.  Rector,  later  Lieutenant, 
arrived  in  Cleveland  with  ten  men.  On  November  I5th,  Lieut.  J.  R.  Silver, 
Jr.,  was  transferred  from  the  National  Carbon  Company  to  take  charge 
of  the  new  detachment.  Thus  begins  the  history  of  the  Nela  Park  Gas 
Defense  Detachment. 

One  of  the  garage  rooms  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  was  taken  over 
the  morning  of  November  i5th.  Sgt.  Rector  was  designated  to  plan,  equip, 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  191 

and  organize  a  laboratory  for  the  necessary  chemical  control  work.  Privates 
were  set  to  work  at  once  assisting  the  carpenters  in  partitioning  off  the  room. 
Sgt.  Rector  went  to  Pittsburgh  and  brought  back  as  baggage  the  apparatus 
needed.  One  week  from  the  morning  that  the  garage  was  taken  over,  the 
laboratory  was  turning  out  tests  on  charcoal.  At  the  same  time  work  was 
started  on  the  design  of  the  first  commercial-size  unit. 

The  charcoal  development  work  divided  itself  along  two  separate 
paths — the  development  of  a  commercial  process  for  manufacturing  charcoal, 
and  the  development  in  the  laboratory  of  control  tests  and  research  work. 
Due  to  his  experience  in  plant  work,  Lieut.  Silver  was  in  direct  charge  of 
the  former,  and  Sgt.  Rector,  on  account  of  his  laboratory  experience,  was 
in  charge  of  the  latter.  The  organization  of  the  detachment  proceeded  as 
the  work  expanded  and  as  new  men  arrived.  When  first  put  into  operation, 
the  laboratory  had  a  personnel  of  five  men,  consisting  of  Sgt.  Rector  in 
charge,  assisted  by  Privates  John  P.  Cheever,  L.  W.  Larsen,  J.  A.  O'Calla- 
ghan  and  Andrew  Carsten.  When  the  first  furnace  was  started,  the  plant 
organization  consisted  of  Lieut.  Silver  in  charge,  assisted  by  Privates  Kean, 
Etter,  Markovitz,  Uhl,  Thompson  and  Gair. 

Although  Major  Dewey  had  kept  his  promise  to  Mr.  Dorsey  and  sent 
him  chemists  and  engineers,  he  seemed  to  have  forgotten  that  such  poor 
human  beings  had  never  been  educated  to  War  Department  rules  and 
regulations.  Before  many  days  had  elapsed,  unknown  War  Department 
orders  began  to  drift  in,  and  it  was  necessary  to  get  a  stenographer  to  keep 
the  records,  etc.  For  this  purpose,  Private  Pipkin  was  "drafted,"  in  spite 
of  his  protests  that  he  was  a  chemist  and  not  a  stenographer.  In  spite  of 
the  hard  work  of  the  C.  O.  and  Pipkin,  it  was  necessary  to  send  out  an 
S.  O.  S.  call  to  Washington  for  a  real,  skilled-in-paper  workman.  This 
S.  O.  S.,  for  the  time  being,  could  not  be  answered  and  Pipkin  continued 
to  bear  the  burden  of  the  office  routine.  On  December  jth,  Sgt.  Frank  Dobe 
reported  for  duty,  in  answer  to  the  S.  O.  S.  above  noted.  From  this  date  on, 
most  of  the  burden  of  solving  military  red  tape  orders  rested  on  Sgt.  Dobe's 
shoulders  and  to  him  belongs  most  of  the  credit  for  the  fact  that  the  Nela 
Park  detachment  was  never  "in  Dutch"  with  Washington. 

Men  were  being  sent  to  this  station  daily,  and  as  a  man's  ability  was 
proven  for  either  laboratory  or  plant  work,  he  was  shifted  so  that  his  ability 
could  be  best  utilized. 

On  December  iyth,  Pvt.  Keese  reported  for  duty,  having  been  in- 
ducted into  the  service  for  his  ability  as  a  draftsman.  As  constant  changes 
in  the  design  of  the  furnace  required  a  man  for  designing  alone,  Keese 
spent  most  of  his  time  in  keeping  designs  up  to  date  and  in  drawing  up 
proposed  changes. 

On  January  i6th,  Sgt.  G.  M.  Rollason  reported  for  duty  and  shortly 
afterward  was  designated  to  serve  as  Mr.  Dorsey's  special  assistant.  Much  of 
the  development  work  from  this  time  on  was  due  to  suggestions  of  Rollason. 

On  January  25th,  Pvt.  Gracey  joined  the  detachment  and,  due  to 
his  previous  business  experience,  was  immediately  assigned  to  assist  in  the 
purchasing  of  materials  and  the  keeping  of  accounts.  Gracey  gradually 
took  over  all  work  relative  to  the  expenditure  of  money  and  the  ordering 
and  shipping  of  materials. 

Throughout  the  entire  first  five  months  this  station  was  run  twenty- 
four  hours  per  day,  seven  days  a  week.  Men  often  worked  seventy-two 


192  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

hours  straight.  The  work  was  hard  and  tedious,  and  only  by  the  entirely 
unselfish  efforts  of  each  individual  man  was  success  attained. 

The  specific  object  of  the  investigation  at  Nela,  as  before  noted,  was 
to  develop,  to  a  large-scale  production  basis,  the  steam  process  for  the  acti- 
vation of  charcoal,  as  evolved  by  the  National  Carbon  Company  organiza- 
tion. This  process  consisted  essentially  in  exposing  charcoal,  obtained  by 
carbonizing  cocoanut  hulls,  to  steam  at  a  temperature  ranging  from  850°  C. 
to  1000°  C.  until  the  required  density  reduction  was  obtained.  The  average 
time  of  treating  was  one  hour,  using  a  steam-charcoal  ratio  of  about  one  to 
one  by  weight. 

The  problem  now  to  be  solved  was  a  difficult  one.  For  the  sake  of 
heat  conduction,  it  was  essential  to  use  a  metallic  installation.  At  the  same 
time,  no  furnace  tube  had  as  yet  been  developed  with  a  demonstrated 
ability  to  withstand  the  conditions  proposed.  One  large  manufacturing 
concern,  when  approached  on  the  subject,  declared  that  the  thing  was 
impossible.  The  successful  answer  to  this  problem  at  Nela  Park  represented 
a  real  engineering  feat. 

No  attempt  will  be  made  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  the  development 
of  this  furnace,  or  "Dorsey  Treater"  as  it  is  called.  It  is  a  very  interesting, 
but  at  the  same  time  a  very  long  story.  This  particular  investigation  at 
Nela  Park  began  in  November,  1917,  and  continued  until  November,  1918. 
In  all,  nine  furnaces  or  units  were  erected  and  operated.  It  so  happened, 
however,  in  February,  1918,  while  the  Nela  organization  was  still  experi- 
menting with  Unit  Number  4,  the  canister  charcoal  situation  became  so 
acute  that  it  was  deemed  inadvisable  to  await  the  development  of  a  more 
perfect  process.  Unit  No.  4  was  giving  fairly  satisfactory  results,  so,  in 
March,  the  Nela  organization  began  assisting  in  installing  at  Astoria  ten 
units  of  this  type.  The  investigation  was  continued  in  Cleveland  and, 
through  the  results  obtained  from  Units  Nos.  4  to  9  inclusive,  certain 
modifications  in  designs  and  operation  were  evolved  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Astoria  plant.  The  basic  principle  embodied  in  Unit  No  4,  however,  was 
never  really  changed.  A  brief  description  of  this  unit  will  be  sufficient  in 
an  account  of  this  nature. 

Unit  No.  4,  the  unit  adopted  at  Astoria,  consisted  of  a  vertical  nichrome 
tube  7  feet  long  by  7  inches  inside  diameter,  set  in  the  middle  of  a  combustion 
chamber  of  firebrick,  and  heated  by  surface  combustion  with  natural  gas. 
The  charging  device  consisted  of  two  slide  valves  so  arranged  that  charcoal 
could  be  introduced  into  the  tube  without  allowing  the  escape  of  gases  or 
the  access  of  air  into  the  tube.  Similar  valves  were  provided  for  the  lower 
or  discharge  end.  Suction  was  applied  to  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  tube 
in  order  to  draw  off  the  water  gas  formed  in  the  reaction. 

The  introduction  of  steam  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  the  proper 
distribution  had  required  considerable  experimentation,  and  in  fact  in 
Unit  No.  4  the  problem  of  this  steam  distribution  had  by  no  means  been 
solved.  In  Unit  No.  4,  however,  the  steam  was  introduced  by  means  of 
two-inch  pipes  perforated  with  l^-inch  holes.  These  pipes  brought  the  steam 
into  the  tube  in  two  places,  one  just  above  the  hottest  zone  in  the  furnace, 
and  the  other  about  18  inches  to  20  inches  above  the  first. 

The  tube  was  to  be  filled  with  charcoal  brought  to  the  proper  tem- 
perature, and  the  superheated  steam  admitted.  As  the  finished  product 


•  " 

3  = 


d) 


O'  Q 


The  G-25  Absorption  Apparatus  which  was  used  to  determine  the 
Absorption  Value  of  different  Forms  of  Charcoal 


Dorsey  Treater  Number  Four,  Used  for  the  Large-Scale  Steam  Activation 

of  Charcoal 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  193 

was  discharged  below,  new  material  was  charged  into  the  top  of  the  furnace. 
This  material,  as  it  travelled  down  the  tube,  gradually  heated  up  until  it 
reached  the  upper  steam  zone.  The  partial  activation  received  here  was  to  be 
completed  by  the  second  activation  treatment  received  when  the  material 
passed  the  second  or  hottest  zone. 

At  least  thirty  runs  were  made  with  this  furnace,  and  it  was  found 
that  under  normal  operating  conditions,  charging  40  pounds  of  charcoal 
per  hour,  an  activated  charcoal  could  be  obtained  having  very  satisfactory 
absorbing  qualities.  Certain  modifications  were  made  in  the  unit  when 
installed  at  Astoria,  but  these  were  all  of  minor  character,  the  principal 
design  of  the  unit  being  retained. 

In  the  development  of  the  steam  activation  process,  Mr.  Test  of  the 
Cleveland  Wire  Division  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  was  loaned  to  Mr. 
Dorsey  by  Mr.  Benbow  to  assist  in  the  development  of  furnaces  using 
surface  combustion  as  a  heating  medium.  The  efficiency  of  the  various 
units  used  in  the  development  of  activated  charcoal  is  due  to  the  splendid 
efforts  of  Mr.  Test. 

As  stated  above,  the  investigation  was  continued  at  Nela  Park,  and 
other  furnaces  were  erected.  An  account  of  the  results  obtained  from  these 
furnaces  is  given  in  later  pages. 

While  the  development  of  the  Dorsey  Treater  was  progressing  in 
the  plant,  the  laboratory  side  of  the  investigation  was  being  well  cared  for 
by  the  men  to  whom  this  duty  had  been  assigned.  When  first  put  into 
operation,  the  personnel  of  the  laboratory  consisted  of  five  men,  with  Sgt. 
Rector  in  charge.  From  this  nucleus  the  laboratory  force  grew  until,  on  the 
first  of  March,  1918,  a  total  of  seventeen  men  was  on  its  staff. 

At  this  time  Lieut.  Silver,  then  Commanding  Officer  of  the  Detachment, 
was  transferred  to  Astoria,  and  Sergeant  Rector  was  commissioned  ist 
Lieutenant,  and  given  the  position  of  Commanding  Officer.  This  necessitated 
reorganization  of  the  laboratory  personnel.  Sergeant  Cheever  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  operation  of  the  control  laboratory,  and  Sergeant  O'Cal- 
laghan  was  given  direction  of  the  activities  involved  in  the  research  work. 
This  arrangement  was  in  force  for  about  two  months,  when  it  was  deemed 
expedient  to  turn  over  all  the  laboratory  work  to  Sergeant  O'Callaghan, 
thus  making  Sergeant  Cheever  available  for  plant  work.  At  the  time  of  the 
organization  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  the  laboratory  had  a  force 
of  twenty-six  men  engaged  in  research  and  control  work. 

In  connection  with  the  development  of  the  steam  treating  process, 
one  of  the  first  tasks  facing  the  control  laboratory  was  to  produce  a  method 
of  testing  charcoal  which  would  be  quick  and  accurate.  Mr.  Dorsey's  lab- 
oratory was  using  the  "accelerated  method,"  which  took  about  one-fifteenth 
of  the  time  required  by  the  "long  method."  The  details  of  this  method, 
however,  had  not  been  as  yet  perfected.  Under  the  personal  direction 
of  Sergeant  O'Callaghan,  the  apparatus  was  improved  and  its 
operation  rapidly  standardized.  The  unreliability  of  the  various 
methods  in  use  at  other  laboratories  and  the  apparent  advantages  of  the 
Nela  Park  method  brought  it  to  the  front  when  a  conference  was  called 
in  January  for  the  purpose  of  adopting  a  standardized  procedure  for  uni- 
versal use.  The  Nela  Park  method  was  adopted  at  this  conference,  and, 
from  that  time  on,  was  used  at  all  laboratories  of  the  Defense  Service. 


194  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Later,  with  the  development  of  other  absorbents,  it  also  became  necessary 
to  modify  the  existing  procedures  for  testing  charcoal  against  phosgene 
and  arsine. 

In  following  up  the  plant  development  work,  a  large  number  of  these 
control  tests  were  required.  In  fact  the  control  laboratory  was  one  of  the 
busiest  spots  at  Nela  Park. 

The  first  research  work  undertaken  in  the  laboratory  was  to  determine 
under  what  conditions  one  gas  is  replaced  by  another  in  the  charcoal.  This 
work  was  performed  by  Private  Etter,  who  was  the  first  man  to  be  put  on 
work  of  a  purely  research  nature.  The  results  obtained  were  interesting  but 
never  attained  to  any  practical  application. 

During  the  latter  part  of  January,  1918,  research  work  was  started  on 
impregnating  charcoal  with  various  compounds,  the  fdea  being  to  increase 
its  neutralizing  power  for  such  gases  as  arsine,  cyanogen  chloride,  etc., 
which  had  not  been  used  by  the  Germans  as  yet,  but  against  which  it  was 
believed  we  should  be  prepared.  No  results  of  any  importance  were  obtained 
in  this  respect  until  later  in  the  year,  as  will  be  noted. 

While  the  charcoal  impregnation  work  was  just  beginning  it  became 
quite  evident  that  research  work  was  being  handicapped  through  the  lack 
of  laboratory  facilities.  The  numerous  control  tests  necessary  for  checking 
up  the  experimental  steam  treating  furnace  had  been  increasing  in  number, 
and  the  control  work  was  practically  utilizing  all  the  floor  space  of  the  labo- 
ratory. So,  early  in  February,  another  laboratory,  to  be  used  exclusively 
for  research  work,  was  built  and  equipped.  This  laboratory  was  completed 
by  the  end  of  the  month  and  an  increased  impetus  was  thereby  given  to 
work  on  research  problems. 

One  of  the  first  discoveries  to  come  from  the  new  laboratory  was  the 
fact  that  the  activity  of  charcoal  for  phosgene  could  be  enormously  increased 
by  the  introduction  into  it,  under  certain  conditions,  of  hydrated  manganese 
dioxide.  This  development  was  due  to  the  work  of  Pvt.  Marvin  Pipkin.  It 
was  later  shown  that  other  related  metallic  hydrates  would  perform  the  same 
function  to  a  greater  or  less  degree.  It  was  also  afterward  shown  that  the 
efficiency  of  the  impregnated  charcoal  was  due  to  the  water  held  and  not  to 
the  hydrate  itself.  This  led  to  accurate  determinations  of  the  effect  of 
water  on  the  absorption  of  gases  by  charcoal. 

Another  development  arising  from  the  results  on  impregnation  with 
metallic  hydroxides  was  the  discovery  by  Pvt.  Lawrence  W.  Larsen,  that 
charcoal  impregnated  with  ammonia  gas  and  afterwards  evacuated,  had 
its  capacity  for  absorbing  arsine  enormously  increased.  The  increase 
in  many  cases  was  more  than  one  hundred  per  cent.  This  discovery  would 
undoubtedly  have  gone  into  production  but  for  the  fact  that  the  laboratory 
soon  turned  out  an  absorbent  equal  to  "Larsenite"  in  arsine  absorbing 
power  and  much  superior  to  it  with  regard  to  phosgene,  namely,  "Ran- 
kinite  A." 

In  the  work  on  Rankinite  A,  the  research  laboratory  thus  returned 
to  its  earlier  work  on  impregnated  charcoals.  It  soon  became  apparent  that 
in  this  material  the  research  laboratory  had  made  a  very  promising  dis- 
covery. All  the  men  available  were  shifted  upon  the  new  problem.  At  the 
time  of  the  formation  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  Rankinite  A  was 
being  made  at  Nela  Park  in  fifty-pound  batches.  Its  later  development 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  195 

proved  to  be  one  of  the  big  achievements  of  the  Defense  Section  of  the 
Development  Division.  However,  the  only  thing  we  are  allowed  to  divulge 
about  Rankinite  A  is  the  fact  that  the  name  is  a  composition  of  the  names 
of  the  two  men  largely  responsible  for  its  discovery,  Pvts.  Randolph  and 
Pipkin. 

In  addition  to  the  independent  investigational  work  performed  in  the 
laboratory,  a  great  deal  of  co-operative  work  was  done  in  connection  with 
plant  development.  Both  the  research  and  control  laboratories  had  been 
constantly  at  the  disposal  of  the  development  department  to  work  out  any 
details  as  requested.  A  large  amount  of  data  on  the  flow  of  gases  in  the 
treater  unit  and  of  thermo-chemical  data  on  the  chemical  reactions  involved 
was  the  product  of  the  research  staff.  Plant  development  and  research  men 
were  continually  interchanged  between  the  two  departments,  whenever 
such  changes  were  to  the  advantage  of  the  work  and  to  the  men  themselves. 

On  March  i,  1918,  Lieut.  Silver,  who  up  to  this  time  had  been  Com- 
manding Officer  of  the  Nela  Park  Detachment,  was  transferred  to  Astoria, 
L.  I.,  for  the  purpose  of  supervising  the  installation  and  operation  of  the 
new  steam-treatment  process,  as  then  developed.  Lieut.  Silver's  work  was 
thereupon  turned  over  to  Lieut.  Thomas  M.  Rector.  The  detachment 
at  this  time  consisted  of  thirty-five  men  and  two  officers,  divided  into  two 
approximately  equal  divisions,  one  division  devoted  to  the  plant  develop- 
ment work,  and  the  other  to  laboratory  research  and  control  work.  In 
August,  when  the  Nela  Park  Gas  Defense  Detachment  was  transferred  to 
the  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  as  the  Defense  Section  of  the  Development 
Division,  the  personnel  of  the  detachment  had  been  increased  to  about 
eighty  officers  and  enlisted  men.  At  that  time  Lieut.  Rector  was  transferred, 
and  the  command  passed  first  to  Captain  Guy  Cowan,  and,  a  month  later, 
to  Capt.  O.  L.  Barnebey. 

TRANSITION  FROM  GAS  DEFENSE  TO  CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE 

On  June  28th,  Lieut.  T.  M.  Rector  left  his  post  and  duties  as  Command- 
ing Officer  of  the  Nela  Detachment  to  assume  duties  at  the  Long  Island 
Laboratories  of  the  Gas  Defense  Service  in  New  York  City.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded in  command  by  Lieut.  J.  R.  Silver,  Jr.,  who  had  just  returned  for 
duty  in  Cleveland.  Lieut.  Silver,  however,  was  only  technically  in  command 
of  the  detachment,  being  engaged  at  this  time  on  work  in  the  Offense 
Department.  The  actual  executive  duties  were  performed  by  Sgt.  J.  A. 
O'Callaghan. 

The  detachment  was  just  at  this  time  in  the  process  of  re-organization, 
being  transferred  to  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service.  As  a  result  of  the  trans- 
fer, the  Development  Division  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service  was  formed. 
Under  this  new  organization  the  old  Gas  Defense  Service  Detachment 
became  the  Defense  Department  of  the  Development  Division,  Chemical 
Warfare  Service. 

The  commissioned  and  enlisted  personnel  was  increased  rapidly  at 
this  time.  The  enlisted  personnel  increased  from  35  men  in  June  to'  80  men 
in  July.  The  commissioned  personnel  was  increased  far  more  in  proportion. 
Of  the  original  Gas  Defense  Detachment,  the  following  men  were  com- 
missioned as  Second  Lieutenants  in  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service — Gracey, 


196  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Dobe,  Rice,  O'Callaghan,  Cheever  and  Weber.  The  following  civilians 
were  also  commissioned  as  Captains — O.  L.  Barnebey,  R.  G.  Cowan,  Edward 
Bering.  M.  B.  Cheney  was  commissioned  First  Lieutenant. 

By  the  original  plan  of  organization,  Capt.  Cowan  was  scheduled 
to  act  as  commanding  officer  of  the  Department,  but  due  to  a  change  in 
plans  he  was  transferred  to  the  Experimental  Plant.  In  his  stead,  Captain 
O.  L.  Barnebey  was  made  commanding  officer  of  the  Defense  Department, 
with  Lieut.  M.  B.  Cheney  second  in  command. 

During  this  brief  and  somewhat  unsettled  period,  July  1st  to  August 
ist,  the  organization  had  materially  changed.  When  Lieut.  Dobe  was  trans- 
ferred to  Headquarters  to  act  as  Adjutant  for  the  Development  Division, 
the  army  paper  work  and  personnel  record  suffered  for  a  time  until  the 
duties  were  finally  assigned  to  Supply  Sergeant  Laubenstein. 

When  Lieut.  Gracey  was  transferred  to  the  Experimental  Plant,  the 
duties  of  purchase  and  procurement  were  taken  up  by  Lieut.  L.  V.  Weber. 
Later  Lieut.  Weber  was  transferred  to  the  Zanesville  Detachment, 
where  he  worked  in  connection  with  the  operation  of  the  Dressier  Tunnel 
Kiln.  He  was  succeeded  in  his  responsibilities  by  Regimental  Supply 
Sergeant  H.  M.  Miller,  assisted  by  Sgt.  C.  A.  Humel.  Sgt.  Miller  had  been 
identified  with  the  Defense  Department  for  almost  a  year,  and  in  that  time 
he  had  acquired  a  thorough  understanding  of  all  business  requirements  of 
the  Department,  and  of  the  more  or  less  complicated  relations  of  the  War 
Section  to  the  National  Lamp  Works. 

In  the  drafting  room,  Sgt.  Keese  was  with  the  Department  for  over  a 
year  and  a  multitude  of  drawings  bear  his  initials.  Sgt.  Krafft  and  Pvt. 
Salisbury  were  also  identified  with  this  work. 

When  the  Defense  Department  of  the  Development  Division  was 
definitely  established  on  August  ist,  the  organization  was  headed  by 
Capt.  O.  L.  Barnebey,  with  First  Lieut.  M.  B.  Cheney  as  his  assistant. 

The  work  of  the  department  was  divided  into  separate  sections  for 
the  different  problems  and  processes  being  developed.  These  sections  were 
in  the  immediate  charge  of  various  men,  as  is  explained  later  in  detail. 
However,  Capt.  Barnebey  kept  in  very  intimate  touch  with  every  problem 
in  progress,  and  in  most  cases  was  very  active  in  working  out  all  the  details. 
To  do  this  meant  that  he  had  to  be  on  the  job  every  minute  of  the  day,  and 
some  of  the  men  would  be  willing  to  vouch  that  this  last  statement  is 
literally  true. 

Lieut.  Cheney,  right-hand  man  to  Capt.  Barnebey,  was  later  made 
Commanding  Officer  of  the  Defense  Detachment  at  the  plant  of  the  Amer- 
ican Encaustic  Tiling  Company,  Zanesville,  Ohio,  where  the  Dressier  Tunnel 
Kiln  was  adapted  for  the  activation  of  carbon. 

It  should  be  stated  here  that  while  the  organization  was  divided  into 
small  units  working  on  the  various  problems,  there  had  at  all  times  been 
the  closest  co-operation  among  the  men.  Any  man  who  was  especially 
adapted  for  some  special  problem  in  another  department  promptly  lent 
his  entire  knowledge  to  that  work.  In  this  way  the  technical  knowledge  and 
man-power  of  the  departments  was  always  utilized  to  a  maximum  of  effi- 
ciency. 


SL    UARfAia      SERVICE 


Upper  Photo — The  6-52  Absorption  Apparatus  used  to  determine 
the  Absorption  Value  of  Charcoal  for  various  Impregnated  Compounds. 

Lower  Photo — The  Research  Laboratory  of  the  Defense  Section, 
Development  Division. 


Upper  Photo — The  Control  Laboratory  which  was  used  in  the  Devel- 
opment Work  on  Methods  for  Testing  the  Absorption  Value  of 
Charcoal. 

Lower  Photo — The  6-25  Testing  Boards  used  in  the  Control 
Laboratory. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  197 

RESEARCH  LABORATORY 

Previous  to  the  time  of  the  organization  of  the  Development  Division, 
the  Research  Laboratory  had  a  staff  of  only  six  or  eight  men  and  their 
activities  were  confined  to  laboratory  problems  and  the  work  was  conducted 
entirely  on  a  laboratory  scale.  In  the  new  organization,  the  method  of  hand- 
ling problems  and  the  nature  of  the  problems  themselves  were  changed 
and  the  efforts  were  directed  entirely  toward  commercial  development. 

Because  of  the  nature  of  these  new  problems  above  mentioned,  the 
personnel  was  greatly  enlarged  until  there  was  at  one  time  a  maximum 
of  thirty  men  engaged  in  research  work,  Lieut.  J.  A.  O'Callaghan  being 
in  charge.  The  facilities  of  the  Research  Laboratory  were  correspondingly 
increased  at  this  time  to  satisfy  the  needs  of  the  larger  organization. 

The  problems  of  the  Research  Laboratory  were  so  varied  that  any 
comprehensive  survey  of  the  work  done  is  impossible  here.  Several  problems 
on  which  a  very  extended  study  was  made  deserve  special  mention.  These 
problems  can  be  summarized  under  the  following  titles: 

1.  The  development  of  an  impregnated  charcoal   suitable  for  the 

absorption  of  all  war  gases  and  a  method  for  its  manufacture. 

2.  Development  of  the  Steam  Lift  Furnace  for  the  activation  of 

carbon. 

3.  A  study  of  the  effect  of  humidity  on  the  activity  of  charcoal. 

4.  Development  of  a  substitute  for  cocoanut  charcoal  for  absorption 

purposes. 

5.  Possibilities  of  the  utilization  of  carbon  dioxide,  nitrogen,  oxygen, 

and  mixtures  of  these  gases  as  activating  agents  for  carbon  in 
steam  treater. 

6.  The  effect  of  pressure  on  absorptive  capacity  of  charcoal. 

7.  The  removal  of  salt  from  peach  and  apricot  pit  charcoal. 

8.  The  production  of  briquettes  for  carbon  fines  and  various  binders. 

9.  Microscopic  studies  of  various  absorptive  charcoals. 

10.     Special  studies  conducted  in  a  small  horizontal  gas-fired  treater 
(a  modification  of  the  Dressier  Tunnel  Kiln). 

The  Research  Laboratory  was  not,  of  course,  independent  of  the  rest 
of  the  organization  in  handling  these  problems.  It  enjoyed  the  hearty  co- 
operation of  all  parts  of  the  organization.  As  fast  as  research  developed,  it 
was  adapted  to  plant  operation. 

CONTROL  LABORATORY 

The  control  laboratory  was  well  equipped  for  the  control  of  all  plant 
and  research  operations.  The  analytical  control  laboratory  was  directly 
in  charge  of  Lieut.  J.  P.  Cheever,  assisted  by  Sgt.  T.  C.  Smith  and  Sgt. 
R.  E.  Selkirk.  In  this  laboratory  considerable  work  was  done  in  the  devel- 
opment of  analytical  methods,  especially  those  for  testing  the  absorptive 
value  of  charcoal.  Mr.  E.J.  Haefeli,  whose  services  were  given  by  the 
National  Lamp  Works  to  the  department  for  the  duration  of  the  war,  aided 
greatly  in  the  work  of  the  construction  of  apparatus  by  his  expert  glass- 
blowing  ability.  He  also  materially  aided  the  Gas  Defense  Plant  at  Astoria, 
L.  I.,  by  his  work  there.  In  fact,  testing  boards  made  by  him  were  sent  all 


198  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

over  the  country.  Almost  all  the  chemists  of  the  Department  at  one  time 
or  another  had  an  opportunity  to  work  in  this  laboratory. 

When  the  Zanesville  Detachment  was  formed,  Lieut.  Cheever  and  Sgt. 
Smith  established  a  model  control  laboratory  in  record  time.  Supervision 
of  the  Nela  analytical  laboratory  was  performed  by  Sgt.  Selkirk  until  the 
close  of  the  activities  of  the  Department. 

PLANT  ACTIVITIES 

In  the  plant  itself,  a  large  number  of  interesting  developments  were 
realized  in  connection  with  the  activation  of  charcoal. 

Compression  Based  on  the  preliminary  work  performed  at  the  Forest 
Retort  Products  Laboratory  at  Madison,  Wis.,  by  Dr.  L.  F.  Hawley 

Development  and  Mr.  Ernest  Bateman,  there  was  built  in  the  Defense 
Department  a  semi-plant-size  unit  which  was  called  the 
Hawlite  Compression  Retort.  This  unit  was  designed  to  accomplish  car- 
bonization of  wood  waste  which  had  been  previously  briquetted  at  high 
pressure.  The  carbonization  was  carried  out  at  relatively  low  temperatures 
and  the  briquetted  material  which  was  being  carbonized  was  subjected 
to  pressure  during  the  entire  process  of  carbonization. 

The  experimental  work  performed  in  .the  Defense  Department  at 
Nela  was  directed  by  Dr.  Hawley  personally.  He  was  assisted  by  Sgt.  W.  H. 
Watt  and  Sgt.  A.  T.  Cowley. 

An  elaborate  series  of  experiments  was  performed  with  this  unit, 
carbonizing  briquetted  material  and  woods  of  various  kinds.  The  possibility 
of  using  this  method  of  treatment  of  wood  and  wood  waste  to  produce 
charcoal  in  case  of  shortage  of  other  material  for  activation  purposes,  was 
proven  to  be  very  good. 

In  connection  with  this  work  Mr.  Bateman  carried  on  a  study  of  the 
activation  of  carbon  by  means  of  carbon  dioxide  with  results  analogous  to 
those  obtained  at  Nela  Park. 

Dorsey  Lieut.  W.  W.  Rice  was  directly  in  charge  of  the  later  devel- 

Treater  opment  of  the  Dorsey  Treater.  Sgt.  ist-Class  D.  W.  Rose 

Development  was  his  assistant  in  this  work.  Under  Lieut.  Rice's  direction, 
there  were  constructed  five  Treater  Units  (Nos.  5,  6,  7,  8 
and  9)  in  an  effort  to  improve  the  Dorsey  Treater  as  developed  by  the  Gas 
Defense  Detachment,  from  a  standpoint  of  durability,  ease  of  operation 
and  quality  of  product. 

With  Unit  No.  5,  a  composition  graphite  tube  was  used  in  an  effort 
to  replace  the  more  expensive  nichrome.  The  use  of  this  type  of  tube  was 
abandoned  by  reason  of  its  low  heat  conductivity.  Unit  No.  6  was  another 
nichrome  furnace.  This  furnace  was  run  at  a  higher  operating  temperature 
in  an  effort  to  secure  a  higher  quality  of  product.  A  better  quality  product 
was  obtained  but  the  temperature  was  so  intense  that  the  life  of  the  in- 
stallation was  limited  to  a  few  days  of  continuous  operation. 

Unit  No.  7  was  the  first  unit  to  be  entirely  free  from  gas  pockets  and 
the  various  troubles  arising  from  them.  This  unit  marked  the  first  real  step 
toward  the  elimination  of  the  operating  difficulties  that  were  experienced 
in  all  previous  installations.  However,  this  was  done  at  the  expense  of  the 


The   Dorsey  Treater   Number   Nine — the   Latest   Type   of  Vertical 
Steam  Activator  Developed  at  Nela  Park 


Upper   Photo — The  small  Experimental    Electric  Furnace  Developed   for  the  Steam 

Activation  of  Charcoal. 
Lower  Photo — Wedge  Furnace  No.  i,  which  was  the  first  Horizontal  Activator  Developed. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  199 

chlorpicrin  activity  of  the  material  produced.  The  relatively  low  chlorpicrin 
activity  of  the  material  produced  in  this  unit  was  found  to  be  due  to  the  very 
uneven  vertical  temperature  distribution,  caused  by  the  withdrawal  of 
all  the  gases  incidental  to  the  process  of  reaction  from  the  bottom  of  the 
furnace. 

In  Units  Nos.  8  and  9  progress  was  made  in  the  further  elimination 
of  the  operating  difficulties,  in  the  improvement  in  the  vertical  temperature 
distribution  and  subsequent  increase  in  the  chlorpicrin  activity  of  the 
product. 

Unit  No.  9  represented  the  very  latest  type  of  vertical  steam  acti- 
vator developed  at  Nela  Park.  It  was  nearly  free  from  all  mechanical  defects, 
as  well  as  from  operating  difficulties.  It  was  the  opinion  of  this  department 
that  this  unit  represented  the  best  that  was  obtainable  with  this  particular 
type  of  steam  activator. 

The  Dorsey  Treater  had  been  a  pet  of  the  Defense  Department. 
There  was  never  a  time  in  the  life  of  this  department  when  there  was  not 
a  treater  of  this  type  either  in  construction,  operation  or  in  the  process 
of  being  dismantled. 

Electric  The  work  of  developing  an  electric  furnace  suitable  for  the 

Furnace  activation  of  charcoal  was  in  charge  of  Lieut.  Wm.  D.  Van 

Development  Arnam.  Lieut.  Van  Arnam  came  to  the  Defense  Department 
from  Midland,  Mich.,  where  he  had  been  stationed  as  a 
civilian  doing  experimental  work  in  connection  with  mustard  gas  manu- 
facture. He  was  commissioned  just  before  his  arrival  at  Nela  Park.  He  was 
assisted  in  this  work  by  Master  Engineer  Atwell,  Sergeant  R.  G.  Lafean 
and  Sergeant  C.  A.  Teeple. 

The  problem  of  developing  a  satisfactory  electric  furnace  for  the  acti- 
vation of  charcoal  was  one  of  the  most  difficult  experimental  processes  that 
the  organization  encountered.  The  work  was  in  reality  a  pioneer  investigation 
and  was  undertaken  to  find  out  if  the  carbon  activating  process  could  be 
more  rapidly  brought  about  at  a  temperature  of  1500°  to  1600°  C. 

The  advantage  of  an  electric  furnace  over  the  ordinary  furnace  for 
heating  any  kind  of  material  lies  in  the  higher  temperature  that  it  is  possible 
to  obtain  with  such  an  installation. 

In  attempting  to  fulfill  the  temperature  requirements,  much  difficulty 
was  encountered  in  securing  suitable  refractory  material.  Charcoal  offered 
a  very  high  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  electric  current  and  required 
a  large  power  input  which  necessitated  the  installation  of  special  electrical 
equipment,  i.  e.,  switches,  transformers,  bus-bars,  etc. 

It  was  necessary  to  conduct  an  extensive  experimental  study  to 
establish  the  adaptability  of  commercially  obtainable,  suitable  refractories. 
An  extended  study  of  the  varying  resistance  of  various  types  of  charcoal 
had  to  be  made  also.  Several  units  were  erected  for  the  activation  of  charcoal. 
The  experimental  results  obtained  seemed  to  prove  quite  conclusively 
that  the  high  temperatures  were  not  desirable  for  the  activation  of  carbon, 
and  hence  no  adaptation  of  the  electrical  resistance  principle  was  employed 
on  a  commercial  production  basis. 


2oo  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Wedge  The  development  of  the  Wedge  Furnace  design  was  directed 

Furnace  by  Mr.  Utley  Wedge,  Consulting  Engineer  from  Philadelphia, 

Development  Pa.,  in  co-operation  with  the  Department.  Part  of  this  work 
was  performed  at  Nela  Park  and  part  at  Philadelphia.  Mr. 
Wedge,  a  furnace  man  of  wide  experience,  was  assisted  throughout  all  the 
work  by  Sgt.  ist-Class  W.  G.  Randolph.  In  the  performance  of  the  original 
work,  much  credit  is  also  due  to  the  careful  working  out  of  detail  by  Sgt. 
Andrew  Kars.ten,  Pvt.  R.  K.  Carleton  and  Sgt.  James  Burns.  All  the  carbon 
activation  experience  of  the  department  was  available  for  this  work  and  the 
facilities  were  utilized  until  the  completion  of  the  first  design. 

Under  Mr.  Wedge's  direction,  a  small  unit  known  as  Wedge  Furnace 
No.  i  was  erected.  This  installation  was  a  departure  from  any  carbon 
activator  then  in  use.  The  purpose  of  this  work  was  to  find  out  if  carbon 
while  flowing  mechanically  over  a  series  of  hearths  could  be  activated  by 
steam  in  the  presence  of  the  furnace  gases.  Inasmuch  as  the  hearths  in  this 
furnace  were  horizontal,  a  rabble  system  was  used  to  give  movement  to 
the  charcoal  charge.  To  work  out  the  data  on  flow  of  carbon  over  inclined 
hearths,  suitable  hearths  of  wood  and  ceramic  construction  were  erected 
and  the  necessary  data  on  angle  of  inclination  and  control  of  movement 
was  obtained. 

After  the  completion  of  the  experimental  work,  Mr.  Wedge,  accom- 
panied by  Sgt.  Randolph,  returned  to  Philadelphia,  where  they  continued 
and  completed  the  work  of  the  design  of  a  furnace  of  the  Scott  type.  In 
this  type  of  furnace  the  flue  gases  are  used  to  carry  heat  into  the  furnace 
In  the  activation  of  carbon,  the  flue  gases  furnish  the  carbon  dioxide  and 
some  of  the  necessary  steam  for  the  process.  The  remainder  of  the  steam 
is  introduced  as  such.  At  the  time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  the  furnace 
design  had  been  accepted  and  contracts  were  pending  for  the  materials 
for  the  construction  of  the  Wedge  Furnace  at  the  National  Carbon  Company, 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  DRESSLER  TUNNEL  KILN 

At  the  completion  of  the  experimental  work  applied  to  the  Wedge 
design  of  the  Scott  type  of  furnace,  the  work  of  activation  of  uniform  layers 
of  various  carbon  materials  was  started.  This  work  was  carried  out  on  a 
very  thorough  and  elaborate  scale.  The  work  was  pioneer  in  that  it  relied 
upon  the  penetration  of  the  re-active  gases  into  the  varying  depths  of 
charcoal  in  even  uniform  layers.  This  method  of  activating  charcoal  utilizes 
a  low  temperature  and  prolonged  time,  thus  giving  small  loss  and  maximum 
activation.  The  preliminary  work  and  subsequent  investigational  work 
added  greatly  to  carbon  activation  problems.  The  theory  and  practice  of 
this  development  were  entirely  new  and  the  Dressier  Tunnel  Kiln  was  the 
first  commercial  application  of  the  same. 

The  work  required  very  careful  control  of  operating  conditions,  es- 
pecially as  regarded  temperature.  The  original  Wedge  furnace  in  which 
this  work  was  started  was  poorly  adapted  to  this  study.  It  was  used  for  some 
time  inasmuch  as  it  was  already  erected,  but  was  later  discarded  and  a  special 
furnace  constructed  for  the  purpose.  This  work  progressed  rapidly  and  the 
final  application  to  the  Tunnel  Kiln  type  furnace  was  made  with  the  Dressier 
Kiln,  available  at  Zanesville,  Ohio. 

This  furnace  was  made  available  through  the  kindness  of  the  American 


The  Charge  End  of  the  Tunnel  Kiln  Type  of  Furnace.     An  empty 
and  a  loaded  truck  are  seen  in  the  left  foreground 


The    Tunnel    Kiln    Furnace    Shifts    Unloading    Respirator    Carbon, 
Filling  and  Striking  Trays  and  loading  Crude  Carbon 


The  Nela  Camp  Dining  Room.     It  was  equipped   as  a  temporary 
hospital  for  the  Defense  Section  during  the  Influenza  Epidemic 


The  Personnel   of  the  Defense  Section,   Development   Division 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  201 

•Encaustic  Tiling  Company,  of  which  Mr.  H.  D.  Lillibridge  was  manager. 
The  Defense  Department  was  indebted  particularly  to  Mr.  Lillibridge,  Mr. 
F.  K.  Pentz,  Mr.  Wm.  McCoy  and  Mr.  J.  G.  Whitmer  of  the  American 
Encaustic  Tiling  Company  for  the  courtesies  and  technical  information 
received  from  them. 

A  detachment  of  about  seventy  men  was  formed  at  Zanesville  with 
Lieut.  Cheney  as  Commanding  Officer,  assisted  by  Lieuts.  Weber  and 
Cheever.  Experimental  work  was  carried  on  for  about  two  months,  to  work 
out  the  necessary  mechanical  details  required  for  successful  activation. 
The  kiln  as  a  carbon  activation  plant  was  successful.  This  process  is  unques- 
tionably the  best  developed  for  the  activation  of  carbon  during  the  war. 

It  may  be  said  of  this  process  that  the  only  matter  of  regret  is  the  fact 
that  it  was  not  discovered  until  the  urgent  need  for  activated  carbon  was 
over.  The  kiln  had  a  great  advantage  in  being  equally  suited  for  activation 
of  all  classes  of  carbon  material.  The  activation  secured,  being  in  all  cases 
almost  the  maximum  obtainable,  was  secured  in  a  single  treatment  of  the 
material  and  without  excessive  loss.  In  connection  with  this  adaptation 
there  were  many  difficult  problems  involving  a  great  deal  of  hard,  mechanical 
work. 

Steam  As   a   final   development   in   the  experimental   work  on   the 

Lift  activation  of  charcoal  by  the  air  or  steam  lift  principle,  a 

Furnace  plant-size  steam  lift  furnace  was  constructed  in  the  Defense 

Department.  The  design  adopted  was  the  outcome  of  pre- 
vious work  by  the  Research  Laboratory,  and  was  made  by  Master  Engineer 
L.  W.  Larsen.  Capt.  Hering  and  Sgt.  Watt  had  charge  of  the  construction 
of  the  unit. 

Operation  of  the  unit  was  successful  and,  with  slight  modifications 
in  design,  it  was  recommended  for  the  production  of  a  large  amount  of  good 
quality  material  at  a  minimum  expense  for  installation  and  operation. 

Vertical  As  has  been  said  under  the  account  of  the  Research  Labora- 

Treaters  tory>  a  number  of  small  vertical  treater  units   were   erected 

in  the  Defense  Department  for  the  study  of  the  relative 
value  of  different  gases  as  activating  agents.  These  vertical  treater  units 
were  essentially  small-size  Dorsey  Treaters.  ist-Sgt.  J.  G.  Williamson  de- 
signed, erected,  and  was  in  charge  of  operation  of  two  gas-fired  units  of 
this  type,  and  Pvt.  ist-Class  N.  P.  Uhl  constructed  a  number  of  small 
electrically  heated  units  of  this  type. 

From  the  operation  of  these  units,  much  valuable  data  was  obtained 
on  the  use  of  steam,  carbon  dioxide,  and  mixtures  of  steam  and  carbon 
dioxide  as  activating  agents.  Many  small-scale  experimental  runs  were  also 
made  to  test  the  efficiency  of  the  Dorsey  Treater  for  the  activation  of  pro- 
posed Dorsite  substitutes,  and  for  the  manufacture  of  Rankinite  "A." 

Distillation       For  the  carbonizing  of  raw  material,  a  gas-fired  distillation 

Retort  retort  was  erected  on  a  semi-plant  scale.  ist-Sgt.  Williamson 

designed,  constructed  and  operated  the  unit.  Many  different 

kinds  of  wood  and  nuts  proposed  as  substitutes  for  cocoanut  hulls  were 


2O2  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

carbonized   in   the   retort,   the   charcoal   so   produced   being  subsequently 
activated  in  the  small  vertical  treater  units. 

Records  and     The  many  kinds  of  experimental  investigations  which  were 
Reports  conducted  simultaneously  in   the   Defense  Department  re- 

quired a  large  amount  of  work  on  the  keeping  of  records, 
the  collecting  and  systematizing  of  experimental  data,  and  the  writing  of 
reports  on  the  work  done.  By  far  the  greatest  part  of  this  work  was  done 
by  Sgt.  L.  C.  Lamb.  As  the  work  increased  in  volume,  Sgt.  L.  H.  Hauth 
was  added  to  the  report  department,  and  later  Reg.  Sgt.-Major  P.  Learoyd 
was  recruited  from  the  Research  Laboratory. 

Plant  Con-       In  the  earliest  stages  of  the  department,  all  the  men  having 
struction  construction    capabilities    were    identified    with    plant    con- 

struction work.  In  fact  this  relationship  of  construction 
was  never  completely  divorced  from  the  work  at  any  time.  Prominently 
identified  with  the  supervision  of  construction  appear  the  names  of  Lieut. 
Rice  and  Sgt.  Forrer,  who  were  for  several  months  connected  with  erection 
work  of  large-scale  units  in  the  Defense  Department. 

Sgt.  Watt  was  the  man  who  handled  the  later  construction  work  for 
the  Defense  Department. 

AKRON  DETACHMENT 

To  assist  Major  Pierce  in  the  development  of  the  latest  form  of  gas 
mask,  known  as  the  "Pierce  Mask,"  a  small  detachment  of  men  from  the 
Defense  Department  was  established  in  Akron,  Ohio,  at  the  plant  of  the 
Goodrich  Rubber  Company.  The  detachment  consisted  of  Lieut.  T.  M. 
Rector,  Sgt.  Roland  Etter  and  Pvt.  Proser. 

Various  phases  of  gas  mask  construction  were  studied,  and  the  work 
successfully  resulted  in  one  of  the  best  masks  developed  during  the  war. 

HONOR  ROLL  OF  DEFENSE  SECTION 

Private  J.  L.  Jordan.  Died  October  15,  1918,  from  Influenza. 
Private  E.  E.  Washburn.  Died  October  16,  1918,  from  Influenza. 
Private  E.  M.  Anderson.  Died  October  20,  1918,  from  Influenza. 
Private  John  Schwartz.  Died  October  22,  1918,  from  Influenza. 
Private  C.  E.  Cooper.  Died  December  8, 1918,  from  Influenza. 

To  the  men  who  worked  with  them,  lived  with  them  and  knew  them 
for  what  they  were,  their  deaths  were  indeed  a  loss,  a  source  of  deep  sorrow 
and  of  sincere  regret. 

At  the  time  of  the  influenza  epidemic,  a  hospital  was  improvised  on 
the  Nela  Camp  grounds,  Nela  Park,  for  the  care  of  the  men  of  the  Chemical 
Warfare  Service.  It  is  at  least  a  source  of  satisfaction  to  know  that  every- 
thing possible  was  done  for  the  men  of  the  detachment  who  were  afflicted 
with  this  insidious  disease,  and  that  all  received  the  best  that  intelligent 
nursing  and  efficient  medical  attention  could  produce. 


The  Tray  Production  Crew,  Zanesville  Detachment,  Development  Division. 


The  Material  Handling  Crew,  Zanesville  Detachment,  Development  Division. 


The  Zanesville  Detachment,  Development  Division,  Zanesville,  Ohio. 


Shift  Number  One — Furnace  and  Control  Laboratory,  Zanesville  Detachment, 
Development  Division. 


Shift   Number   Two — Furnace    and   Control   Laboratory,   Zanesville    Detachment, 
Development  Division. 


i  I  JLt  Hfi  A  ff  *  k  «  x 
H   ff  II  M 


Shift  Number  Three — Furnace  and  Control  Laboratory,  Zanesville  Detachment, 
Development  Division. 


OFFENSE  SECTION,  DEVELOPMENT  DIVISION 
EARLY  PRODUCTION  OF  MUSTARD  GAS 

On  pages  16710  170  we  have  briefly  outlined  the  introduction  of  mustard 
gas  into  modern  warfare  by  the  Germans  at  Ypres,  July  20,  1917.  It  is 
the  purpose  of  the  following  discussion  to  give,  in  some  detail,  the  general 
nature  and  properties  of  the  gas  itself,  and  the  various  problems  and  in- 
cidents connected  with  its  development  and  production. 

Mustard  gas,  or  dichlorethyl  sulphide,  when  pure  is  a  water-white 
liquid  boiling  at  219°  C.  It  was  first  prepared  in  1886  by  the  German  chemist 
Victor  Meyer,  who  recorded  its  peculiar  toxic  properties.  However,  dichlo- 
rethyl sulphide  had  been  generally  regarded  solely  as  a  chemical  curiosity, 
until  the  time  when  it  appeared  on  the  battlefields  in  Flanders. 

Nobody  in  the  allied  countries  had  ever  attempted  to  produce  the 
stuff  in  any  quantity  and,  on  examination,  the  procedure  used  by  Meyer, 
namely  the  chlorhydrin  procedure,  proved  to  be  very  unsatisfactory 
for  large-scale  production.  In  addition,  the  development  of  a  satisfactory 
generator  for  producing  ethylene  gas  had  proved  to  be  a  stumbling  block. 
It  was  as  late  as  February,  1918,  before  Professor  Pope  in  England  reported 
the  synthesis  of  this  compound  by  the  absorption  of  ethylene  gas  in  sulphur 
monochloride.  Strangely  enough,  the  British  cablegram  anticipated  by 
just  two  days  the  discovery  of  the  same  reaction  at  the  American  University 
in  Washington. 

The  American  University  immediately  put  an  entire  laboratory  on 
the  problem,  and  by  the  middle  of  March  a  procedure  had  been  indicated 
on  a  laboratory  scale  for  the  manufacture  of  this  material,  using  sulphur 
monochloride  and  ethylene  gas  as  the  raw  materials. 

To  develop  this  procedure,  an  experimental  plant,  shown  in  the 
accompanying  photograph,  was  established  March  12,  1918,  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  at  East  ijist  Street  and  Taft  Ave.  The  plant  taken  over  for  this 
work,  formerly  the  property  of  the  Great  Lakes  Refining  Company,  consisted 
of  a  small,  brick,  two-story  office  building  connected  with  a  large  single- 
story  structure  suitable  for  plant  operations.  This  property,  valued  at  $90,000, 
was  located  about  six  miles  from  the  Cleveland  Public  Square,  being  adjacent 
to  the  Chandler  Motor  Company,  the  H.  J.  Walker  Company  and  the  Willard 
Storage  Battery  Company. 

The  district  was  rather  congested  for  the  handling  of  a  toxic  material 
like  mustard,  and  unusual  caution  had  to  be  exerted  at  all  times  to  avoid 
"gassing  the  neighbors."  In  spite  of  this  handicap,  no  serious  trouble  was 
experienced,  and  in  general  but  few  outsiders  were  ever  aware  of  the  nature 
of  the  work  being  done  at  the  East  ijist  Street  post. 

The  first  commanding  officer  was  Captain  B.  B.  Wright,  and  the  initial 
personnel  consisted  of  seven  officers  and  twenty-eight  men,  loaned  from  the 
Edgewood  Arsenal. 

No  time  was  lost  in  putting  the  plant  in  shape  for  experimental  work. 
The  second-story  room  was  quickly  converted  into  a  control  and  research 
laboratory,  being  furnished  with  ten  well-ventilated  hoods  and  all  the 
equipment  necessary  for  a  modern  laboratory.  This  laboratory  was  placed 
in  charge  of  Lieutenant  W.  A.  Felsing  (later  Captain).  Upon  Lieutenant 


204  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Felsing's  transfer  to  Edgewood  in  July,  Lieutenant  R.  A.  Wilkins  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  laboratory. 

In  the  plant  itself,  rapid  progress  was  made  in  installing  the  experi- 
mental production  apparatus.  Sergeant  G.  L.  Rollason  (later  Captain)  was 
in  charge  of  the  ethylene  generators.  Lieutenant  W.  D.  Marshall  directed 
the  work  on  the  mustard  reactor.  Lieutenant  R.  Penfield  had  general  super- 
vision of  the  design  and  construction  work.  Dr.  Charles  S.  Venable  (later 
Captain)  was  loaned  by  the  American  University  to  personally  interpret 
the  results  on  mustard  production  obtained  on  a  laboratory  scale  in  Wash- 
ington. In  a  similar  manner,  Dr.  F.  K.  Bezzenberger  (later  Captain)  aided 
in  the  ethylene  investigation. 

The  quick  assembly  of  the  materials  required  for  plant  and  laboratory 
was  only  made  possible  through  the  generous  co-operation  of  various  Cleve- 
land manufacturing  concerns.  The  attitude  of  these  concerns  toward  the 
Development  Division  throughout  the  course  of  the  war  was,  "If  we  have 
it,  come  and  get  it;  if  we  haven't  it,  we  will  get  it  for  you." 

On  April  2,  1918,  the  first  run  was  made  on  the  ethylene  generator, 
and  on  April  26th  Lieutenant  Marshall  with  his  "crew"  started  using  this 
ethylene  to  make  mustard.  These  operations  will  be  discussed  in  more  detail 
later. 

The  personnel  at  this  post  was  increased  as  the  work  expanded,  the  men 
being  as  a  rule  obtained  from  the  different  cantonments,  where  selection 
was  made  according  to  qualifications  as  registered  on  the  service  cards  of 
the  men.  The  following  table  gives  the  average  number  present  at  the  post 
during  each  month  from  April,  1918  to  February,  1919: 

March,  1918,  35;  April,  1918,  50;  May,  1918,  70;  June,  1918,  80; 
July,  1918,  85;  August,  1918,  1 60;  September,  1918,  145;  October,  1918,  140; 
November,  1918,  156;  December,  1918,  55;  and  January,  1919,  25. 

Transfers  were  constantly  being  made  to  Willoughby,  Nela  Park 
and  Edgewood,  a  total  of  293  men  actually  being  enrolled  at  the  post. 

To  assist  Captain  Wright,  the  first  commanding  officer,  Sergeant  G. 
M.  Rollason,  was  appointed  assistant  technical  director.  Sergeant  Rollason 
was  commissioned  Captain  in  July,  and  sent  abroad  on  liaison  work.  On 
August  ist,  Captain  Wright  was  transferred  to  Headquarters  and  Major 
L.  J.  Willien  was  placed  in  command,  as  superintendent,  with  Captain 
F.  K.  Bezzenberger  acting  as  assistant  superintendent.  This  arrangement 
continued  until  January,  1919,  when  the  station  was  abandoned.  The 
staff  on  November  ist  was  as  follows: 

Major  L.  J.  Willien,  Commanding  Officer;  Captain  F.  K.  Bezzenberger, 
Captain  J.  F.  Brewster,  Captain  J.  R.  Silver,  Jr.,  Captain  C.  S.  Venable, 
First  Lieutenant  W.  M.  Eaton,  Second  Lieutenant  Howard  Sotzen  (see 
page  53),  Second  Lieutenant  R.  A.  Wilkins;  Civilian — Mr.  William  Green. 

Since  this  plant  was  producing  mustard  only  in  quantities  sufficient 
for  experimental  purposes,  it  was  necessary  continuously  to  transmit  the 
results  obtained  to  the  Edgewood  Arsenal,  the  Hastings-on-Hudson  plant, 
the  National  Aniline  and  Chemical  Company  plant  at  Buffalo,  and  the 
Dow  Chemical  Company  at  Midland,  Michigan,  where  mustard  was  to  be 
made.  During  the  operation  of  the  Cleveland  plant,  investigations  were 
also  begun  on  the  development  of  superpalite  and  magnesium  arsenide, 
but  both  of  these  investigations  were  stopped  'by  the  War  Department 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  205 

before  final  development  stages  were  attained.  When  the  armistice  was 
signed,  the  entire  plant  was  being  turned  over  to  the  development  of  the 
production  of  another  gas.  The  main  result  attained  by  the  Offense  Section, 
therefore,  was  the  development  of  mustard  gas. 

The  fundamental  reaction  involved  in  the  production  of  mustard  gas 
is  that  taking  place  between  ethylene  gas  and  sulphur  monochloride.  Sulphur 
monochloride  was  found  available  on  the  market  in  large  quantities.  The 
development  problem,  therefore,  was  concerned  with  (i)  The  commercial 
production  of  ethylene;  (2)  the  development  of  suitable  apparatus  and 
plant  procedure  for  absorption  of  this  ethylene  gas  in  sulphur  monochloride; 
(3)  the  purification,  if  found  necessary,  of  the  product. 

As  regards  the  production  of  ethylene,  the  process  as  finally  evolved 
consisted  essentially  of  introducing  mixtures  of  alcohol  vapor  and  steam, 
in  the  ratio  of  one  to  one  by  weight,  into  an  eight-inch  iron  tube  with  a 
three-inch  core,  in  contact  with  clay  at  500°  to  600°  C.  The  gaseous  products 
were  removed  through  a  water-cooled  surface  condenser.  The  generator 
tube  was  provided  with  a  double  system  of  cock  valves,  by  which  the  cata- 
lyst in  the  tube  could  be  replaced  in  a  semi-continuous  fashion.  The  accom- 
panying perspective  drawing  shows  the  complete  ethylene  installation. 

The  introduction  of  steam  along  with  the  alcohol  represents  a  distinct 
development  accomplished  by  this  laboratory,  the  steam  rendering  temper- 
ature control  more  uniform  and  accordingly  giving  a  single  unit  greater 
capacity  of  a  higher  grade  product.  The  tests  on  this  unit  were  completed 
in  the  early  part  of  May,  1918,  the  furnace  having  a  demonstrated  capacity 
of  400  cubic  feet  per  hour  of  ethylene  of  between  92%  and  95%  purity,  with 
a  conversion  efficiency  (alcohol  to  ethylene)  of  about  85%.  Forty  units 
of  this  type,  an  installation  capable  of  producing  in  twenty-four  hours 
sufficient  ethylene  to  make  forty  tons  of  mustard,  were  assembled  and  sent 
to  Edgewood,  where  they  were  operated  successfully  until  after  the  signing 
of  the  armistice.  As  the  prototype  of  the  ethylene  generators  at  Edgewood, 
the  Cleveland  unit,  therefore,  fully  justified  itself  and  no  vertical  kaolin 
generator  has,  up  to  this  writing,  been  used  on  a  commercial  scale  which 
has  bettered  the  results  obtained  by  this  type  of  generator. 

Five  gasometers  of  a  combined  capacity  of  800  cu.  ft.  were  installed 
behind  the  plant  for  ethylene  storage.  These  tanks  were  never  empty  from 
April  2nd  to  November  11,  1918. 

The  60°  C.  procedure  first  used  in  the  production  of  mustard  gas 
consisted  essentially  in  introducing  dry  ethylene  gas  into  sulphur  mono- 
chloride  until  further  absorption  ceases.  Rapid  agitation  of  the  liquid  is 
essential;  the  reaction,  is  exothermic;  and  the  reaction  temperature  must 
be  kept  between  55°  C.  and  60°  C.  The  rate  of  absorption  was  found  to  in- 
crease with  the  concentration  of  mustard  produced.  The  reaction  should 
produce  one  molecule  dichlorethyl  sulphide  plus  one  molecule  free  sulphur 
per  molecule  monochloride  used.  Under  the  above  conditions,  about  one-half 
this  sulphur  reacted  with  the  dichlorethyl  sulphide  to  give  polysulphides 
soluble  in  the  mustard  liquor.  The  remaining  half  of  this  sulphur,  amounting 
to  about  8%  by  weight  of  the  crude  product,  separated  out  on  standing, 
or  separated  out  immediately  if  the  product  was  treated  with  moist  ammonia 
gas.  The  clear  supernatant  liquor  was  to  be  sent  to  the  shell-filling  plants. 

The  attempt,  on  April  26th,  1918, at  the  first  semi-plant-scale  operation, 
was  exciting  but  was  not  a  complete  success.  About  fifty  pounds  of  good 


2o6  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

mustard  were  produced  but  the  reactor  proved  to  have  insufficient  cooling 
capacity  to  warrant  its  further  use.  Accordingly  a  second  reactor  of  the 
standard  nitrator  type,  equipped  for  mechanical  agitation,  was  constructed 
and  successfully  operated.  This  reactor  had  a  capacity  of  seventy-five 
pounds  of  product.  A  filtros  plug  reactor,  designed  at  the  American  Uni- 
versity and  having  a  capacity  of  350  pounds  of  product,  was  also  operated 
at  this  laboratory. 

As  a  result  of  these  investigations,  four  one-ton  reactors  of  the  mechan- 
ically agitated  type  were  designed,  assembled  and  sent  to  Edgewood  where 
they  were  later  operated  by  the  Edgewood  staff. 

On  June  1st,  Lieutenant  Marshall  and  a  number  of  his  men  were 
transferred  to  Edgewood  to  assist  in  the  production  of  mustard  gas  at  that 
station. 

MEDICAL  AND  SURGICAL  CARE 

Every  care  was  taken  to  preserve  the  health  of  the  men.  About  the 
middle  of  April,  a  room  in  the  main  office  was  set  apart  as  a  dispensary, 
and  on  May  1st  Dr.  M.  J.  Brickman  of  Cleveland  was  appointed  contract 
surgeon  and  took  charge  of  all  the  medical  work  at  this  post.  At  the  time 
of  his  appointment,  Dr.  Brickman  arranged  with  Dr.  Wm.  G.  Zantiny  to 
assist  with  the  work,  each  visiting  the  laboratory  on  alternate  days.  Such 
an  arrangement  continued  until  August  27,  1918,  when  Dr.  Zantiny  was 
employed  as  contract  surgeon  for  the  Defense  Laboratory,  Nela  Park. 
Assisting  these  doctors,  Sergeants  L.  D.  Emery  and  Clarence  A.  Elden 
tied  up  fingers,  anointed  burns,  and  ministered  as  necessary  to  the  needs  of 
those  suffering  minor  injuries. 

The  general  health  of  the  men  was  exceptionally  good,  except  for  those 
affected  with  mustard  gas  and  the  epidemic  of  influenza.  One  serious  accident 
only  is  on  record,  that  of  Private  Julius  M.  Blum,  who  was  killed  in  an 
automobile  accident.  Much  bronchitis  and  conjunctivitis  resulted  from 
exposure  to  the  low  concentrations  of  mustard  gas  usually  found  in  the 
mustard  rooms,  but  few  lasting  or  serious  effects  have  been  noted.  Erythema 
or  rash  resulting  from  this  situation  also  gave  no  serious  results,  but  the 
effect  was  irritating  and  uncomfortable.  The  larger  number  of  casualties 
was  due  to  skin  burns  obtained  from  actual  contact  with  the  liquid.  For 
the  treatment  of  the  most  serious  of  these  cases,  by  authority  of  an  order 
from  the  Medical  Department,  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  arrangements 
were  made  with  the  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital  by  which  a  majority  of  such 
cases  were  treated  at  this  hospital. 

In  connection  with  the  mustard  burns,  it  may  be  interesting  to  give 
a  few  statistics.  Of  the  293  men  employed  at  the  East  13151  Street  station, 
183  in  the  course  of  their  work  might  have  possibly  come  in  contact  with 
mustard  gas;  92  men,  or  50%  of  those  exposed,  were  burned;  31  men,  or 
33%  of  those  burned,  were  treated  in  the  hospital.  In  at  least  three  cases, 
the  man  was  in  the  hospital  for  three  months.  The  accompanying  photo- 
graph shows  a  case  of  a  bad  hand  burn. 

PURIFYING  THE  "MUSTARD" 

With  regard  to  the  purification  of  the  product,  until  the  information 
came  through  on  the  30°  C.  procedure,  the  60°  C.  procedure  had  been  ac- 
cepted in  this  country  as  most  suitable.  The  problem  of  sulphur  precipitation 


Upper  Photo — A  Bad  Hand  Burn  Caused  by  Accidental  Contact 
with  Mustard  Gas. 

Lower   Photo — The   Control   and   Research   Laboratory   of  the 
Offense  Section,   Development  Division. 


The   Dorsey   Ethylene   Furnace,   which   was   used   for   Large-Scale 
Production  of  Ethylene 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  207 

was  the  greatest  bar  to  its  success  from  an  operating  point  of  view  and  also 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  shell-filling  plants.  In  addition,  it  was  desired 
to  fill  the  shell  with  material  as  nearly  100%  dichlorethyl  sulphide  as  possible. 
For  these  reasons,  experiments  were  undertaken,  very  shortly  after  the 
establishment  of  a  successful  absorber,  on  the  purification  of  the  crude 
material.  Here  again  the  line  of  investigation  was  a  duplicate  of  laboratory 
procedure — in  this  case  a  vacuum  distillation. 

Two  more  rooms  were  partitioned  off  for  this  work.  In  the  first  room, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  William  Green  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  exper- 
imental work  was  performed  on  an  enamel-lined  pot  still,  aluminum  flash 
still,  iron  flash  still,  and  distillation  by  means  of  air  at  atmospheric  pressure 
in  a  lead-lined  dephlegmating  column.  In  the  second  room,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Captain  Silver,  experimental  work  was  performed  on  the  iron  flash 
still.  The  result  of  all  this  work  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  iron  flash  still 
as  being  the  most  satisfactory. 

The  still  consisted  essentially  of  a  set  of  parallel  steam-jacketed  iron 
pipes  two  inches  in  diameter  and  ten  feet  long,  inclined  at  an  angle  of  30° 
with  the  horizontal.  Crude  mustard  flowing  down  this  tube  was  vaporized; 
the  vapors  entered  an  upright  steam-jacketed  foaming  chamber,  and  thence 
were  drawn  over  into  a  condenser.  The  residue  dropped  from  the  bottom 
of  the  foaming  chamber  into  a  suitable  container.  The  whole  system  was 
kept  under  an  absolute  pressure  of  about  one  inch  of  mercury. 

The  capacity  of  this  still  was  demonstrated  to  be  about  one  ton  con- 
densate  per  tube  per  24  hours,  the  condensate  being  92%  to  94%  mustard, 
and  approximately  a  5%  loss  of  the  mustard  in  the  original  crude  was 
suffered  in  the  process. 

Due  to  the  development  of  the  30°  C.  or  "British"  procedure,  where 
a  product  was  obtained  in  which  the  sulphur  is  held  in  solution  and  accord- 
ingly presents  but  slight  operating  and  shell-filling  difficulties,  the  method 
of  purification  by  the  flash  still  procedure  was  never  put  into  practice  at 
any  of  the  large-scale  plants. 

This  distillation  work  proved  to  be  the  most  hazardous  of  all  the  work 
in  connection  with  mustard  gas.  It  was  necessary  to  deal  with  mustard  at 
temperatures  about  100°  C.;  the  apparatus  was  complicated,  and  numerous 
changes  in  the  various  experimental  installations  required  the  handling 
of  contaminated  parts.  Accordingly,  many  casualties  were  incurred  among 
the  personnel  involved. 

During  the  latter  part  of  August,  the  plant  was  engaged  chiefly  in 
work  connected  with  the  purification  of  mustard.  The  only  procedure  then 
in  use  (60°  C.  procedure)  had  by  this  time  been  fully  developed  and  placed 
in  operation  at  Edgewood.  Although  the  Offense  Section  was  experimenting 
with  an  installation  for  the  continuous  preparation  of  mustard  by  this 
procedure,  it  was  not  felt  that  this  installation  would  prove  to  be  practical. 
This  feeling  was  later  justified. 

At  this  time  the  information  came  through  from  the  British  on  the 
30°  C.,  or  so-called  Levinstein  procedure,  then  in  actual  practice  in  England. 
The  British  scheme  involved  the  use  of  coke  impregnated  with  phosphoric 
acid  as  a  catalyst  in  the  production  of  ethylene  and  30°  C.  reaction  temper- 
ature in  the  production  of  mustard.  The  Offense  Section  immediately  trans- 


2o8  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

ferred  the  major  part  of  its  activities  to  an  investigation  of  the  British 
procedure. 

Captain  Bezzenberger  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  phase  of  this  inves- 
tigation dealing  with  the  production  of  ethylene,  his  chief  assistants  being 
Sergeant  J.  A.  Kelley,  Sergeant  T.  P.  Kelly,  and  Corporal  A.  H.  Hirschauer. 
Pots  and  drying  ovens  were  installed  and  several  tons  of  impregnated  coke 
were  prepared.  The  procedure  using  this  catalyst  was  practically  the  same 
as  that  in  which  kaolin  was  used,  with  the  exceptions  that  none  of  the 
steam  was  introduced  with  alcohol,  and  that  the  temperature  required 
was  350°  C.  in  place  of  500°  C. 

Attempts  to  use  the  new  catalyst  in  the  Dorsey  furnaces  failed.  After 
numerous  experiments,  a  furnace  was  designed  and  built  that  was  capable 
of  giving  2000  cubic  feet  per  hour  of  ethylene  98%  to  99%  pure.  Inasmuch 
as  the  kaolin  type  installation  at  Edgewood  had  proved  satisfactory,  no 
large-scale  application  of  the  phosphoric  coke  procedure  for  manufacturing 
ethylene  was  made  at  any  of  the  American  plants. 

Captain  Venable  had  general  supervision  over  that  phase  of  the  inves- 
tigation dealing  with  the  production  of  mustard  gas.  His  chief  assistants 
were  Sergeant  G.  H.  Porter  and  Mr.  C.  H.  Bellinger. 

The  30°  C.  procedure  consisted  essentially  in  bringing  together  sulphur 
monochloride  and  very  pure  ethylene  gas,  in  the  presence  of  crude  mustard 
liquor  as  a  solvent,  at  a  temperature  ranging  between  30°  C.  and  35°  C. 
A  supply  of  un-reacted  monochloride  was  constantly  maintained  in  the 
reacting  liquid  until  a  sufficient  sized  batch  was  built  up.  Then  the  mono- 
chloride  feed  was  discontinued  and  the  ethylene  feed  continued  until  further 
absorption  ceases. 

The  great  advantage  of  this  procedure  lies  in  the  complete  sulphur 
"hold-up"  obtained  when  the  reaction  takes  place  at  30°  C.  Apparently 
the  sulphur  remains  in  colloidal  solution.  By  controlling  the  ratio  of  un- 
combined  monochloride  to  mustard  according  to  a  predetermined  schedule, 
the  reaction  velocity  is  so  increased  that  the  lower  temperature  may  be 
used.  The  obvious  disadvantage  is  the  refrigeration  required. 

A  satisfactory  operating  procedure  was  worked  out  in  every  detail 
and  the  information,  as  fast  as  evolved,  transmitted  to  Edgewood,  where 
plant  units  were  in  process  of  installation.  The  30°  C.  procedure  was  being 
universally  adopted  when  the  armistice  was  signed. 

By  the  latter  part  of  October,  1918,  the  work  on  mustard  was  finished 
and  the  entire  plant  and  laboratory  were  being  switched  over  to  the  devel- 
opment of  a  new  gas.  Before  this  work  was  well  under  way,  the  news  came 
of  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  On  November  I2th,  the  order  was  issued 
to  dismantle  the  whole  plant  and  discharge  the  men  as  rapidly  as  conven- 
ient. 

INFLUENZA'S  TOLL  IN  THE  OFFENSE  SECTION 

The  week  following  the  celebration  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice, 
the  influenza  epidemic  became  prevalent  again.  During  the  first  wave  of 
this  epidemic,  beginning  October  5,  1918,  15%  of  the  men  had  contracted 
the  disease.  However,  no  pneumonia  had  developed  and  no  deaths  had  been 
recorded.  The  second  wave,  however,  gave  much  more  serious  results.  33% 
of  the  men  were  affected,  13  cases  of  pneumonia  developed,  and  nine  deaths 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  209 

resulted.  An  order  had  been  issued  from  Nela  Park  directing  that  all  cases 
of  influenza  requiring  hospital  attention  be  sent  to  Mt.  Sinai,  St.  Luke's, 
Charity,  and  City  Hospitals,  each  of  which  had  offered  to  take  care  of  nine 
men.  Thanks  are  particularly  due  to  each  individual  hospital  for  the  care 
and  attention  given  to  our  men  during  this  period.  The  names  of  those 
who  succumbed  to  the  disease  are  here  recorded: 

HONOR  ROLL  OF  OFFENSE  SECTION 

First  Lieutenant  W.  M.  Eaton. 

Second  Lieutenant  G.  L.  Royce. 

Sergeant  C.  C.  Ringler. 

Corporal  Yaro  Klepel. 

Private  D.  V.  Kelly. 

Private  C.  H.  Tudor. 

Private  S.  H.  Rine. 

Private  C.  W.  Van  Houten. 

Private  F.  Korrumpf. 

These  men  died  in  the  performance  of  their  duty  as  soldiers  in  the  army  of 
the  United  States.  We  honor  their  memory. 

From  the  period  November  13,  1918,  to  February  i,  1919,  the  plant 
was  in  process  of  being  dismantled.  All  apparatus  was  taken  down.  This 
apparatus,  together  with  supplies  and  material  on  hand,  was  later  shipped 
to  Willoughby.  The  men,  as  fast  as  they  could  be  spared,  received  their 
discharges.  On  March  ist,  all  were  gone  and  the  plant  was  returned  to  its 
original  owners  in  pretty  much  the  same  condition  in  which  it  was  received 
March  12,  1918. 

MIDLAND  SECTION,  DEVELOPMENT  DIVISION 

On  February  27,  1918,  a  station  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines  was  established 
at  the  plant  of  the  Dow  Chemical  Company,  Midland,  Michigan,  for  the 
purpose  of  developing  a  process  for  the  manufacture  of  mustard  gas.  The 
Dow  plant  is  one  of  the  largest  plants  in  the  United  States  manufacturing 
chemicals  only.  The  brine  wells  at  Midland  run  unusually  high  in  bromine 
constituents,  and  accordingly  the  activities  of  the  plant  are  chiefly  con- 
cerned with  the  production  of  chemicals  involving  bromine  and  chlorine. 
For  instance,  the  plant  produces  large  quantities  of  sulphur  chloride,  one 
of  the  raw  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  mustard  gas.  Mr.  Herbert 
Dow,  President  of  the  Dow  Chemical  Company,  generously  offered  the 
facilities  of  the  plant  in  furthering  the  manufacture  of  mustard.  Dr.  A.  W. 
Smith,  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  directed  the  work  at  this  station.  In  addition, 
the  technical  staff  of  the  company  showed  a  willing  spirit  of  co-operation. 
Mr.  Thomas  Griswold,  Jr.,  Chief  Mechanical  Engineer,  and  Mr.  E.  O. 
Barstow,  Chief  Chemical  Engineer,  in  particular  rendered  material  aid 
throughout  the  course  of  the  work. 

The  initial  work  at  Midland,  mainly  laboratory  experimentation, 
was  carried  out  by  Dr.  Smith  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Ivan  Harlowe, 
Mr.  C.  G.  Smith,  and  several  other  men  loaned  by  the  Dow  Chemical 
Company.  In  early  March,  1918,  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  in  answer  to  a  call 
for  assistants,  sent  the  following  men  to  aid  in  this  work:  W.  D.  Van  Arnam 
and  Edward  Hobson,  both  later  commissioned  second  lieutenants,  C.  W.  S., 


2io  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Messrs.  Kinzie  and  Max  Y.  Seaton.  On  May  I5th,  Lieut.  Wadsworth  arrived 
with  a  detachment  of  enlisted  men  transferred  from  Hastings-on-Hudson. 
On  May  2Oth,  enough  additional  enlisted  men  were  received  through  Amer- 
ican University  to  bring  the  total  Midland  enlisted  personnel  up  to  twenty- 
five. 

Midland  was  only  a  small  town,  and  at  that  time  was  very  crowded 
due  to  the  wartime  activities  of  the  Dow  plant.  Upon  the  arrival  of  the 
soldiers,  a  house-to-house  canvass  was  made  in  the  search  for  rooms.  Through 
the  courteous  response  of  the  people  of  the  town,  a  lodging  for  each  soldier 
was  provided.  For  their  meals,  the  soldiers  ran  their  own  canteen  in  the 
parish-house  of  the  Episcopal  church.  A  rest  room,  equipped  with  victrola, 
books,  periodicals,  etc.,  was  provided  for  the  men  by  the  Dow  Company 
and  the  citizens  of  the  town. 

The  new  arrivals  lost  little  time  in  getting' on  the  job.  A  number  of 
them,  especially  the  Hastings  detachment,  were  already  slightly  familiar 
with  mustard.  The  rest  were  quickly  initiated  under  the  tutelage  of  the  more 
experienced  Dow  Company  and  Bureau  of  Mines  operators.  Large-scale 
construction  and  experimentation  were  just  beginning  and  there  was  room 
for  all.  They  worked  hard,  did  those  men  at  Midland.  They  felt  more  or 
less  isolated  from  the  rest  of  the  world,  due  to  the  location  of  the  town, 
but  they  also  felt  the  importance  of  their  task,  an  importance  measured 
by  the  need  for  mustard  and  the  really  wonderful  facilities  available  at  the 
Dow  plant  for  the  production  of  this,  the  "king  of  war  gases."  Their  work 
was  hazardous  and  many  were  injured,  but  the  complaints  were  few. 

Two  serious  accidents  were  experienced  among  the  enlisted  men. 
On  May  3oth,  Private  Linn  suffered  a  fracture  of  the  skull  when  struck 
by  a  falling  timber.  He  was  sent  to  the  Mercy  Hospital,  Bay  City,  and 
subsequently  furloughed  home.  On  June  26th,  a  much  more  serious  accident 
occurred.  A  leak  developed  in  the  large  "tumble  barrel"  reactor,  which 
necessitated  certain  repairs  within  the  tumbler.  The  seven  men  engaged 
in  this  repair  work  were  severely  burned  from  mustard  fumes.  The  result 
was  fatal  for  two,  Pvt.  W.  M.  Hayward  dying  July  8th  and  Pvt.  J.  H. 
Speishandler  July  22nd.  Of  the  others  injured,  four  of  the  more  serious 
cases,  Pvts.  Mclntyre,  WickofF,  Mendelsohn  and  Huntoon  were  carried 
on  July  3 ist  by  motor  to  the  Base  Hospital,  Camp  Custer,  Michigan. 

On  May  3Oth,  1918,  Lieut.  Wadsworth,  the  original  Commanding 
Officer  at  Midland,  was  transferred  to  Edgewood.  Lieut.  Thorp  then  be- 
came Commanding  Officer,  serving  in  that  capacity  until  the  wartime  activi- 
ties at  Midland  were  discontinued. 

In  August,  as  previously  mentioned,  with  the  formation  of  the  Chem- 
ical Warfare  Service,  the  Midland  station  became  the  Midland  Section 
of  the  Development  Division,  with  Colonel  Dorsey  as  Chief.  The  actual 
supervision  of  the  work,  however,  was  maintained  by  Dr.  Smith.  Under 
this  arrangement  the  work  at  Midland  proceeded,  and  by  August  2oth 
an  entire  plant  for  the  production  of  mustard  had  been  developed  and 
operated  successfully  on  a  five-ton-unit  plant  scale.  It  had  been  originally 
proposed  that,  should  the  development  work  at  Midland  prove  successful, 
the  plant  of  the  Dow  Chemical  Company  should  assume  actual  production 
on  a  scale  of  forty  tons  per  day.  However,  in  August,  the  War  Department 
ordered  the  work  at  Midland  discontinued.  The  enlisted  men  were  trans- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  211 

ferred  August  2oth  to  Cleveland,  and  by  October  ist  the  investigation  of 
mustard  at  Midland  had  ceased. 

The  experimental  work  at  Midland  wa,s  mainly  concerned  with  the 
design  and  construction  of  large-scale  apparatus  for  the  production  of  mustard 
gas,  using  procedures  evolved  on  a  laboratory  scale  at  other  stations,  com- 
paratively little  laboratory  research  work  itself  being  done  at  Midland. 

At  the  time  the  Midland  post  was  established,  work  was  being  con- 
ducted on  a  laboratory  scale  at  the  American  University  by  which  two 
procedures  had  been  indicated  for  the  production  of  mustard.  The  one  on 
which  the  greatest  progress  had  been  accomplished  was  the  so-called  "chlor- 
hydrin"  procedure.  Accordingly,  the  first  work  done  at  the  Midland  plant 
was  an  attempt  to  develop  the  chlorhydrin  procedure  to  a  point  where  it 
could  be  put  on  a  production  basis. 

The  procedure  involves  the  production  of  chlorhydrin  by  the  action 
of  ethylene  on  the  chlorine  in  water  solution.  The  chlorhydrin  solution 
so  formed  is  concentrated,  treated  with  sodium  sulphide  to  produce  thio- 
diglycol,  and  the  thiodiglycol  converted  to  mustard  or  dichlorethyl  sul- 
phide by  the  action  of  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid. 

A  month  or  so  later,  when  work  at  other  stations  had  established  the 
practicability  of  the  monochloride  procedure,  the  inherent  advantages  of 
the  relatively  simple  monochloride  procedure  over  the  complicated  and 
costly  chlorhydrin  procedure  led  the  Midland  Detachment  to  center  its 
efforts  upon  the  development  of  the  former.  However,  due  to  the  extent 
to  which  the  chlorhydrin  procedure  had  been  developed,  and  to  meet  the 
eventuality  of  having  to  fall  back  upon  it  for  the  manufacture  of  mustard, 
this  work  was  not  entirely  abandoned.  As  a  result,  a  chlorhydrin  procedure 
was  finally  evolved  and,  as  operated  on  a  semi-large-scale  basis,  gave  decided 
promise.  Several  improvements  suggested  were  never  put  into  effect,  and 
on  the  whole  the  investigation  must  at  best  be  considered  as  incomplete. 

Of  the  two  sulphur  monochloride  processes  finally  used  for  the  produc- 
tion of  mustard  in  this  country,  the  first,  or  the  60°  C.  procedure,  was  the 
only  one  investigated  at  Midland.  The  fundamental  reaction  involved  in 
the  production  of  mustard  by  this  procedure,  is  that  taking  place  between 
ethylene  gas  and  sulphur  monochloride.  Sulphur  monochloride  was  already 
available  in  large  quantities  at  the  Dow  Plant.  The  commercial  problem, 
therefore,  was  concerned  with 

(1)  Commercial  production  of  ethylene; 

(2)  Suitable  apparatus  and  plant  procedure  for  absorption  of  this 

ethylene  gas  in  sulphur  monochloride; 

(3)  Purification,  if  found  necessary,  of  the  product. 

As  regards  the  commercial  production  of  ethylene,  all  the  experimental 
generators  installed  at  the  Dow  plant  entailed  the  same  principle,  i.  e.,  the 
dehydration  of  ethyl  alcohol  by  the  catalytic  action  of  kaolin  at  a  temperature 
ranging  from  450°  C.  to  575°  C.  In  connection  with  the  mustard  program  in- 
tended for  the  plant,  the  installation  desired  was  one  capable  of  producing 
403,000  cubic  feet  ethylene  per  day.  Ease  of  operation  and  a  maximum 
efficiency  as  regards  the  conversion  of  alcohol  to  ethylene  were  essential. 
Among  the  earlier  generators  tried  were  the  electric  furnace,  rotary  kiln 


212  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

generator,  Dorsey  furnace,  and  the  multiple  tube  furnace.  This  earlier  work 
was  largely  directed  by  Mr.  Harlowe  and  Mr.  Smith. 

The  final  installation  was  designed  and  operated  by  Mr.  Morrison 
of  the  Dow  Chemical  Company  and  was  known  as  the  Morrison  Generator. 
This  generator  used  iron  boxes  6^2  feet  long  by  5  feet  high  by  2^2  inches 
wide,  as  kaolin  containers.  Sixteen  of  these  boxes  were  arranged  in  a  suitable 
furnace  fired  with  oil  burners.  The  capacity  of  such  a  generator  was  demon- 
strated to  be  8000  cubic  feet  per  hour,  of  ethylene  of  an  average  purity 
of  94%,  with  alcohol-to-ethylene  conversion  of  92%. 

The  kaolin  gradually  loses  its  value  as  a  catalyst  because  of  the  depo- 
sition of  carbon  resulting  from  the  decomposition  of  alcohol.  It  was  found 
that  this  carbon  could  be  removed  by  oxidation  and  the  activity  of  the  cata- 
lyst restored.  The  most  successful  furnace  used  for  clay  regeneration  was 
of  the  oil-fired  reverberatory  type.  This  furnace  had  a  capacity  of  1000  to 
1500  pounds  of  clay,  the  time  required  per  charge  being  five  to  seven  hours. 
Heating  beyond  an  orange-red  temperature  was  likely  to  produce  vitrifica- 
tion which  rendered  the  catalyst  useless. 

Ethylene  as  prepared  in  any  of  the  standard  furnaces  contains  small 
amounts  of  hydrogen,  carbon  monoxide,  carbon  dioxide,  and  the  vapors 
of  water,  alcohol,  and  ether.  The  three  gases  mentioned  are  not  present 
to  a  harmful  degree  in  the  gases  from  a  properly  operating  generator.  Water, 
alcohol,  and  ether,  the  first  two  of  which  are  always  present  in  the  gas  coming 
from  the  condenser,  have  a  very  harmful  effect  upon  the  mustard  produced, 
and  must  be  removed  from  the  ethylene. 

It  was  found  that  scrubbing  the  ethylene  with  water  removed  the 
ether  and  alcohol  satisfactorily.  To  reduce  the  per  cent  water  vapor  present, 
the  scrubbing  tower  was  cooled  below  4°  C.  The  ethylene  so  purified  was 
successfully  used  in  the  experimental-pla,nt- scale  production  of  mustard  gas. 

For  the  reaction  between  ethylene  and  sulphur  monochloride  to 
produce  mustard,  a  type  of  reactor  known  as  the  "tumble  barrel"  was 
developed.  In  the  preliminary  phase  of  this  work,  a  reactor  capable  of  yield- 
ing about  300  pounds  of  product  was  used  for  experimentation.  With  this 
apparatus  Lieut.  Van  Arnam  and  Lieut.  Hobson  were  able  to  determine 
the  fundamental  features  involved  in  the  operating  schedule.  On  the  basis 
of  these  experiments,  a  full-sized  commercial  unit  was  built  and  operated, 
Lieut.  Van  Arnam  being  in  charge.  This  reactor  consisted  essentially  of 
a  steel  shell  18  feet  long  and  4^  feet  in  diameter,  rotating  on  hollow  trunnions 
in  a  water  bath.  The  inside  of  the  shell  was  lined  with  lead.  In  order  to 
produce  a  "tumbling"  agitation  of  the  liquid  within  the  reactor,  every 
eleven  inches  around  the  circumference  a  three-inch  by  two-inch  angle-iron 
was  bolted  against  the  lead  lining,  and  then  completely  covered  with  lead. 
Holes  were  burned  through  the  steel  shell  every  five  inches,  thus  giving 
excellent  contact  between  the  water  bath  and  lead  lining.  Ethylene  gas 
entered  through  one  trunnion,  the  effluent  passing  out  through  the  other. 

This  reactor  was  capable  of  taking  a  5ooo-pound  charge  of  mono- 
chloride  and,  with  a  sufficient  supply  of  ethylene,  the  reaction  was  com- 
pleted in  approximately  eight  hours.  The  crude  product,  having  an  average 
melting  point  of  9.4°  C.  was  heated  to  a  temperature  of  90°  C.  and  then 
withdrawn  from  the  barrel  by  suction.  While  hot,  all  sulphur  remained  in 
solution.  On  cooling,  a  heavy  sulphur  deposit  took  place.  The  clear  layer 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


was  drawn  off,  and  the  sulphur  layer  discarded.  Up  to  October  I,  1918,  40 
tons  of  mustard  had  been  made  at  the  Midland  plant  in  this  type  reactor. 

In  the  production  of  mustard  by  the  60°  C.  reaction,  the  only  one  used 
at  Midland,  a  sticky  sulphur  precipitate,  amounting  in  weight  to  about  8% 
of  the  total  weight  of  crude,  separated  on  cooling  the  crude  product.  Purifi- 
cation of  the  crude  mustard  was  considered  desirable,  not  only  because  the 
purer  product  was  considered  to  be  more  effective,  but  because  this  sulphur 
deposition  was  a  source  of  inconvenience  in  the  storing,  handling,  and  loading 
in  shells,  of  the  mustard. 

Vacuum  distillation  was  the  only  method  of  purification  attempted. 
Experiments  were  made  with  an  iron  pot  still,  lead  pot  still  and  iron  flash 
still.  The  iron  pot  still  proved  unsatisfactory  due  to  the  decomposition  of 
the  mustard  in  contact  with  the  iron  under  the  conditions  of  the  distillation. 
The  lead  pot  still  was  abandoned  due  to  mechanical  disadvantages  and 
low  capacity.  The  iron  flash  still  gave  the  greatest  promise.  However,  ac- 
tivities at  Midland  were  discontinued  before  the  operation  of  this  still  had 
reached  such  a  point  that  definite  conclusions  could  be  drawn.  C.  G.  Smith 
was  the  "still"  man,  and  practically  all  the  work  on  mustard  purification 
was  done  under  his  direction. 

The  history  of  the  achievements  of  the  Development  Division  of  the 
Chemical  Warfare  Service  would  be  conspicuously  incomplete  without 
specific  mention  of  the  personal  work  of  Mr.  H.  H.  Dow  of  the  Dow  Chemical 
Company.  Mr.  Dow  never  lost  sight  of  an  opportunity  to  add  to  the  per- 
sonal comforts  of  the  men  whether  in  sickness  or  in  health,  and  the  boys  of 
that  Section  can  look'  back  over  a  good  many  pleasant  memories  connected 
with  Mr.  Dow  and  the  various  officials  of  his  company. 

HONOR  ROLL  OF  MIDLAND  SECTION 

Private  W.  M.Hayward.  Died  July  8, 1918,  from  mustard  gas  poisoning. 

Private  J.  H.  Speishandler.  Died  July  22,  1918,  from  mustard  gas 
poisoning. 

It  was  the  heroic  devotion  of  such  men  as  these  that  spelled  defeat 
for  the  enemy. 

EXPERIMENTAL  SECTION,  DEVELOPMENT  DIVISION 

In  the  middle  of  July,  1918,  as  already  discussed  in  preceding  pages, 
the  Development  Division  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service  was  faced 
with  the  problem  of  developing  the  manufacture  of  a  new  and  deadly  poison- 
gas  material  known  in  these  records  as  the  6-34.  It  was  further  ordered 
that  this  division  was  to  be  on  a  production  basis  by  December  I,  1918. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  account  to  trace  the  development  of  the 
organization  which  essayed  to  carry  out  these  orders,  and  to  describe  the 
work  which  was  performed  to  this  end,  prior  to  the  cessation  of  hostilities 
on  November  n,  1918. 

It  is  not  permitted  to  give  here  any  technical  information  with  regard 
to  the  6-34  or  its  manufacture.  In  this  respect,  the  account  of  the  Exper- 
imental Section  will  be  found  to  differ  from  that  of  any  of  the  other  sections 
of  this  division. 

By  July  1 2th,  the  preliminary  work  at  the  American  University  had 
shown  that  the  6-34  could  be  produced,  in  laboratory  apparatus,  by  a 


214  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

process  consisting  of  five  steps.  The  work  had  been  really  carried  somewhat 
further  than  that.  The  first  two  steps  had  been  tested  in  small-scale  equip- 
ment with  reasonably  satisfactory  results,  although  the  equipment  was  of  a 
makeshift  nature  and  not  particularly  well  adapted  for  the  work. 

On  the  technical  side,  the  problems  requiring  immediate  solution 
were  the  design  and  lay-out  of  full-scale  equipment  of  adequate  size.  In 
addition  to  this,  much  laboratory  research  work  remained  to  be  done  in 
order  to  determine  with  reasonable  precision  the  chemical  and  mechanical 
factors  which  must  be  considered  in  designing  the  large-scale  plant. 

The  other  problems  of  most  pressing  nature  were 

(1)  The  location  of  a  suitable  plant  for  the  work  in  hand.  It  was 
particularly  necessary  to  find  a  plant  already  built,  since  the  time  limit 
imposed  did  not  allow  for  the  building  of  a  new  plant. 

(2)  The  procurement  of  raw  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  6-34. 
Some  of  these  were  of  an  unusual  nature  and  not  easily  obtained.  It  was 
early  decided  that  two  of  these  materials,  known  as  Raw  Materials  Nos.  i 
and  2,  must  be  manufactured  in  the  plant  itself,  and  it  was  necessary  to 
locate  the  basic  raw  materials  for  their  manufacture;,  as  well  as  to  carry 
out  the  research  and  development  work  necessary  for  the  design  and  lay-out 
of  manufacturing  equipment. 

(3)  The  formation  of  a  technical  organization  to  carry  out  the  work 
of  development  and  manufacture.  The  existing  technical  staff  of  the  Devel- 
opment Division  was  already  fully  engaged  in  work  of  great  importance, 
and  was  utterly  unable  to  undertake  this  new  task.  The  getting  together 
of  an  entirely  new  organization,  of  unusual  caliber,  was  of  immediate  and 
pressing  importance. 

Colonel  Dorsey  attacked  these  problems  with  characteristic  directness 
and  lack  of  ceremony.  On  July  I2th,  he  had  been  notified  of  the  new  task 
assigned  to  him.  On  July  i9th,  it  was  decided  to  take  over  the  abandoned 
plant  of  the  Ben  Hur  Motor  Company  at  Willoughby,  Ohio.  On  July  2oth, 
Major  James  B.  Conant  of  the  Research  Division  arrived,  prepared  to 
undertake  the  laboratory  and  research  work,  and  was  followed  on  July 
29th  by  his  assistant,  Lieutenant  Lee  I.  Smith.  On  July.  2oth,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  W.  G.  Wilcox  was  put  in  complete  charge  of  the  Willoughby  plant — 
which  will  hereafter  be  spoken  of  as  the  Experimental  Plant — as  Superin- 
tendent, and  Capt.  J.  K.  Moore  was  detailed  as  his  assistant.  On  July  26th 
the  plant  was  occupied  by  a  guard  of  25  men  from  the  Offense  Laboratory 
in  Cleveland,  under  Sergeant  (later  Lieutenant)  Royce. 

This  organization  immediately  undertook  to  accomplish  the  thousand 
and  one  things  which  had  to  be  done  before  the  plant  would  be  ready  for 
even  the  preliminary  work  on  installing  the  6-34  equipment.  Time  was 
infinitely  precious  and  the  usual  procedure  of  getting  bids  for  contract 
work  could  not  be  followed,  unless  all  hope  of  completing  the  prescribed 
program  within  the  scheduled  time  was  to  be  abandoned.  It  was  absolutely 
essential  that  full  use  be  made  of  such  facilities  as  were  immediately  avail- 
able. Where  time  could  be  saved  by  the  employment  of  local  contractors, 
there  was  no  other  reasonable  course  to  pursue.  Most  of  this  work  was  done 
on  the  time-material  basis  in  order  to  eliminate  all  chances  of  profiteering. 


A    View   of   the    Experimental    Station,    Development    Division, 
at  Willoughby,  Ohio 


Another  View  of  the  Fxperimental  Station  at  Willoughby,  Ohio 


The    Hospital    at    the    Experimental    Station.     Originally    Designed 
as  an  Officers'  Quarters.    This  building  was  used  as  a  tem- 
porary hospital  until  a  more  permanent  building  could 
be  constructed 


'/.rfhil 

•  3i-r  *>. :^-^ 

*  ?•  a.  ^ 


The  Officers  of  the  Experimental  Station,  Willoughby,  Ohio 


The  Personnel  of  the  Experimental  Station 


The  Non-Commissioned  Officers,  Experimental  Station 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  215 

It  was  difficult  to  get  the  work  done  with  the  desired  rapidity  under  the 
conditions  which  existed  at  this  time,  but  it  was  done. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  describe  the  conditions  which  existed  in  the 
Ben  Hur  plant  when  It  was  taken  over.  The  office  building  was  practically 
complete  as  far  as  partitions,  doors,  electrical  connections,  etc.,  were  con- 
cerned, but  in  the  plant  itself  the  floor,  which  was  of  dirt,  had  never  been 
graded  and  was  very  uneven,  with  many  places  that  had  to  be  filled  to  a 
depth  of  several  feet  in  order  to  bring  them  up  to  the  floor  level.  There 
was  no  sewer  system  and  no  water  lines.  A  plumbing  system  had  been 
installed  in  the  office  building  but  had  frozen  during  the  preceding  winter 
and  had  to  be  completely  removed.  Electric  wiring  had  been  partially 
installed  but  was  in  a  chaotic  condition  and  had  to  be  completely  removed 
before  a  proper  system  could  be  put  in  place. 

There  were  serious  difficulties  in  the  way  of  employing  Cleveland 
contractors  for  this  work.  The  village  of  Willoughby  is  located  approximately 
eighteen  miles  from  the  center  of  Cleveland,  and  transportation  between  the 
two  is  not  of  the  best.  There  were  no  adequate  facilities  in  Willoughby 
for  feeding  and  housing  any  considerable  number  of  workmen.  Cleveland 
contractors,  who  were  approached  on  the  subject,  required  that  they  be 
reimbursed  for  the  cost  of  transporting  their  men  back  and  forth,  and  that 
an  allowance  be  made  for  the  time  consumed  in  going  back  and  forth, 
amounting  to  some  three  hours  a  day.  This  time,  of  course,  would  have 
shortened  the  working  day  of  the  men  to  a  serious  degree,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  excessive  expense. 

These  difficulties  could  be  avoided  to  a  large  extent  by  the  use  of  a 
local  contractor  from  Willoughby  or  Painesville,  who  employed  local  mechan- 
ics and  laborers.  These  contractors,  however,  were  few  in  number  and, 
without  exception,  very  busy.  Mr.  Freshwatters,  who  finally  engaged  for 
the  grading,  laying  of  sewers  and  concrete  work,  was  at  that  time  doing 
an  extensive  job  of  paving  in  the  village  of  Willoughby.  A  personal  appeal 
to  Mayor  Carmichael  induced  the  village  of  Willoughby  to  waive  all  claims 
to  Mr.  Freshwatters'  services  until  his  work  at  the  Experimental  Plant 
should  be  completed.  By  similar  methods,  three  other  local  contractors 
were  obtained  for  the  carpentry  and  plumbing  at  the  plant,  the  work  on 
which  they  were  already  engaged  being  postponed  in  order  that  the  needs 
of  the  Experimental  Plant  might  be  satisfied  as  promptly  as  possible.  The 
attitude  of  the  contractors,  and  of  those  who  had  previously  engaged  them, 
left  nothing  to  be  desired,  and  it  was  only  through  their  co-operation  that  the 
necessary  work  could  be  done. 

Lieutenant  Richard  Penfield  was  assigned  to  assist  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Wilcox  in  supervising  the  construction  of  contract  work.  By  August  ist,  a 
few  desks  and  chairs  had  been  obtained  and  telephones  were  being  installed; 
draftsmen  were  hard  at  work  at  hastily-procured  drafting  tables;  a  trenching 
machine  was  tearing  up  the  dirt  floor  of  the  plant;  sewer  and  water  lines 
were  being  laid;  concrete  floors  were  being  poured;  a  gang  of  carpenters 
was  busy  in  one  corner  of  the  plant  building  the  laboratory,  plans  for  which 
had  been  drawn  up  under  Major  Conant's  supervision;  the  laboratory 
equipment,  ordered  by  Lieutenant  Smith,  was  beginning  to  come  in;  much 
of  the  material  and  equipment  for  the  initial  small-scale  factory  experimental 
units  had  been  ordered,  and  some  of  it  was  on  the  grounds;  part  of  the  equip- 


216  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

ment  for  large-scale  operation  had  been  placed  on  order.  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that,  in  order  to  save  time,  the  first  of  the  laboratory  equipment 
was  brought  in  under  special  convoy,  in  trunks,  as  personal  baggage. 

From  a  technical  viewpoint,  the  laboratory  wa's  of  first  importance. 
Work  on  its  construction  was  begun  July  28th  and  was  finished  August  i  ith. 
By  August  1 2th  the  laboratory  equipment  had  been  installed,  an  organization 
had  been  formed  under  Major  Conant's  direction,  and  research  work  was 
started. 

Work  had  been  started  by  Captain  H.  M.  St.  John  on  the  design,  layout 
and  construction  of  experimental  units  for  the  absorption  and  distillation 
processes,  based  on  such  laboratory  results  as  were  then  available  and  on 
the  previous  experiences  of  Major  Conant  with  the  small-scale  unit  at 
American  University. 

On  August  7th,  Captain  R.  C.  Folger  reported  and  took  up  his  duties 
as  Mechanical  Superintendent  of  the  Experimental  Plant.  All  construction, 
operation,  and  maintenance  of  mechanical  equipment  was  assigned  to  him, 
while  Lieutenant  Penfield  continued  to  spend  a  portion  of  his  time  at  the 
plant  and  supervised  the  work  of  designing  and  ordering  the  special  equip- 
ment for  full-scale  operation.  The  construction  was  at  first  attended  with 
great  difficulty,  as  the  number  of  competent  mechanics  among  the  enlisted 
men  was  entirely  insufficient  and  the  officers  detailed  to  assist  with  the 
construction  were  overburdened  with  other  work.  This  condition  was 
alleviated  somewhat  on  August  i8th,  by  the  arrival  of  Lieutenant  King 
and  several  excellent  mechanics  transferred  to  Willoughby  from  the  Offense 
Laboratory  in  Cleveland.  From  this  time  on,  as  Captain  Folger  was  able 
to  build  up  a  competent  organization,  the  construction  work  gathered 
momentum,  and  by  September  ist  was  proceeding  in  a  very  satisfactory 
manner. 

The  procurement  of  materials  for  the  manifold  activities  of  the  plant 
was  carried  on  under  peculiar  handicaps.  Lieutenant  Gracey,  as  Procure- 
ment Officer,  began  on  July  2jrd  the  onerous  task  of  getting  together  in 
record  time  the  vast  miscellany  of  equipment  and  materials  for  which  the 
other  officers  of  the  plant  were  pressing  him.  Without  a  railroad  siding, 
without  motor  trucks  except  such  commercial  vehicles  as  could  be  hired 
by  the  day,  almost  without  an  office  force  or  assistants  of  any  kind,  with 
wholly  inadequate  telephone  and  telegraph  facilities,  Lieutenant  Gracey 
probably  put  in  longer  hours  than  any  other  man  on  the  job.  As  time  went 
on,  these  handicaps  were,  of  course,  removed  one  by  one,  but  at  no  time 
did  the  sorely  harassed  Procurement  Officer  fail  to  obtain,  by  one  method 
or  another,  the  required  materials. 

One  serious  cause  of  delay  in  the  progress  of  the  work  resulted  from 
the  unsatisfactory  living  conditions  at  the  plant.  The  only  available  quarters 
for  the  men  were  the  two  squad  rooms  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  office  building, 
which  soon  became  seriously  overcrowded.  Although  the  first  steps  to  pro- 
vide barracks  and  mess  halls  for  the  men  were  taken  in  late  July,  it  was  not 
until  early  October  that  this  condition  was  remedied.  Meanwhile,  the 
officers  lived  in  tents  on  the  grounds,  and  the  men  occupied  the  inadequate 
and  inconvenient  squad  rooms.  It  was  necessary  for  both  officers  and  men 
to  take  their  meals  at  a  restaurant  more  than  half  a  mile  distant,  and  much 
time  was  lost  in  going  back  and  forth,  particularly  when  the  increased 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  217 

numbers  of  the  enlisted  personnel  made  it  necessary  for  them  to  take  their 
meals  in  relays.  An  impromptu  noon  mess  for  the  officers,  instituted  by 
Lieutenant  Smith  about  the  middle  of  August,  was  of  considerable  help, 
but  loss  of  time  from  this  source  continued  to  be  a  serious  factor  until  the 
first  mess  halls  were  opened. 

On  August  3rd,  Captain  G.  A.  Plummer  and  Lieutenant  Michael 
Wolfe,  of  the  Medical  Corps,  reported  at  Willoughby.  Ten  enlisted  men  of 
the  Medical  Corps  had  already  arrived.  Steps  were  immediately  taken  to 
order  medical  supplies  and  equipment,  and  the  work  of  caring  for  sanitary 
conditions  and  conducting  physical  examinations  of  the  enlisted  men  was 
instituted.  By  the  advice  of  Colonel  Lyster,  it  was  decided  to  transform 
the  proposed  Officers'  Quarters  into  a  temporary  hospital,  to  be  used  until 
a  more  adequate  hospital  could  be  constructed  and  equipped.  Plans  for 
such  a  hospital  were  at  once  drawn  up. 

It  was  realized  at  the  very  beginning  that  the  work  to  be  carried  on 
at  the  Experimental  Plant  must  be  surrounded  by  the  utmost  possible 
secrecy.  Not  only  was  it  forbidden  to  divulge  in  the  slightest  degree  the 
nature  of  the  product  to  be  manufactured,  but  officers  and  men  alike  were 
bound  not  to  disclose  the  location  or  even  the  very  existence  of  the  plant. 
Both  incoming  and  outgoing  mail  of  the  enlisted  personnel  was  censored. 
A  Cleveland  address  (Lock  Drawer  426)  was  used,  and  no  one  was  permitted 
to  mention  the  name  of  Willoughby  in  correspondence  or  conversation 
with  outsiders,  under  penalty  of  court  martial  and  severe  punishment. 
Letters  could  not  be  mailed  through  the  Willoughby  Post  Office,  nor  could 
telegrams  be  sent  or  received  except  through  Headquarters  at  Nela  Park. 
An  early  effort  was  made  to  have  installed  a  direct  telephone  connection 
to  one  of  the  Cleveland  exchanges  and  another  direct  wire  to  Headquarters, 
but  this  failed  of  accomplishment  for  more  than  a  month,  during  which 
time  the  enforced  use  of  the  Willoughby  telephone  system  nullified,  to  some 
extent,  the  attempt  to  keep  secret  the  location  of  the  plant,  particularly 
with  respect  to  the  City  of  Cleveland. 

For  the  first  couple  of  weeks  the  enlisted  men  at  the  plant  were  not 
permitted  to  leave  the  grounds,  except  for  the  purpose  of  taking  meals, 
to  and  from  which  they  marched  in  formation  in  charge  of  a  sergeant. 
This  restriction  was,  however,  modified  on  August  loth,  as  the  result  of 
an  order  of  Major-General  Sibert,  who  visited  the  plant  on  that  date. 

After  a  talk  to  the  assembled  men,  and  receiving  from  them  an  enthu- 
siastic pledge  of  their  loyalty  and  co-operation,  General  Sibert  ruled  that  the 
Experimental  Plant  should  be  governed  as  a  regular  Army  Post,  and  that 
short-time  passes  might  be  issued  for  visits  to  the  Village  of  Willoughby, 
and  occasionally  to  Willoughbeach.  The  City  of  Cleveland  remained  for- 
bidden territory  and  the  men  were  warned  to  guard  their  tongues  carefully 
at  all  times  and  were  pledged  to  report  immediately  all  cases  of  violations 
of  the  secrecy  rules  which  might  come  to  their  attention.  To  the  credit 
of  the  Experimental  Plant  personnel,  be  it  said  that  General  Sibert  never 
had  any  occasion  to  regret  his  wise  and  generous  confidence  in  the  loyalty 
and  discretion  of  the  men. 

At  the  very  best,  the  daily  life  of  the  men  was  monotonous  and  almost 
bare  of  recreation.  Work  in  the  plant  was  hard,  and  at  times  dangerous. 
Furthermore,  the  regular  routine  of  a  military  post  in  time  of  war  had  to 


218  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

be  observed.  Toward  the  rectification  of  this  condition,  a  very  real  and  pa- 
triotic service  was  performed  by  the  local  Red  Cross.  Special  mention  should 
also  be  made  of  the  work  of  Mayor  and  Mrs.  Carmichael  and  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  H.  S.  Stebbins.  Through  their  combined  efforts,  the  men  were  supplied 
with  books,  periodicals,  and  music,  the  latter  in  the  form  of  a  phonograph 
and  a  grand  piano.  Every  day  quantities  of  fresh  fruits  were  left  at  the  plant, 
while  on  several  occasions  there  were  large  donations  of  ice  cream  and 
of  home-baked  pies  and  cakes.  Another  much-appreciated  gift  was  that  of 
a  bathing  suit  for  each  enlisted  man  at  that  time  on  duty  at  the  plant. 
The  Village  of  Willoughby  certainly  did  its  bit  during  those  hot  and  trying 
days  of  August. 

During  the  month  of  August  all  branches  of  the  work  progressed  with 
constantly  accelerating  velocity.  The  officers  of  the  post  virtually  lived 
with  their  work,  seven  days  a  week,  from  that  early  hour  of  six  when  they 
were  awakened  by  Major  Conant's  musical  "A-a-all  up,"  until  ten  or  twelve 
at  night  when  they  sought  refuge  in  their  tents  without  a  thought  or  feeling 
left  except  a  positive  hunger  for  sleep.  The  technical  progress  of  the 
work  was  guided  by  many  conferences,  both  formal  and  informal.  In  fact, 
every  gathering  of  two  or  three  officers  invariably  resulted  in  an  ani- 
mated— and  sometimes  almost  acrimonious — discussion  of  some  vital  phase 
of  the  work.  Activities  of  the  outside  world  were  almost  forgotten  except 
for  such  activities  in  France  as  necessitated  a  daily  re-adjustment  of  the 
pins  on  the  big  war  map  in  Captain  Cowan's  office.  A  less  complete  con- 
centration on  the  problem  could  hardly  have  accomplished  the  results 
actually  attained  during  these  first  strenuous  days. 

Really  phenomenal  progress  was  made  in  the  laboratory  research 
work  under  the  inspiration  of  Major  Conant's  energetic  supervision.  As 
a  result  of  this  work,  revolutionary  changes  had  to  be  made  in  some  of  the 
processes  as  originally  planned  for  the  manufacture  of  6-34.  These  matters 
were  discussed  and  decided  in  frequent  conferences  presided  over  by  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Wilcox  and  sometimes  participated  in  by  Captain  McAdams, 
Colonel  Dorsey's  executive  assistant.  Captain  McAdams  also  played  a 
prominent  part  in  connection  with  many  other  details  of  administration. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  Major  Conant  and  his  detachment  were  to 
return  to  the  American  University,  it  was  necessary  to  obtain  a  man  to 
replace  him  and  take  charge  of  all  laboratory  work,  both  research  and  rou- 
tine. Captain  M.  M.  Harrison  was  obtained  in  September  for  this  purpose, 
and,  in  addition  to  becoming  familiar  with  Major  Conant's  work,  made 
several  important  improvements  in  the  laboratory  analytical  methods. 

Throughout  August  and  much  of  September,  Captain  Folger's  men 
worked  long  hours  on  the  construction  of  the  experimental  factory  units. 
Consummation  of  the  production  program  as  outlined  was  dependent  upon 
a  prompt  placing  of  the  orders  for  large-scale  equipment,  but  this  equipment 
could  not  be  intelligently  designed  and  ordered  until  the  experimental 
units  had  been  operating  long  enough  to  make  possible  a  thorough  study 
of  the  processes  involved,  on  something  larger  than  a  merely  laboratory 
scale. 

The  construction  of  the  experimental  units  for  the  first  and  second 
steps  was  not  really  begun  until  August  17th,  having  been  delayed  until 
the  civilians  employed  by  the  various  contractors  should  have  left  the  plant. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  219 

On  August  joth,  these  units  were  complete  and  the  first  run  was  made  by 
Sergeant  Olson.  The  results  were  entirely  satisfactory  except  for  certain 
minor  mechanical  difficulties  which  could  easily  be  removed.  The  apparatus 
was  under  excellent  control  and  the  intermediate  material  made  compared 
favorably  with  that  produced  in  the  laboratory.  These  units  operated  inter- 
mittently without  any  considerable  change  in  construction  through  the 
months  of  September  and  October.  As  a  result  of  the  operating  data  thus 
obtai'ned,  such  equipment  as  had  not  already  been  ordered  for  the  large 
units  was  ordered  early  in  September,  and  the  plant  layout  for  these  units 
was  completed  by  Lieutenant  Penfield. 

Construction  work  on  the  experimental  unit  for  making  Raw  Material 
No.  2  was  begun  on  August  22nd  and  completed  on  September  8th.  Satis- 
factory experimental  operation  began  almost  immediately,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Lieutenant  Reichert.  It  was  found  by  trial  in  the  small-scale  unit 
for  the  first  step,  that  this  raw  material  made  in  the  experimental  unit  was 
of  excellent  quality,  more  suited  to  the  work,  in  fact,  than  that  previously 
obtained  from  other  sources.  The  full-scale  apparatus  for  making  this 
raw  material  called  for  ten  i3OO-gallon  cast-iron  stills,  provided  with 
stirrers.  The  manufacturing  concerns  who  normally  had  such  equipment 
were  unable  to  take  this  order.  The  Buffalo  Foundry  and  Machine  Com- 
pany loaned  drawings  and  specifications  from  which  it  was  possible  to  have 
these  stills  cast  and  machined  by  Cleveland  concerns. 

By  August  26th,  laboratory  research  work  on  the  manufacture  of 
Raw  Material  No.  I  had  progressed' to  such  a  point  that  factory  experimen- 
tation could  be  started.  One  or  two  full-size  units  had  already  been  ordered 
and  delivered.  One  unit  was  ready  for  operation  on  September  loth,  when 
the  initial  run  was  made.  Serious  difficulties  of  operation  were  encountered 
at  first,  but  after  a  few  unsuccessful  runs,  the  unit  began  turning  out  a  very 
high  quality  of  product,  better  than  could  be  purchased  in  quantity  on 
the  open  market,  and  this  material  when  tested  in  the  experimental  unit 
for  making  the  first  intermediate  proved  to  be  entirely  satisfactory. 

Additional  units  were,  installed  until,  by  October  2oth,  four  units 
were  operating  regularly.  By  this  time,  operating  methods  had  been  im- 
proved to  such  an  extent  that  the  production  rate  was  more  than  double 
its  first  value,  a  plant  layout  had  been  decided  upon,  and  equipment  had 
been  ordered  for  the  total  number  of  units  planned. 

No  difficulty  was  encountered  in  the  third  step  as  operated  in  both 
the  small  and  full-scale  units.  The  necessary  equipment  for  the  full-scale 
units  was  manufactured  in  Cleveland. 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  fact  that  the  results  of  labo- 
ratory research  work  had  indicated  the  necessity  of  certain  changes  in 
the  fourth  and  fifth  steps  of  the  process. 

The  complete  experimental  equipment  for  these  processes  had  been 
ordered  and  delivered,  and  construction  work  Had  commenced  about 
August  25th.  In  a  conference  held  on  August  28th,  it  was  decided  that 
the  fourth  step,  as  originally  planned,  was  impracticable  on  a  large  scale, 
and  that  its  place  should  be  taken  by  a  different  process.  The  fifth  step 
was  also  modified  in  order  to  decrease  the  danger  of  explosions  and  at 
the  same  time  obtain  a  form  of  apparatus  more  easily  procurable.  The 


22o  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

necessary  equipment  for  this  change  was  ordered  on  September  5th  and 
construction  work  proceeded  under  pressure. 

By  September  2oth,  the  apparatus  for  the  revised  fourth  and  fifth 
steps  was  complete  and  the  first  runs  were  made  under  the  direction  of 
Lieutenant  Punnett.  The  results  obtained  proved  that  these  revised  methods 
of  manufacture  were  entirely  practicable  and  it  was  felt  certain  that  they 
could  be  carried  out  successfully  on  a  large  scale.  Full-size  equipment  for 
the  complete  plant  was  immediately  ordered,  although  the  time  of  operation 
of  the  experimental  equipment  had  been  too  brief  to  permit  a  complete 
analysis  of  all  of  the  factors  involved,  and  much  of  the  data  necessary  for 
design  had  to  be  obtained  by  estimation.  It  was,  of  course,  fully  realized 
that  this  was  not  the  most  desirable  procedure,  but  so  many  changes  of 
plans  had  been  necessary  that  there  was  no  longer  time  to  wait  for  more 
complete  experimental  results,  particularly  as  the  wartime  conditions 
prevailing  in  the  industries  made  it  impossible  to  get  prompt  deliveries, 
even  on  War  Department  orders. 

This  completes  the  record  of  the  factory  research  work  at  the  Exper- 
imental Plant.  Further  experimental  work  was  carried  on  in  order  to  verify 
conclusions  previously  based  on  somewhat  meager  data,  but  from  this 
time  on,  the  greater  part  of  the  energies  of  the  entire  organization  were 
concentrated  on  the  layout  and  construction  of  the  full-size  plant  equipment. 

Throughout  the  period  so  far  covered,  much  time  and  thought  had 
been  expended  on  methods  for  insuring  the  safety  of  the  men  engaged  in? 
the  manufacturing  work,  which  was  admittedly  hazardous  in  the  extreme. 
On  August  25th,  a  supply  of  Tissot  masks  of  the  latest  improved  type  was 
received  and  at  once  issued  to  the  officers  and  men.  To  Lieutenant  Smith 
was  entrusted  the  task  of  drilling  the  men  in  the  use  of  these  masks.  All 
members  of  the  post  organization  were  required  to  have  their  masks  within 
easy  reaching  distance  at  all  times.  In  the  experimental  units  everyone 
was  required  to  wear  his  mask  in  the  "alert"  position  at  all  times,  and  actual 
use  of  the  mask  was  insisted  upon  whenever  the  atmospheric  concentration 
of  toxic  material  became  appreciable.  Frequent  drills  were  held  until  the 
men  became  proficient  in  adjusting  the  masks  within  the  required  time 
limit. 

Early  in  September,  Major  Young  of  the  Medical  Corps,  who  was  sta- 
tioned at  Edgewood  Arsenal,  came  to  the  Experimental  Plant  to  train 
the  personnel  of  the  post  in  the  most  efficient  methods  of  gas  defense  and 
to  provide  for  the  installing  of  up-to-date  equipment.  A  number  of  Klaxon 
horns  and  an  alarm  system  with  stations  at  various  parts  of  the  plant  had 
already  been  ordered  and  partially  installed;  under  Major  Young's  direction, 
this  system  was  greatly  amplified,  and  a  complete  set  of  rules  was  drawn 
up  for  the  guidance  of  members  of  the  post.  The  Fire  and  Gas  Brigade, 
which  had  already  been  organized  by  Lieutenant  Smith,  was  put  under 
the  direction  of  Captain  Plummer;  a  Fire  Chief  was  appointed  to  direct 
the  activities  of  this  brigade  and  to  make  frequent  inspection  of  all  pro- 
tective equipment.  Laundry  machinery  and  lockers  were  ordered,  and 
arrangements  made  to  provide  that  toxic  clothing  should  never  be  worn 
or  carried  outside  the  plant  proper. 

Occasional  alarms,  sometimes  "for  cause,"  sometimes  for  purpose  of 
drill,  soon  accustomed  everyone  to  emergency  use  of  the  masks,  and  the 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  221 

Fire  and  Gas  Brigade  rapidly  became  proficient  in  the  exercise  of  its  duties. 
All  protective  measures  were  handled  by  the  Medical  Corps,  including  the 
issuance  of  masks,  oilskin  suits,  gloves,  etc. 

As  these  varied  activities  progressed,  there  was  a  constant  increase 
in  the  personnel  of  the  post,  including  both  officers  and  men.  Among  the 
officers,  a  number  of  important  additions  were  made,  men  who  contributed 
largely  to  the  ultimate  successful  development  of  the  work  at  this  plant. 
Due  to  the  number  involved,  no  individual  mention  of  these  men  will  here 
be  made. 

It  is  fitting,  however,  in  this  connection  to  note  those  men  who,  due 
to  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  failed  to  get  the  commissions  for  which  they 
had  been  recommended — Dr.  Shorger,  assigned  to  special  research  problems, 
and  Dr.  A.  S.  McDaniel,  technical  director,  who  were  to  receive  captaincies; 
Mr.  W.  L.  Winn,  in  charge  of  design  and  construction  of  the  hydrochloric 
acid  plant,  who  was  to  receive  a  first  lieutenancy. 

The  non-commissioned  officers  who  had  been  recommended  but  failed 
of  promotion  to  commissioned  grade  because  of  the  cessation  of  hostilities 
were  Battalion  Sgt.  Major  Gunderson,  in  charge  of  guard  duty  and  mili- 
tary routine,  Sergeants  First-Class  Albert  W.  Smith,  William  T.  Little, 
Duncan  M.  Dearing  and  George  H.  Ruppert  of  the  operating  force,  and  Ser- 
geant First-Class  John  A.  McGivern,  who  had  charge  of  the  mess. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  enlisted  men  had  been  rapid.  The  number 
originally  planned  was  about  300,  but  as  the  operating  schedule  was  in- 
creased and  the  need  for  many  more  men  became  apparent,  plans  were  made 
to  provide  for  nearly  eleven  hundred  men  at  the  Experimental  Plant.  On 
Armistice  Day  the  organization  of  the  post,  including  Major  Conant's 
detachment,  numbered  22  officers  and  542  enlisted  men. 

The  apparent  shortage  was  due  to  the  difficulty  in  procuring  men 
from  the  various  camps  where  influenza  quarantines  were  in  force,  though 
hearty  co-operation  was  received  from  the  Washington  Personnel  Office. 

After  much  preliminary  delay,  the  building  of  barracks  and  mess  halls 
for  500  men,  which  had  been  authorized  late  in  August,  was  begun  about 
the  middle  of  September  by  the  Cleveland  Construction  Company,  under 
the  supervision  of  Captain  Summer  of  the  Construction  Quartermaster's 
Department.  Before  construction  was  complete,  the  program  had  been 
extended  to  provide  for  loco  men.  The  first  barracks  building  and  the 
first  mess  hall  were  ready  for  occupancy  early  in  October,  although  the 
construction  of  the  other  buildings  was  not  entirely  completed  until  the 
first  of  November.  It  was  said  that  the  building  of  the  first  four  barracks 
and  the  first  two  mess  halls  was  done  with  a  speed  which  constituted  a 
new  record  for  the  Construction  Quartermaster's  Department.  Construction 
on  a  48-bed  hospital  was  begun  in  the  latter  part  of  October  and  the  hospital 
was  occupied  about  the  middle  of  November. 

Other  construction  work  more  or  less  completed  by  the  Cleveland 
Construction  Company  included  a  storage  building  along  the  north  side 
of  the  plant,  temporary  storage  sheds,  a  transformer  house,  a  garage,  and 
a  concrete  foundation  for  a  large  sulphuric  acid  tank.  This  construction 
was  stopped  shortly  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice. 

Preparation  for  manufacture  on  the  scale  indicated  involved  a  great 
deal  of  work,  some  of  which  has  been  very  lightly  touched  upon  in  these 


222  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

pages.  At  a  conference  early  in  September,  at  a  time  when  most  of  the 
general  plans  for  manufacture  had  been  completed,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Wilcox  stated  that  if  the  prescribed  production  schedule  was  to  be  carried 
out,  it  was  necessary  to  double  the  manufacturing  installation.  This  involved 
very  radical  changes  in  the  plans  already  made.  Much  additional  equipment 
had  to  be  ordered,  plans  had  to  be  made  to  provide  for  approximately 
double  the  number  of  enlisted  men  previously  estimated,  and  the  entire 
plant  layout  had  to  be  changed  in  order  to  provide  room  for  the  additional 
equipment.  It  was  found  necessary  to  provide  a  separate  building  for  the 
manufacture  of  Raw  Material  No.  i,  outside  of  the  existing  plant  building; 
at  the  same  time,  plans  were  made  for  a  shell-filling  plant,  as  it  was  then 
considered  desirable  that  this  final  process  be  carried  out  at  the  Experi- 
mental Plant.  The  ventilating  system  had  to  be  greatly  expanded,  as  did 
also  the  heating  system,  while  the  problem  of  cleansing  effluent  air  from 
the  ventilating  system  and  vent  pipes  became  more  serious  than  ever. 
The  water  supply,  which  had  previously  seemed  adequate,  was  now  seen 
to  be  entirely  insufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  plant,  and  arrangements  had 
to  be  made  for  treatment  of  a  large  part  of  the  water  in  a  cooling  tower, 
so  that  it  could  be  used  over  again.  For  a  similar  reason,  plans  made  for  the 
procurement  of  electric  power  supply  had  to  be  entirely  revised  and  a 
high-tension  transmission  line,  about  two  miles  in  length,  had  to  be  built. 
Several  additional  plots  of  land,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  plant,  were 
leased,  bringing  the  total  up  to  about  30  acres.  Other  details  large  and 
small,  too  numerous  to  mention,  had  to  receive  fresh  consideration. 

Not  the  least  of  the  difficulties  imposed  by  this  expansion  of  the 
program  was  the  procurement  of  greatly  increased  quantities  of  equipment, 
general  supplies,  and  raw  materials  of  manufacture,  at  a  time  when  few 
things  of  consequence  could  be  obtained  without  priority  orders  and  other 
time-consuming  negotiations  with  Washington.  Most  of  the  burden  of 
this  work  fell  upon  Captains  Moore  and  McAdams,  who  were  compelled 
to  adopt  many  ingenious  expedients  in  order  to  meet  the  requirements 
imposed  by  the  meagerness  of  time  at  their  disposal.  Fortunately,  an  ade- 
quate trucking  service  had  at  last  been  provided,  and  two  sidings  from  the 
New  York  Central  R.  R.,  one  on  either  side  of  the  plant,  were  completed 
about  the  middle  of  October.  It  is  only  just  to  all  of  the  officers  who  were 
concerned  with  the  purchase  and  procurement  of  equipment,  materials 
and  supplies  to  say  that  by  November  1st  these  various  commodities  were 
pouring  into  the  plant  at  a  rate  which  became  decidedly  embarrassing  a 
few  weeks  later,  when  all  construction  and  operating  work  was  suddenly 
terminated. 

By  November  1st,  all  the  details  for  large-scale  production  were 
nearing  completion.  Sufficient  Raw  Material  No.  i  was  on  hand  to  begin 
quantity  production.  The  work  on  the  construction  of  the  large-scale  plant 
for  making  Raw  Material  No  2  had  been  started  and  could  be  rushed  to 
completion  in  a  very  short  time.  Large-scale  units  for  the  first  and  second 
steps  of  the  process  were  practically  complete  and  production  was  scheduled 
to  start  November  I5th. 

This  completes  the  history  of  the  Experimental  Plant  up  to  November 
nth,  1918 — Armistice  Day.  While  construction  and  operating  work  did 
not  cease  instantly  on  that  date,  the  progressive  nature  of  the  work  did 


Interior  view  in  Barracks  at  the  Experimental  Station,  showing  the 
excellent  condition   in   which   these   Barracks  were  kept 


General  View  of  Barracks  at  the  Experimental  Station 


Interior  of  Mess  Hall  at  the  Experimental  Station 


become  retrogressive  with  a  suddenness  that  seemed  decidedly  abrupt  to 
an  organization  which  had  been  driving  ahead  at  constantly  increasing 
speed.  After  a  brief  period  of  marking  time,  following  the  signing  of  the 
armistice,  the  work  of  dismantling  and  demobilizing  began.  Early  in  De- 
cember, about  300  were  discharged  from  the  service,  and  several  of  the 
officers  returned  to  civil  life.  The  remaining  personnel  was  re-formed  into 
a  new  organization,  which  at  once  began  the  tedious  task  of  dismantling, 
inventorying  and  disposing  of  equipment  and  materials. 

As  soon  as  the  operating  and  construction  work  had  been  halted,  the 
restrictions  previously  imposed  upon  the  members  of  the  post  were  relaxed 
somewhat.  The  pass  privilege  was  extended  to  include  the  City  of  Cleveland, 
the  mail  censorship  was  discontinued,  and  all  overtime  and  Sunday  work 
ceased.  The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  established  headquarters  in  one  of  the  mess  halls 
and  installed  complete  equipment  for  moving  pictures,  athletic  exercises, 
and  a  variety  of  other  activities  for  the  entertainment  and  convenience 
of  the  men. 

It  was  about  this  time  that  the  medical  detachment  faced  its  hardest 
task.  The  Experimental  Plant  had  suffered  very  little  during  the  early 
stages  of  the  influenza  epidemic  then  sweeping  the  country,  but  during 
the  latter  half  of  November  the  new  hospital  was  filled  to  overflowing. 
Thanks  to  the  skill  of  Captain  Plummer  and  his  assistants,  comparatively 
few  of  the  cases  became  serious,  and  only  one  death  resulted,  that  of  Private 
Charles  C.  Herpst,  who  died  on  December  7th.  This  was  the  only  death  at 
the  Experimental  Plant  during  the  period  covered  by  this  history. 


SPECIAL  INVESTIGATIONS  SECTION, 
DEVELOPMENT  DIVISION 

INTRODUCTION 

The  Special  Investigations  Section  was  formed  on  August  10,  1918, 
and  began  work  at  once  on  the  problem  of  obtaining  booster  casings  for 
75-mm.  gas  shells.  On  August  iyth,  the  problem  of  lining  the  75-mm.  gas 
shell  with  glass  according  to  the  French  practice  was  assigned.  However, 
it  was  not  until  September  i4th  that  General  Letter  No.  3  from  Development 
Division  Headquarters  was  issued,  confirming  verbal  instructions  pre- 
viously given  specifying  the  function  of  this  section.  This  letter  read  as 
follows: 

GENERAL  LETTER  No.  3  September  14,  1918. 

Subject:    Formation   of  the   Special  Investigations   Section   of  the 
Development  Division  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service. 

1.  The    Special    Investigations    Section    will    after    about 
Sept.  23rd  be  located  in  the  new  office  building  at  Nela  Park, 
Cleveland,   Ohio.    Until   these   offices   are   available,    the   Head- 
quarters of  this  section  will  be  in  Room  No.  248  Lamp  Development 
Laboratories  Building. 

2.  The  Special  Investigations  Section  will  be  in  charge  of 
Capt.  D.  MacRae. 

3.  The  function  of  this  Section  will  be  as  follows: 

(a)  The  following  up  of  experimental  work  done  in  other 
laboratories  than  those  of  the  Development  Division 
on  problems  in  which  we  are  directly  interested. 

(b)  Development    of  processes  for  the   manufacture   of 
articles  which  can  not  be  done  to  good  advantage  in 
the  regular  laboratories  of  the  Development  Division. 

(c)  Carrying  on  of  special  investigations  in  laboratories 
other  than  those  of  the  Development  Division. 

(d)  Investigations   of  various    problems    in    connection 
with    processes   developed    and  being  developed    in 
the  various  laboratories  of  the  Development  Division. 

(e)  Handling  of  all  miscellaneous   problems   which   can 
not  to  good   advantage   be   handled   in   the   regular 
laboratories  of  the  Development  Division. 

(Signed)     F.  M.  DORSET 

Col.  Chem.  War.  Serv.,  U.  S.  A. 
Chief,  Development  Division. 

• 

The  Special  Investigations  Section  was  only  active  during  the  last 
three  months  of  the  war.  The  main  problems  actually  undertaken  were  the 
extensive  ones  in  connection  with  the  production  of  booster  casings  and  the 
lining  of  gas  shells.  It  is  natural,  from  the  nature  of  these  problems,  that 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


225 


in  the  time  available  none  of  this  work  was  completed.  A  brief  resume  of 
the  results  attained  is  as  follows: 

BOOSTER  CASING 

On  August  8,  1918,  the  problem  of  developing  a  booster  casing  and 
adaptor  for  the  75-mm.  gas  shell  was  undertaken  by  the  Development 
Division  at  the  request  of  the  Director  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service. 
This  work  was  to  be  carried  out  independently  of  that  in  progress  under 
the  direction  of  the  Ordnance  Department. 

Methods  of  manufacturing  booster  casings  by  die  casting  from  an 
aluminum  copper  alloy,  and  by  machining  in  one  piece  from  iron  castings 


Boaster  Casin 


CROSS  -SECTION  or  GAS  •SHELL. 


226  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

or  bar  stock  steel  were  investigated.  At  the  time  of  the  signing  of  the 
armistice,  a  very  promising  die-cast  booster  casing  and  adaptor  with  a  die- 
cast  lead  jacket  had  been  designed  and  tests  on  it  partially  completed.  The 
chief  advantage  of  this  arrangement  was  the  rapidity  with  which  it  could 
be  produced. 

However,  the  best  solution  to  the  booster  question  was  believed  to  be 
to  machine  them  in  one  piece  from  bar  stock  steel.  An  experimental  pro- 
duction unit  for  the  manufacture  of  these  booster  casings  as  established 
at  the  plant  of  the  U.  S.  Automatic  Company,  Amherst,  Ohio,  had  a  demon- 
strated capacity  of  2000  per  24-hour  day. 

GLASS-LINED  SHELL 

On  August  17,  1918,  the  problem  of  duplicating  the  French  process 
of  lining  gas  shells  with  glass  was  assigned  to  the  Special  Investigations 
Section.  Some  experimental  work  on  this  problem  had  been  carried  out  at 
the  Corning  Glass  Works  under  the  direction  of  the  Research  Division  of 
the  Chemical  Warfare  Service.  It  had  been  concluded  from  these  experiments 
that  a  glass-lined  shell,  on  account  of  its  fragility,  was  inferior  to  an  enameled 
or  a  lead-coated  shell. 

The  experiments  at  the  Corning  Glass  Works  were  continued  under 
the  direction  of  this  section  with  the  purpose  of  improving  details  of  manu- 
facture so  as  to  produce  a  glass  lining  that  would  be  more  resistant  to  shock. 
A  parallel  series  of  experiments  was  begun  at  the  Glass  Technology  Depart- 
ment of  the  National  Lamp  Works.  More  than  seven  hundred  shells  were 
lined  at  Corning  and  a  lining  developed  that  would  withstand  a  drop  of 
15  inches  on  a  concrete  floor.  Out  of  125  of  these  shells  shipped  to  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  from  Corning,  New  York,  a  distance  of  311  miles,  only  two 
linings  cracked.  The  seal  between  the  booster  casing  and  the  glass  lining 
was  so  arranged  that  cracking  of  the  glass  would  not  result  in  leakage  of  the 
gas,  but  only  in  contact  of  the  gas  with  the  lining. 

At  the  time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  production  at  the  rate  Of 
500  per  day  could  have  been  attained  on  a  week's  notice. 

The  personnel  engaged  in  this  work  was  as  follows: 

Capt.  Duncan  MacRae,  in  charge  of  the  Special  Investigations  Sec- 
tion, had  general  supervision  of  the  preliminary  experiments  on  booster 
casings  and  personally  directed  the  work  on  die-cast  booster  casings  and 
glass-lined  shells. 

Capt.  L.  G.  Cover  was  assigned  on  August  10,1918,10  the  Special 
Investigations  Section  to  work  on  booster  casings.  He  continued  in  this 
work  for  about  three  weeks,  when,  on  account  of  his  acquaintance  with 
manufacturing  firms  in  the  Cleveland  District,  his  services  in  connection 
with  the  design  and  construction  of  the  Headquarters  office  building  and 
the  procurement  and  installation  of  equipment  for  electrical,  steam  and 
refrigerating  operation  at  the  Experimental  Plant,  were  so  urgently  re- 
quired that  from  Sept.  I,  1918,  this  work  occupied  his  entire  time. 

Capt.  J.  F.  Donovan,  Manager  of  the  Equipment  Development 
Department  of  the  National  Lamp  Works,  had  for  some  time  been  acting 
in  a  consulting  capacity  on  mechanical  problems  of  the  Development  Di- 
vision, and  about  October  1, 1918, entered  the  service  of  the  Development 
Division,  giving  his  entire  time  to  work  on  the  production  of  a  one-piece 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  227 

steel  booster  casing  machined  from  bar  stock,  and  the  establishment  of 
the  experimental  production  unit  for  the  manufacture  of  steel  booster 
casings  at  the  plant  of  the  U.  S.  Automatic  Company,  at  Amherst,  Ohio. 

Sgt.  A.  W.  Nickerson  had  charge  of  the  office  work  and  property  of 
the  Special  Investigations  Section,  and  spent  a  great  deal  of  his  time  inter- 
viewing manufacturers  and  hastening  shipments  of  material. 

Sgt.  E.  R.  Campbell  was  of  great  assistance  to  Capt.  Cover  in  the 
procurement  of  engineering  equipment  for  the  Experimental  Plant,  and  the 
construction  of  the  headquarters  office. 

Master  Engineer  Charles  Garthwait,  a  private  assigned  to  the  Defense 
Section,  showed  exceptional  ability  in  making  perspective  sketches  of 
experimental  equipment,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Special  Investigations 
Section  so  that  his  work  would  be  available  to  all  the  sections  of  the  Devel- 
opment Division. 

With  the  present  paragraph,  this  account  of  the  activities 
of  the  Development  Division,  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  is 
ended.  It  is  a  record  upon  which  everyone  who  had  a  part 
in  it  may  look  with  pride  and  satisfaction,  for  it  played  a 
definite  part  in  the  winning  of  the  war. 


SPECIAL    WAR    ACTIVITIES    OF    GLASS 
TECHNOLOGY  DEPARTMENT 

In  July,  1917,  the  Glass  Technology  Department  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works,  Mr.  W.  M.  Clark  in  charge,  was  con- 
sulted in  regard  to  the  development  of  a  more  satisfactory 
optical  glass.  The  production  of  optical  glass,  before  the  war, 
was  an  almost  unknown  art  in  America,  the  supplies  coming 
from  England,  France  and  Germany.  The  pressing  requirements 
of  the  army  and  navy  for  glass  for  lenses  in  range  finders,  field 
glasses,  periscopes,  etc.,  were  brought  up  in  the  Council  of 
National  Defense  in  May,  1917. 

The  initial  difficulties  in  the  new  art  were  many.  In  July, 
1917,  Dr.  Whitney,  who  as  a  member  of  the  Naval  Consulting 
Board,  was  familiar  with  the  government  requirements,  ap- 
pealed to  Mr.  F.  S.  Terry  to  have  the  National  do  everything 
in  its  power  to  assist  the  Government  in*  obtaining  a  supply 
of  high-grade  optical  glass.  This  led  to  journeys  to  the  Bausch  & 
Lomb  Optical  Company  plant  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  where  inter- 
views were  arranged  with  Dr.  A.  H.  Day  and  staff  of  the  Geo- 
physical Laboratory  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  who  had  been  de- 
tailed to  Rochester  to  supervise  the  technical  developments. 

One  of  the  principal  problems  was  to  obtain  satisfactory 
clay  pots  in  which  to  melt  the  glass.  By  interesting  the  Buckeye 
Clay  Pot  Company  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  who  had  supplied  The 
National  Lamp  Works  for  years,  a  superior  container  was 
obtained  and  large  numbers  of  these  pots  were  supplied  to 
Bausch  &  Lomb,  the  Spencer  Lens  Company  and  other  optical- 
glass  manufacturers.  Speedy  production  was  the  all-important 
point  and  all  efforts  were  directed  towards  increasing  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  the  product  of  known  glasses,  no  effort 
being  made  to  develop  any  new  glass. 

The  Government  also  had  difficulty  in  obtaining  a  satis- 
factory heavy  flint  glass  for  airplane  camera  lenses.  This  re- 
quired a  purer  grade  of  potash  than  was  being  produced  in  this 
country  in  September,  1917.  Fortunately,  the  Glass  Tech- 
nology Department  happened  to  have  3000  pounds  of  high- 
grade  German  potash  in  stock,  imported  before  the  war,  and 
this  was  immediately  delivered  to  the  Government  so  that  they 
had  pure  material  to  work  with  until  the  American  potash 
manufacturers  had  succeeded  in  improving  their  quality. 

The  work  don'e  by  the  Glass  Technology  Department  in 
connection  with  gas  shells  has  been  mentioned  on  page  226. 


THE  WAR  STORY  OF  THE  X-RAY  AND 
VACUUM  TUBES 


No  other  part  of  the  war  work  performed  by  the  National 
Lamp  Works  was  so  nearly  like  its  own  particular  line  as  that 
done  in  connection  with  the  development  and  manufacture 
of  "vacuum"  tubes  and  <rX-Ray"  tubes. 

In  fact,  from  the  standpoint  of  general  construction,  these 
tubes  were  nothing  more  nor  less  than  very  expensive  and 
highly  complicated  lamps.  To  be  sure,  their  purpose  was  not 
to  give  light,  but,  like  lamps,  they  were  made  up  of  glass 
bulbs  containing  filaments  and  had  to  have  the  air  pumped 
out  of  them  in  a  skillful  and  highly  specialized  way.  It  is  not 
at  all  surprising,  therefore,  that  the  Lamp  Facilities  Labora- 
tory at  Nela  Park  was  conspicuously  successful  in  this  par- 
ticular branch  of  the  war  work  of  the  National. 

Since  the  vacuum  tubes  were  used  principally  in  wireless 
telegraphy  and  wireless  telephony,  both  on  the  battlefields 
and  in  all  the  work  back  of  the  lines  requiring  a  rapid  and 
dependable  system  of  communication,  and  since  all  this  work 
came  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  Signal  Corps  of  the 
U.  S.  Army,  a  few  explanatory  remarks  regarding  the  latter 
Corps  will  be  in  order  here. 

WHY  THE  SIGNAL  CORPS  HAD  TO  HAVE  VACUUM  TUBES 

The  transmission  of  military  orders  and  tidings  is  a 
problem  of  such  great  importance  in  warfare  that  it  is  handled 
by  a  highly  specialized  branch  of  the  United  States  Army, 
known  as  the  Signal  Corps.  In  the  war  with  Germany,  the 
Signal  Corps  was  responsible  for  the  operation  of  all  the 
methods  of  communication  used  in  the  field  and,  second,  it 
was  in  charge  of  the  production  of  all  the  equipment  employed 
for  this  kind  of  work. 

The  science  of  military  signalling  has  been  a  rapidly- 
progressing  one,  really  wonderful  developments  being  made 
while  we  were  engaged  in  the  World  War.  In  the  Civil  War 
campaigns,  no  force  could  be  effective  in  the  field  unless  it 


230  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

could  be  reached  at  all  times  by  pony  express  riders,  runners, 
or  by  visual  signals.  The  rapid  development  of  the  telegraph 
and  the  telephone  overcame  the  difficulty  and  uncertainty 
attendant  with  systems  of  communication  such  as  these,  so 
that  in  the  World  War  armies  extended  over  fronts  of  125  miles 
or  more,  with  every  division  in  constant  and  immediate  touch 
with  every  other  division  through  the  complete  and  accurate 
systems  of  communication  in  use  on  the  field. 

One  of  the  very  striking  accomplishments  of  the  Signal 
Corps  during  the  war,  and  one  which  will  probably  have  far- 
reaching  results  in  peace  times,  was  the  establishment  of  an 
accurate  and  dependable  system  of  trans-Atlantic  radio 
("wireless")  communication.  The  allied  armies  had  also  de- 
veloped a  complicated  system  of  radio  communication  in 
the  field,  employing  radio  sets  of  small  power.  These  were 
operated  from  airplanes,  were  used  in  connection  with  ground 
telegraphy  sets  in  the  front  lines,  and  in  the  field  wireless  sets 
used  for  general  communication  with  headquarters.  Probably 
the  greatest  field  for  radio  communication  was  in  fire  control 
work  for  artillery.  In  the  latter  months  of  the  war,  wireless 
telephones  were  being  used  to  a  limited  extent  as  a  means  of 
communication  between  airplanes  flying  in  formation. 

If  one  reviews  the  developments  of  the  two  or  three  years 
when  virtually  the  whole  world  was  at  war,  we  seem  to  have 
lived  a  century  in  this  brief  period.  What  a  far-fetched  ro- 
mantic fairy  story  the  truth  of  to-day  would  have  seemed  to 
us  in  our  childhood!  Men  talking  across  the  broad  expanse  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  without  a  wire  is  romantic  enough  of  itself, 
but  what  of  an  ace  with  his  radio  set  controlling  the  fleet  action 
of  a  mighty  host  of  flying  battleships  engaged  in  deadly  battle 
miles  up  in  the  air? 

It  seems  fanciful,  but  it  is  real  that  to-day  we  send  men 
up  miles  above  the  earth  to  obtain  weather  information  of 
distant  points,  and  we  have  the  information  telephoned  back 
to  us  on  earth.  These  are  indeed  "messages  from  the  ethereal 
blue." 

Without  the  Vacuum  Tube  these  achievements  would  have 
been  impossible. 

What  would  Napoleon  not  have  given  for  just  one  hour 
of  aerial  telephone  service  to  direct  the  fire  of  his  artillery? 
Airplanes  and  mighty  dirigible  balloons  fitted  up  with  wireless 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


telegraph  and  telephone  sets  scouring  the  sea  for  pirate  sub- 
marines preying  on  merchant  ships,  fighting  their  enemy  with 
bombs  and  calling  the  patrols  to  destroy  their  quarry,  sounds 
like  a  fairy  story,  but  in  1918  it  was  a  grim  reality.  Airplanes 
calling  on  airplanes  for  assistance  when  hard  pressed  in  a 
death  struggle  in  the  air  was  all  too  real,  although  it  seems  like 
a  story  only  built  of  fancy. 

The  series  of  developments  which  preceded  the  practical 
use  of  the  long-distance  wireless  telephone  and  the  great  ad- 
vances made  in  wireless  telegraphy  were  made  possible  only  by 
the  remarkable  improvements  made  in  the  quality  and  construction 
of  the  vacuum  tubes  used  in  all  radio  outfits.  The  incidents  and 
problems  connected  with  the  development  of  these  vacuum 
tubes,  commonly  called  "kenotrons"  or  "pliotrons"  according 
to  their  construction,  form  what  is  probably  the  most  fascinat- 
ing story  of  technical  research  work  undertaken  during  the 
war. 

The  beginning  of  the  war  found  the  Signal  Corps  in  great 
need  of  the  vacuum  tubes,  and  it  was  immediately  realized 
that  the  tubes  would  have  to  be  manufactured  on  a  scale 
hitherto  unthought-of.  The  war  requirements  of  the  army  and 
navy  necessitated  the  immediate  construction  of  a  large 
number  of  radio  outfits,  from  the  smallest  possible  size  for 
airplane  work,  to  the  large  sizes  designed  for  work  in  land  "bases 
and  headquarters  and  for  controlling  the  movements  of  a 
squadron  of  airplanes  flying  in  formation.  Not  only  was  it 
necessary  to  produce  vacuum  tubes  in  large  numbers,  but  due 
to  the  inefficient  and  short-lived  tube  which  up  to  this  time 
we  had  been  content  to  use,  it  was  also  necessary  to  develop 
a  more  efficient  and  a  more  sensitive  tube  which  would  satis- 
factorily fulfill  the  requirements  demanded  by  the  service 
overseas. 

How   THE   PLIOTRON   AND    KENOTRON 
TUBES   OPERATE 

The  vacuum  tube,  commonly  called  the  pliotron,  and 
mentioned  so  often  in  this  story,  deserves  many  chapters  to 
cover  the  fascinating  story  of  its  development;  particularly 
the  wonderful  scientific  laws  which  govern  its  action  and  the 
almost  unbelievable  amount  of  work  that  was  accomplished 
by  the  Company  in  supplying  the  needs  of  the  army  and  navy 


232  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

with  these  tubes.  The  amount  of  progress  that  the  world  owes 
to  these  tubes  is  a  source  of  just  pride  to  all  those  engaged  in 
the  work  at  the  laboratories  and  lamp  factories  where  so  much 
of  the  work  was  done  that  led  to  their  highly  developed  state. 

To  give  the  reader  a  better  idea  of  what  the  vacuum  tube 
is  used  for,  and  to  state  briefly  the  principle  of  operation  of  the 
tube,  it  is  well  to  review  the  developments  leading  up  to  the 
rather  unsatisfactory  use  of  the  tube  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  early  in  1917. 

The  vacuum  tube  had  its  beginning  in  the  "Fleming 
valve,"  named  after  Dr.  Fleming  of  England,  who  discovered 
the  peculiar  action  now  known  as  the  electron  emission  phe- 
nomenon; that  is,  if  a  cold  material  be  placed  close  to  a  heated 
metallic  substance  or  filament,  there  is  a  flow  of  negative  elec- 
trons from  the  filament  to  the  colder  material.  This  phenom- 
enon is  utilized  in  the  vacuum  tube  by  employing  a  cold  plate, 
usually  of  nickel  or  molybdenum,  which  is  called  the  "anode," 
and  a  hot  tungsten  filament  or  "cathode."  When  this  filament 
is  heated  in  a  highly  evacuated  space,  it  gives  off  "electrons"- 
negative  charges  of  electrical  energy.  The  electrons  flow  from 
the  hot  cathode  to  the  cold  anode  and,  by  using  the  proper 
instruments,  can  be  measured.  The  flow  is  controlled  by  the 
temperature  of  the  filament;  the  higher  the  temperature,  the 
greater  the  flow  of  electrons.  This  particular  type  of  tube  hav- 
ing the  two  elements,  i.  e.,  the  plate  and  the  filament,  was 
named  the  "kenotron"  tube  ("keno,"  a  Greek  root,  signifying 
"empty"  or  "a  vacuum"). 

A  "WIRELESS"  DETECTOR 

This  discovery  was  further  improved  by  Mr.  De  Forrest, 
who  inserted  a  third  member  between  the  filament  and  plate, 
called  the  grid.  It  was  found  that  by  varying  the  voltage  on 
the  grid  it  was  possible  to  control  the  flow  of  electrons  from 
the  cathode  to  the  anode.  The  peculiar  feature  of  the  grid 
control  was  that  very  small  changes  in  grid  potential  produced 
very  large  changes  in  electron  flow.  This  feature  made  the 
tube  suitable  as  a  detector  and  reproducer  of  very  weak  wire- 
less signals.  It  changed,  or  "amplified,"  wireless  signals  of 
radio  frequency  into  signals  of  audible  frequency.  This  three- 
element  type  of  tube  having  a  filament,  plate,  and  grid,  was 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  233 

known  as  the  "pliotron"  ("plio"  a  Greek  root,  meaning  "am- 
plify"). Hence,  pliotron  conveys  the  idea  of  an  instrument 
capable  of  amplifying, — that  is,  of  making  feeble  signals 
stronger. 

Shortly  before  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the 
war,  Dr.  Irving  Langmuir  of  the  General  Electric  Company's 
Research  Laboratory  at  Schenectady,  New  York,  produced 
vacuum  tubes  of  this  three-element  type  which  proved  to  be 
the  most  satisfactory  of  all  the  types  then  in  use.  In  July, 
1917,  when  the  Signal  Corps  and  the  Navy  became  particularly 
interested  in  wireless  communication,  it  was  found  that  these 
tubes  were  being  reproduced  only  in  laboratories,  and  involved 
very  elaborate  laboratory  processes  which  did  not  permit  of 
commercial  manufacture. 

THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE  WORK 
AT  NELA  PARK 

To  meet  the  requirements  of  the  Government,  the  Re- 
search Laboratory  decided  to  obtain  the  co-operation  of  the 
General  Electric  Company's  Lamp  Works  and,  on  August  u, 
1917,  Mr.  Hawkins  wrote  to  Mr.  W.  R.  Burrows  of  the  Edison 
Lamp  Works  and  to  Mr.  W.  H.  Roberts  of  the  National, 
asking  for  assistance  in  the  manufacture  of  small  pliotrons. 
Mr.  Hawkins  explained  the  demand  of  the  Government  for 
vacuum  tubes,  and  the  representatives  of  the  two  Lamp  Works 
expressed  their  willingness  to  co-operate  with  the  Research 
Laboratory  in  the  manufacture  of  the  tubes.  They  oftered  such 
facilities  as  might,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Research  Laboratory, 
be  needed  to  develop  and  commercially  manufacture  the 
various  kinds  of  tubes. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Manufacturing  Committee  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works,  Mr.  Roberts  informed  the  committee 
of  the  Research  Laboratory's  request,  and  at  this  meeting  it 
was  decided  that  the  commercial  manufacture  of  the  tubes 
should  be  placed  in  Nela  Lamp  Division,  under  the  supervision 
of  Mr.  P.  J.  Pritchard.  Mr.  Wm.  T.  L.  Cogger  was  also  de- 
tailed as  Special  Engineer  to  assist  Mr.  Pritchard  and  co- 
operate with  the  engineers  of  the  Research  Laboratory,  with 


234  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

the  view  of  taking  the  developments  and  placing  them  in 
commercial  operation. 

A  few  days  after  the  meeting,  some  samples  were  received 
from  Schenectady  and,  except  for  the  peculiar  constructions 
in  the  interior,  the  samples  were  somewhat  like  lamps.  In 
general,  the  construction  resembled  Miniature  Auto  Head- 
light Lamps,  yet  involved  much  more  detail  and  appeared 
decidedly  complicated.  Certain  general  suggestions  were  made 
regarding  the  construction,  with  the  view  of  adopting  lamp- 
making  equipment  to  the  manufacture  of  the  tubes.  These 
suggestions  were  incorporated  into  a  few  sample  designs  and 
models. 

At  a  meeting  held  in  Harrison,  New  Jersey,  on  Sept.  24, 
1917,  Lieut.  Bown  of  the  Signal  Corps,  engineers  from  the 
Research  Laboratory  and  engineers  from  the  Edison  Lamp 
Works  and  National  Lamp  Works  were  present.  The  models 
prepared  by  the  National  Lamp  Works  were  approved  as 
suitable,  the  Research  Laboratory  furnished  the  specifications 
for  the  different  parts,  and  plans  were  made  to  begin  a  small 
production.  At  this  meeting,  on  account  of  their  geographical 
position,  it  was  decided  that  the  Edison  Lamp  Works  would 
co-operate  with  the  Research  Laboratory  and  Providence  Base 
Works  in  the  development  of  the  special  base  for  these  tubes, 
and  that  the  National  Lamp  Works  would  co-operate  with  the 
Research  Laboratory  and  handle  the  development  of  the  special 
packing  material  for  the  tubes. 

EARLY   "GRIEF"    ENCOUNTERED   IN   MANUFACTURE 

With  the  general  point  of  construction  decided  at  the 
meeting  in  Harrison  a  small  commercial  production  was 
planned  in  Cleveland.  In  all  cases,  except  where  machine 
operations  were  possible  without  affecting  the  quality  of  the 
product  an  endeavor  was  made  to  follow  the  processes  and 
operations  exactly  as  performed  in  Schenectady.  This  plan 
resulted  most  satisfactorily  and  although,  in  many  cases,  it 
was  slow,  costly  and  seemingly  unprogressive,  it  prevented 
losses  due  to  failure  of  untried  methods.  Having  demonstrated 
that  they  could  successfully  make  these  tubes  according  to 
laboratory  practices  and  methods,  the  Nela  Lamp  Division 
fellows  next  turned  their  attention  to  commercial  production. 
It  was  soon  found  that  they  had  a  real  problem  on  their  hands. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  235 

Stem-making  in  lamps  was  considered  fairly  easy,  and  it  was 
with  confidence  that  they  converted  over  a  stem  machine  to 
put  six  leads  through  the  stem,  spaced  %  inch  apart.  It  required 
more  than  that,  however,  for  they  ran  into  all  the  difficulties 
that  could  happen  to  stems — cracks,  leaks,  burnt  welds  and 
all  sorts  of  glass  troubles,  each  requiring  every  bit  of  lamp 
knowledge  and  experience  that  could  be  commanded  in  order 
to  solve  the  difficulties. 

Coil-making  for  the  filament  and  grid  was  one  of  the 
most  painstaking  and  careful  operations.  Mandrels  of 
molybdenum  were  made  and  accurately  threaded  to  give 
proper  coil  size,  shape  and  pitch.  The  mandrels  were  carefully 
wound  with  filament  and  grid  wire  and  sintered  in  hydrogen 
furnaces.  After  experimenting,  a  best  process  was  found  which 
gave  accurate  coils.  Mounting  was  found  to  be  most  difficult, 
due  to  the  accuracy  required  in  the  spacing  between  filament 
and  grid,  and  the  necessity  of  mounting  without  any  strain. 
The  preparation  and  mounting  of  the  nickel  cap  which  was 
used  as  the  plate,  presented  many  problems  but  these  were 
finally  solved. 

Finally,  after  making  numerous  minor  changes  in  de- 
sign of  parts,  etc.,  to  improve  mechanical  strength  and  facili- 
tate manufacture,  a  lot  of  tubes  were  sealed  ready  for  ex- 
hausting. 

EXHAUST  PROVES  A  TOUGH  PROBLEM 

Up  to  the  time  that  the  National  Lamp  Works  started 
work  on  pliotrons,  all  the  tubes  at  Schenectady  were  exhausted 
by  means  of  mercury  condensation  pumps,  and  there  was  some 
doubt  regarding  the  possibilities  of  exhausting  the  pliotron 
on  the  more  economical  oil  pumps  commonly  used  in  lamp 
manufacturing,  due  to  the  fact  that  sufficiently  low  pressure 
could  not  be  obtained  on  the  small  rotary  oil  pumps.  The  Re- 
search Laboratory  at  Schenectady,  however,  became  quite 
active  and  found  a  means  and  schedule  for  exhausting  pliotrons 
on  an  oil  pump  and  forwarded  the  information  to  Nela  Park. 
The  equipment  was  placed  in  shape  and  the  necessary  pro- 
cedure started,  in  order  to  perfect  the  vacuum  by  the  "Bom- 


236  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

bardment  Process  of  Exhaust."  The  results  in  Schenectady 
had  appeared  to  be  most  satisfactory. 

The  first  Nela  pliotrons  were  placed  on  the  exhaust  bench, 
and  after  two  days  of  unsuccessful  trials  to  complete  the 
vacuum  the  Research  Laboratory  at  Schenectady  was  called 
upon  and  an  expert  was  sent  to  demonstrate  the  process.  It 
was  then  discovered  that  insufficiently  detailed  instructions 
from  Schenectady  were  responsible  for  the  failure  to  exhaust 
the  pliotron  at  the  first  attempt.  Thirty  or  more  tubes  were 
now  exhausted  and  on  October  19,  1917,  these  were  taken  by 
Mr.  Cogger  to  Schenectady  for  test. 

The  tests  at  Schenectady  showed  that  of  these  original 
30  pliotrons,  one-third  of  the  tubes  were  better  than  the  aver- 
age product  of  Research  Laboratory,  one-third  about  average 
and  the  other  one-third  were  very  inferior.  This  was  due  mostly 
to  defects  of  manufacture.  This  creditable  showing  was  com- 
mented on  by  the  Research  Laboratory,  and  Nela  Lamp  Divi- 
sion was  complimented  and  given  every  encouragement  to 
produce  more  tubes  as  good  as  these  samples. 

The  production  of  100  tubes  was  immediately  started 
and,  under  instructions  from  the  Research  Laboratory,  equip- 
ment and  instruments  were  set  up  for  testing  the  tubes  as 
made.  From  these  tests  and  from  the  rapidly  increasing  fund 
of  experience  and  information,  means  of  improving  the  quality 
and  facilities  of  manufacture  were  soon  found. 

Before  November  ist,  1917,  these  100  tubes  were  com- 
pleted in  Cleveland.  The  Research  Laboratory  had  submitted 
samples  of  pliotrons  made  by  the  National  Lamp  Works  to 
the  Navy,  and  an  order  for  1,000  was  received  to  be  made  as 
per  the  samples  submitted.  This  order  marked  the  beginning 
of  production,  and  the  necessary  steps  were  taken  to  build  up 
an  organization  and  lay  out  equipment  with  the  idea  of  making 
a  production  of  200  tubes  per  week. 

COMPLIMENTS  FROM  WASHINGTON  ON  SUCCESSFUL  PRODUCTION 

The  Research  Laboratory  at  Schenectady  furnished 
most  of  the  testing  equipment  for  the  necessary  radio  test, 
and  pliotrons,  as  made,  were  tested  on  these  instruments  and 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  237 

then  packed  and  shipped  to  the  Navy  Yard  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  Here  the  tubes  were  inspected  by  the  Navy  inspectors. 
The  Nela  Lamp  workers  were  greatly  pleased  to  learn  that 
only  seventeen  tubes  were  rejected  from  the  entire  lot  of 
1,000  for  all  causes — mechanical,  radio  and  electrical.  This 
was  a  record,  and  Mr.  Pritchard  felt  justly  proud  of  his 
Division,  for  attaining  it,  since  with  less  than  a  month's 
real  experience  with  this  new  problem,  the  Division  was 
able  to  deliver  the  first  1,000  tubes  and  have  a  rejection  of 
less  than  2%  .for  all  causes. 

The  Signal  Corps  was  now  becoming  interested  in  the 
G.  E.  tubes,  and  samples  were  submitted  by  Schenectady 
to  the  Signal  Corps,  all  samples  being  made  by  the  National 
Lamp  Works.  In  order  to  meet  special  requirements  of  the 
Signal  Corps  for  voltages,  etc.,  considerable  changes  were 
made  in  the  filament.  Finally,  several  designs  were  submitted 
to  the  Signal  Corps. 

In  the  meantime,  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  asked  the 
General  Electric  Company  to  endeavor  to  manufacture  the 
Western  Electric  type  of  vacuum  tube,  as  this  tube  was 
giving  satisfactory  results,  and  a  greater  production  was 
required.  To  this  end,  the  Research  Laboratory  called  a  meeting 
of  the  representatives  of  both  the  Edison  and  the  National 
Lamp  Works  with  the  view  of  investigating  the  process  and 
methods  of  manufacture  of  the  W.  E.  tube  at  the  New  York 
Laboratory.  Mr.  Pritchard  and  Mr.  Cogger  were  detailed 
by  Mr.  Roberts  to  represent  the  National  Lamp  Works. 
Investigation  was  made  and  a  report  written  up.  This  report 
very  clearly  convinced  both  the  Western  Electric  Company 
and  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  that  the  manufacture  of  W.  E. 
tubes  was  not  commercial  in  a  lamp-manufacturing  division. 

The  Signal  Corps  now  became  actively  interested  in.  the 
G.  E.  tubes,  and  finally,  on  January  23,  1918,  after  tests  in 
Schenectady,  National-made  tubes  designated  as  NX4  were 
accepted  for  manufacture.  The  question  of  the  rate  of  manu- 
facture was  raised,  and  Nela  Lamp  Division  went  on  record 
as  being  able  to  produce  250  per  day  immediately,  and  to 
increase  the  production  gradually  to  2,500  per  day  within  120 
days.  To  the  surprise  of  all  engaged  in  the  work,  the  order 
came  through  for  40,000,  with  a  production  schedule  only 
one-sixth  as  heavy  as  that  which  we  had  told  the  Government 


238  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

we  could  meet.  It  appears  that  the  Government  officials  did  not 
believe  that  a  production  as  great  as  was  estimated  at  Nela 
Park  could  be  obtained,  and  therefore  production  was  put 
on  a  weekly  basis  with  quantities  equal  to  our  daily  production 
promises. 

CREATION  OF  THE  VACUUM  TUBE  DIVISION 

Lieut-Col.  Slaughter,  Lieut.  Cameron,  Lieut.  Bittner 
and  Lieut.  Littell  came  to  Cleveland  just  after  the  order  was 
placed,  to  make  an  inspection  of  the  plant  and  learn  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works'  organization  and  plans.  They  were 
favorably  impressed  and  were  assured  of  the  Division's 
ability  to  manufacture  and  deliver  tubes.  Specifications  were 
agreed  upon  and  actual  production  started.  In  order  to 
designate  the  work  as  a  separate  activity,  the  Vacuum  Tube 
Division  was  organized,  with  Mr.  Pritchard  in  charge.  The 
General  Letter  of  April  4,  1918,  issued  by  Messrs.  Terry  and 
Tremaine  and  authorizing  the  establishment  of  this  Division, 
follows : 

Vacuum  Tube  Division  No.  151 

This  is  a  new  division  that  has  been  opened  for 
the  manufacture  of  special  articles,  most  of  which 
will  not  be  articles  belonging  to  our  regular  line  of 
goods  as  disposed  of  by  our  sales  divisions. 

This  division  will  be  located  at  Nela  Park,  and 
will  be  in  charge  of  Mr.  P.  J.  Pritchard. 

TERRY  AND  TREMAINE 

Managers. 

With  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division  organized  and  oper- 
ating on  a  commercial  basis,  the  work  did  not  settle  down 
to  a  mere  matter  of  routine,  by  any  manner  of  means.  New 
tubes  for  different  uses  were  constantly  being  developed  at 
the  Research  Laboratory  at  Schenectady,  and  as  soon  as 
the  ideas  were  perfected  the  Research  Laboratory  sent  word 
to  Cleveland,  whereupon  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division  imme- 
diately took  steps  to  put  the  tubes  on  a  commercial  produc- 
tion basis. 

On  February  9,  1918,  in  co-operation  with  Schenectady, 
commercial  development  was  started  on  the  transmitting 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  239 

pliotron  tube  and  the  regulating  kenotron.  During  these 
developments,  a  regular  production  schedule  of  receiving 
tubes  was  followed  and,  at  one  time,  96  tests  of  different 
kinds  and  descriptions  were  going  through  the  Vacuum  Tube 
Division.  Ordinarily,  it  would  have  taken  a  year  to  complete 
the  tests  in  the  Research  Laboratory  at  Schenectady,  but 
the  Division  at  Nela  was  able  to  clean  up  the  tests  in  two 
weeks.  This  work  which  was  done  without  interfering  with 
regular  production,  gave  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division  such  a 
reputation  for  service  and  efficiency  with  the  Research  Labo- 
ratory that  all  commercial  development  for  new  types  of 
pliotrons,  from  this  time  on,  was  done  at  Cleveland. 

WONDERFUL  IMPROVEMENTS  MADE  IN  THE  TUBES 

During  the  commercial  production  of  receiving  tubes, 
hardly  a  week  went  by  without  improvements  either  in  the 
quality  of  the  product  or  in  the  facilities  for  manufacture. 

The  method  of  exhaust  had  proven,  unsatisfactory  from 
the  very  first.  Not  only  was  the  process  long  and  tedious, 
but  the  vacuum  finally  obtained  was  not  sufficiently  low  to 
insure  perfect  operation  of  the  tubes.  All  sorts  of  experiments 
were  tried,  including  the  use  of  chemicals,  in  the  endeavor  to 
find  a  better  method.  Palladium  black  was  introduced  in  the 
top  of  the  tube  as  an  absorbent  for  the  gases  given  off  by  the 
metal  parts.  A  little  later,  a  form  of  charcoal,  very  similar 
to  that  used  as  canister-filler  for  gas  masks,  was  tested  and 
proved  quite  successful. 

Early  in  May,  1918,  an  exhausting  procedure  was  evolved 
which  was  revolutionary  both  in  the  speed  with  which  the 
tubes  could  be  exhausted  and  in  the  completeness  of  the 
exhaust.  A  chemical,  similar  to  the  so-called  "getter"  used 
in  exhausting  MAZDA  B  lamps,  was  introduced  in  the  top 
of  the  bulb.  The  use  of  this  chemical  in  connection  with  the 
"Bombardment  Process"  of  exhaust  previously  mentioned, 
proved  to  be  by  far  the  most  satisfactory  of  all  the  exhausting 
methods  then  in  use.  Enough  of  the  chemical  was  used  to 
take  care  of  the  small  amount  of  gas  constantly  emitted  by 
the  metal  parts  during  the  actual  operation  of  the  tube. 

When  the  first  pliotron  manufactured  was  rated  on  a 
"Cable  Box,"  an  arbitrary  method  of  comparing  quality,  it 


24°  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

gave  an  amplification  rating  of  8  miles.  Within  a  month  this 
rating  was  raised  to  an  average  of  12  miles,  and  before  10,000 
tubes  were  made  the  average  was  16.  By  the  time  25,000 
tubes  had  been  manufactured,  this  average  rating  was  over 
20  miles.  The  direct  measure  of  quality  varies  as  the  square 
of  these  ratings  or  in  the  ratio  of  64  for  the  first  tubes,  to 
400  for  the  last  tubes  on  order.  This  meant  an  increase  in  quality 
of  over  six  times!  The  life  of  the  tube  was  also  increased  (from 
300  hours  to  2,000  hours)  and,  as  a  result,  the  tubes  gave  the 
Government  seven  times  the  life  expected.  In  addition  to  this, 
wonderful  improvements  were  made  in  uniformity  of  the 
product. 

All  this  progress,  however,  was  not  made  without  diffi- 
culty. On  one  occasion,  out  of  nearly  2,000  tubes  that  had 
been  made  up,  not  a  single  one  was  good  for  anything.  Several 
times  the  Division  was  confronted  with  losses  of  thousands 
of  dollars,  due  to  imperfect  raw  materials  and  uncontrollable 
circumstances.  All  of  these  problems  kept  every  man  working 
night  and  day,  and  required  the  best  possible  supervision 
and  engineering. 

One  of  the  greatest  handicaps  under  which  the  Division 
was  working  during  these  months,  was  the  limited  production 
schedule  imposed  by  the  Government.  Continued  requests 
were  made  for  release  from  this  restriction,  in  order  to  make 
it  possible  to  obtain  more  efficient  operation  by  means  of  a 
greatly  increased  rate  of  production.  Finally,  the  superior 
quality  and  operating  characteristics  of  the  tubes  excited 
the  interest  of  the  allied  governments;  the  G.  E.  Research 
Laboratory  received  a  request  from  the  British  Admiralty 
for  tubes,  and  immediately  asked  for  increased  production. 
This  time  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division  promised  to  reach  a 
production  of  3,000  tubes  per  day  within  sixty  days,  and  began 
to  make  plans  to  produce  this  number  of  tubes.  The  order 
failed  to  materialize,  however,  but  with  permission  from 
the  Signal  Corps  a  maximum  production  of  1,800  tubes  per 
day  was  obtained.  As  a  result,  the  Division  would  have  been 
able  to  carry  out  its  promises  quite  easily.  Having  completed 
the  receiving  tube  order  ahead  of  schedule,  however,  the 
Division  ran  out  of  orders  and  was  forced  to  ask  for  more 
orders  to  keep  the  plant  in  operation.  It  became  evident 
that  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division  was  so  far  ahead  of  the 
Government  program  that  it  was  necessary  to  cut  production, 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  241 

as  more  pliotrons  were  being  made  than  the  Government 
could  handle.  The  Division  was  complimented  for  its  proven 
ability  to  deliver  tubes  in  large  quantity  and,  while  so  doing, 
to  make  wonderful  improvements  in  the  quality  of  the  tubes. 

Generally  speaking,  the  production  of  pliotron  trans- 
mitting tubes  and  of  kenotron  regulator  tubes  was  a  repe- 
tition of  the  receiving  tube  experience.  The  Division  im- 
proved quality,  made  deliveries  on  or  ahead  of  schedule, 
and  was  always  ready  in  an  emergency  to  take  up  new  devel- 
opments or  to  make  new  types  of  tubes. 

A  medium-power  transmitting  tube  was  finally  devel- 
oped for  the  Navy,  close  co-operation  with  the  G.  E.  Research 
Laboratory  being  maintained  throughout  the  entire  develop- 
ment period.  This  development,  while  not  complete,  was 
probably  the  most  wonderful  of  all  from  a  technical  standpoint, 
due  both  to  the  equipment  developments  involved  to  produce 
the  parts,  and  to  the  careful  work  required  to  produce  these 
tubes  successfully.  Special  tubes  of  various  types,  and  innu- 
merable parts,  stems,  mounts,  etc.,  were  produced  at  Nela 
for  experimental  use  by  the  G.  E.  Research  Laboratory  at 
Schenectady. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  total  number  of  tubes  manu- 
factured and  shipped  from  Nela  Park. 

Receiving  Tubes  77>29° 

Transmitting  Tubes  36,649 

Regulator  Tubes  49>575 

Resistance  Tubes  5>99^ 

Special  and  Misc.  95803 

TOTAL  179,315 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  here  that  the  Vacuum  Tube 
Division  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  manufactured  and 
delivered  three  times  as  many  tubes  as  any  other  organization 
engaged  in  the  same  class  of  work. 

The  question  of  the  price  of  the  tubes  was  handled  at 
Schenectady  and  contracts  were  made  on  a  definite  price 
basis,  the  price  being  determined  from  the  actual  cost  figures 
of  manufacture  of  the  pliotrons  submitted  to  the  Government. 
While  the  price  received  for  the  tubes  did  not  result  in  any 
big  profit,  it  was  sufficient  to  cover  any  reasonable  cost. 


242  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Of  course,  no  return  was  received  on  the  fund  of  information 
and  experience  collected  from  years  of  lamp-making  devel- 
opment, which  was  responsible  for  the  success  of  the  Division 
in  the  commercial  manufacture  of  pliotrons.  Knowledge 
of  tungsten  filament  wire,  glass,  platinum  substitute,  pumps 
and  all  manufacturing  equipment  is  very  properly  considered 
as  being  one  of  the  important  intangible  contributions  of 
the  National  Lamp  Works  towards  the  winning  of  the  war. 

USES  OF  THE  VARIOUS  TUBES  MANUFACTURED 

The  particular  uses  to  which  these  pliotron  and  kenotron 
tubes  were  adapted  by  the  Government  are  as  follows: 
First,  as  detectors  and  amplifiers  in  the  reception  of  wireless 
telegraph  and  telephone  signals;  second,  as  oscillators  and 
modulators  in  the  transmission  of  wireless  telephony;  and 
third,  as  regulating  devices  for  variable-speed  generators 
mounted  on  airplanes  for  supplying  high  voltage  to  the  trans- 
mitting tubes. 

TYPES  OF  RECEIVING  TUBES 

The  detailed  theory  of  operation  of  the  receiving  tube  is  highly  tech- 
nical and  is  therefore  omitted  from  these  pages.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that 
the  vacuum  tube  (pliotron)  is,  by  far,  the  most  satisfactory  type  of  detector 
for  wireless  signals  so  far  developed.  The  simplicity  of  the  receiving  circuit, 
together  with  the  fact  that  it  is  always  constant  and  never  out  of  adjustment, 
makes  the  vacuum  tube  the  most  reliable  feature  of  the  wireless  receiving 
equipment. 

The  first  receiving  tube  made  by  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division  was 
merely  a  laboratory  sample,  designated  as  the  G-2O.  The  making  of  this 
one  tube  furnished  a  fund  of  information  and  experience  which  later  proved 
quite  invaluable,  and  from  which  the  commercial  developments  on  receiving, 
tubes  started. 

The  principles  of  construction  used  in  this  first  experimental  tube 
were  incorporated  in  the  receiving  tube,  Type  CG-886,  which  was  the 
first  commercial  type  manufactured.  This  tube  was  supplied  to  the  U.  S. 
Navy  to  be  used  as  a  detector,  amplifier  and  oscillator,  both  aboard  ship 
and  in  land  stations,  and  was  usually  operated  in  series  with  a  resistance 
on  a  three-cell  storage  battery.  The  construction  of  this  tube  embodies  a 
tungsten  filament,  a  tungsten  grid  and  a  nickel  plate,  all  elements  being 
cylindrical  in  form.  The  base  used  for  this  tube  was  the  old  type  of  J-pin 
navy  fibre  base,  which  was  later  superseded  by  a  4-pin  standard  base  used 
by  both  the  Navy  and  the  Signal  Corps  of  the  U.  S.  Army. 

A  little  later,  the  Type  VT-ii  tube  was  developed  for  use  by  the  Signal 
Corps  of  the  U.  S.  Army  as  a  detector,  amplifier  and  oscillator  for  both 


The     Lamp     Laboratories     Building     at     Nela     Park.      Here     the 
Development  Work  on  X-Ray  and  Vacuum  Tubes  was  Conducted. 


Men  in  Charge  of  X-Ray  and  Vacuum  Tube  Work 
at  Nela  Park. 

Lower  Row:  P.  J.  Pritchard,  C.  B.  Robinson  (U.  S.  Inspector), 
W.  T.  L.  Cogger,  W.  H.  Steven. 

Upper  Row:  John  Smith,  L.  E.  Mitchell,  Frank  Moran,  James 
Hagey,  John  Hapgood,  Arthur  J.  White.  Mr.  P.  F.  Stokes  was 
absent  when  the  photograph  was  taken. 


Types  of  Receiving  Tubes  and  Amplifier  Tubes,  made  by  the  Vacuum 

Tube  Division 

Top  Row — left  to  right:     C.  A.  Tube,  V  T-IJ. 

Center — Laboratory  Sample  No.  i. 

Bottom  Row— left  to  right:     CG-886,  VT-i i. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  243 

field  and  air  service.  The  tube  is  operated  directly  across  a  two-cell  lead 
storage-battery  without  any  resistance  in  series.  The  construction  of  this 
tube  embodies  a  tungsten  filament,  a  tungsten  grid  and  a  nickel  plate,  all 
elements  also  being  cylindrical  in  form.  The  base  used  on  this  tube  was  the 
base  standardized  for  receiving  tubes  by  both  the  U.  S.  Army  and  Navy. 
Another  tube,  which  was  in  the  development  stage  at  the  time  the 
armistice  was  signed,  was  the  Type  VT-ij.  This  is  a  modification  of  the 
VT-i  i  tube,  the  endeavor  being  to  improve  both  the  ruggedness  of  the 
tube  for  airplane  service  and  its  radio  characteristics.  The  service  of  this 
tube  was  identical  with  the  VT-ii. 

AMPLIFIER  TUBES 

When  wireless  messages  are  too  weak  to  be  heard  in  the  telephones 
of  the  detector  circuit  in  the  receiving  station,  a  second  vacuum  tube  is 
inserted  which  amplifies  the  signals  and  increases  their  audibility.  This 
second  tube  is  called  an  amplifier  and,  in  many  cases,  the  signal  is  100 
times  greater  in  audibility  due  to  the  use  of  the  amplifier. 

Such  an  amplifier  tube,  known  as  Type  CA,  was  developed  for  use  by 
the  Navy  in  connection  with  high-speed  photographic  receiving  apparatus. 
It  was  a  special  tube  developed  to  obtain  the  maximum  amplification 
and  embodied  a  tungsten  filament  with  a  finely  wound  tungsten  grid  and 
a  tungsten  plate. 

TYPES  OF  TRANSMITTING  TUBES 

The  second  use  of  the  tubes,  as  transmitters)  was  not  completely 
developed  before  the  armistice  was  signed,  but  a  large  number  of  tubes  were 
constructed  and  used  on  submarine  chasers,  airplanes  and  flying  boats 
for  wireless  telephony  communication  up  to  about  12  miles.  Inasmuch  as 
the  transmission  of  wireless  signals  for  any  distance  involves  considerable 
power,  the  tubes  used  in  transmitting  stations  had  to  be  of  a  heavier  and 
more  rugged  type  of  construction  than  the  receiving  tubes. 

The  first  transmitting  tube  produced  was  a  laboratory  sample,  from 
which  the  full  line  of  tungsten-filament  transmitting  tubes  was  developed. 
The  transmitting  tube  "Type  VT-I2"  was  the  first  commercial  develop- 
ment, and  was  used  by  the  Signal  Corps  of  the  U.  S.  Army  for  wireless 
telephony  in  airplane  service.  This  tube  was  an  endeavor  to  duplicate 
the  electrical  specifications  of  the  VT-2  developed  by  the  Western  Electric 
Company.  It  embodied  a  tungsten  filament,  a  tungsten  grid  and  a  molyb- 
denum p  ate,  all  elements  being  cylindrical  in  form.  The  limit  to  the  amount 
of  power  which  could  be  supplied  to  the  tungsten  filament  limited  the  range 
of  wireless  telephony  transmission,  with  the  sets  originally  developed  for 
Western  Electric  tubes,  to  about  three  miles.  This  tube  was  finally  super- 
seded by  the  VT-I4. 

The  transmitting  tube  "Type  VT-i4"was  developed  to  give  the  same 
transmitting  range,  in  sets  developed  by  the  Western  Electric  for  the 
Signal  Corps,  as  was  given  by  the  VT-2.  The  construction  and  details  of 
the  VT-I4  are  exactly  similar  to  those  of  the  VT-I2,  with  the  exception 
of  a  greater  power  input  to  the  filament.  This  tube,  when  used  on  airplane 


244  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

service,  had  a  transmitting  range  of  from  10  to  15  miles  in  wireless  te- 
lephony. The  VT-I4  was  also  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Navy,  and  called  by 
them  the  CG-ii62.  It  was  used  on  submarine  chasers  and  flying  boats, 
with  a  sending  range  of  about  15  miles. 

Another  type  of  tube,  Type  VT-i6,  was  in  the  development  stage  for 
the  Signal  Corps  of  the  U.  S.  Army  at  the  end  of  the  war,  and  was  constructed 
with  the  endeavor  to  improve  the  mechanical  strength  of  the  tube  for  air- 
plane service  and  to  perfect  its  electrical  and  radio  characteristics. 

PRESIDENT  WILSON  TALKS  600  MILES  THROUGH  A 
VACUUM  TUBE 

At  the  beginning  of  the  development  of  transmitting 
tubes,  two  miles  was  considered  a  most  excellent  showing 
for  wireless  transmission  of  speech,  in  view  of  the  difficulties 
encountered  on  airplanes,  flying  boats  and  submarine  chasers. 
The  rapid  progress  which  was  made  in  the  development  of 
these  tubes  led  to  further  developments,  and  shortly  after 
the  armistice  was  signed  a  flying  boat  established  commu- 
nication off  Norfolk  at  a  distance  of  about  80  miles.  A  little 
later,  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division,  co-operating  with  the  Re- 
search Laboratory  at  Schenectady,  developed  a  medium 
power  transmitting  tube  for  wireless  telephony,  known  as 
Type  CG-H44.  This  tube  was  used  by  the  Navy  on  flying 
boats  and  aboard  ship,  for  transmission  of  wireless  telegraphy 
and  telephony.  It  embodied  a  tungsten  filament,  a  tungsten 
grid,  and  a  molybdenum  plate,  and  was  designed  to  use  a 
higher  plate  voltage  than  the  VT-I2,  VT-I4  or  VT-i6.  This 
tube  had  a  transmitting  range  of  from  about  50  to  175  miles, 
a  flying  boat  establishing  communication  with  Secretary 
Daniels  in  Washington  at  a  distance  of  150  miles  at  sea. 
The  range  could  be  increased  by  using  several  of  the  tubes 
in  parallel,  successful  communication  being  established  be- 
tween President  Wilson  and  Secretary  Daniels  when  the 
"George  Washington"  was  600  miles  out  of  New  York.  From 
the  time  when  this  conversation  started  wireless  telephone 
communication  was  successfully  maintained  until  the  ship 
reached  harbor. 

FIRST  AIRMEN  TO  FLY  ACROSS  ATLANTIC 
USED  VACUUM  TUBES 

While  lying  in  harbor  at  Brest,  France,  awaiting  the  arrival 
of  President  Wilson  for  his  trip  home,  the  George  Washington 
maintained  successful  communication  with  the  famous  trans- 


The    famous  Flying  Boat  NC-4  which  was  the  first  trans-Atlantic 
plane.     Using  CG-H44  Vacuum  Tubes,  the  NC-4  maintained  com- 
munication  with   the   George  Washington   until   50  miles   away. 


The    U.    S.    Naval    Transport    George    Washington    which    carried 
President    Wilson    to    and    from    the    Peace    Conference.     CG-II44 
Vacuum  Tubes    were  very    successfully    used  in    both  Wireless  Te- 
lephony and  Wireless  Telegraphy  sets  on  board  this  ship. 


Types  of  Transmitting  Tubes  Manufactured 

Top  Row — left  to  right:     Laboratory  Sample  No.  2,  VT-i6. 

Center:    The  CG-U44  which  was  used  in  sets  on  the  Seaplane  NC-4 
and  the  U.  S.  S.  George  Washington. 

Bottom  Row- — left  to  right:     VT-I4,  VT-I2. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  245 

Atlantic  plane  NC-4,  which  was  then  passing  over  Brest  en 
route  from  Lisbon,  Portugal,  to  England.  The  George  Wash- 
ington talked  to  the  NC-4  by  radio  phones,  and  the  crew  of 
the  NC-4,  telegraphing  their  replies  back  to  the  George 
Washington,  stated  that  the  phone  signals  were  coming  in 
"loud  enough  to  hurt  their  ears."  Both  the  radio  telephony 
and  telegraphy  transmitting  sets  were  using  CG-H44  vacuum 
tubes.  Communication  was  maintained  until  the  plane  was 
well  over  50  miles  away.  The  perfect  reception  on  board  the 
George  Washington  of  the  signals  from  the  NC-4  was  con- 
sidered even  more  remarkable  when  it  was  learned  that  the 
plane,  on  account  of  heavy  fog  forcing  it  to  fly  low,  was  not 
using  its  main  antenna. 

The  latest  type  of  tube  which  was  developed  by  the 
Vacuum  Tube  Division  was  successfully  used  for  wireless 
telephone  communication  between  Brunswick,  New  Jersey, 
and  Brest,  France.  This  medium  power  tube  was  developed  to 
withstand  the  necessary  mechanical  strains  in  connection 
with  airplane  service  and  to  give  the  most  reliable  service 
in  all  of  its  electrical  and  radio  characteristics. 

With  regard  to  the  transmitting  tube,  the  Vacuum  Tube 
Division  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  were  the  only  successful 
manufacturers  of  this  type  of  tube.  The  tubes  were  used 
almost  exclusively  by  the  Navy  in  their  equipment  for  sub- 
marine chasers  and  flying  boats,  and  were  pronounced  as 
being  singularly  free  from  operating  troubles  and  as  giving 
the  most  satisfactory  results.  This  development  was  beyond 
the  fondest  hopes  of  the  engineers  connected  with  radio  devel- 
opment, especially  wireless  telephony. 

REGULATOR  TUBES  (KENOTRONS) 

The  regulator  tube  "Type  TB-i"  was  used  in  regulating  the  voltage 
across  the  terminals  of  a  fan-propelled  generator  for  airplanes.  This  is  a 
two-element  tube  or  kenotron,  embodying  a  tungsten  filament  and  molyb- 
denum plate,  and  was  so  connected  into  the  field  and  armature  windings 
of  the  generator  that  with  airplane  speeds  varying  from  40  to  180  miles 
per  hour,  corresponding  to  armature  speeds  of  3,50010  18,000  revolutions 
per  minute,  the  voltage  did  not  vary  more  than  10  per  cent.  The  construc- 
tion of  this  tube  was  such  that  it  withstood  mechanical  vibrations  in  air- 
planes without  any  effect  upon  its  electrical  behavior. 

The  use  of  these  tubes  with  the  generator  equipment  very  materially 
decreased  the  amount  of  weight  required  to  provide  the  necessary  voltage 


246  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

for  wireless  communication.  They  were  used  exclusively  on  American  planes, 
and,  from  all  reports,  were  entirely  successful. 

In  all  of  the  developments  of  the  tubes  .used  on  airplanes,  it  was  nec- 
essary to  cover  the  construction  specifications  most  thoroughly,  so  that 
the  tubes  would  meet  the  service  required.  The  vibrations  of  the  plane 
and  the  sudden  shocks  and  jars  of  landing  necessitated  the  most  accurate 
and  rigid  designs  on  all  types  of  tubes.  By  means  of  the  most  elaborate 
internal  construction  we  met  all  requirements  of  the  service.  The  wonderful 
part  of  all  of  the  development  activities  was  the  speed  with  which  most 
successful  designs  were  placed  in  production  and  delivered  to  the  Govern- 
ment, and  the  surprising  uniformity  and  improved  quality  which  resulted 
from  concentrated  effort  on  commercial  production.  Articles  published 
in  the  various  technical  magazines  by  members  of  the  Signal  Corps  and  by 
those  connected  with  this  radio  development,  speak  very  highly  of  the 
progress  that  was  made  in  wireless  telephony  during  the  war,  and  a  major 
part  of  the  credit  is  due  to  the  development  of  the  vacuum  tube,  without 
which  it  would  have  been  entirely  impractical  to  have  attempted  wireless 
telephony  in  the  air  service. 

THE  GRID  LEAK  AND  SPECIAL  TUBES 

The  grid  leak  tube,  a  small  cylindrical  vacuum  tube,  was  developed 
as  a  necessary  auxiliary  tube  to  be  used  in  connection  with  the  larger  trans- 
mitting and  receiving  vacuum  tubes  in  wireless  telephony  outfits,  as  a  leak 
around  the  blocking  condenser  used  in  the  grid  circuit.  Grid  leaks  were 
made  having  a  resistance  of  500,000,  2,000,000,  and  10,000,000  ohms.  The 
resistance  is  formed  by  deposits  of  metallic  tungsten  in  a  film  between  the 
two  terminals  of  the  grid  leak. 

A  special  relay  tube  was  also  developed  for  John  Hays  Hammond, 
Jr.  This  was  a  specially  designed  tube  used  as  a  relay  in  connection  with 
the  wireless  control  of  torpedoes. 

X-RAY  TUBE  MANUFACTURE  AT  NELA  PARK 
THE  USE  OF  X-RAYS  IN  THE  WAR  ZONES 

A  very  important  piece  of  specialized  war  work  performed 
by  the  National  Lamp  Works,  co-operating  with  the  Re- 
search Laboratory  at  Schenectady,  had  to  do  with  the  devel- 
opment and  manufacture  of  X-Ray  tubes.  The  great  value 
of  X-Rays  as  an  aid  to  surgical  diagnosis  was  well  known 
at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  They  had  long  been  recognized 
as  being  the  most  effective  means  known  for  locating  foreign 
bodies  and  for  the  scientific  treatment  of  fractures  and  dis- 
locations. But  while  thousands  of  American  hospitals  were 
using  X-Ray  outfits,  these  outfits  were  designed  as  being  in- 
herently stationary  and  no  thought — certainly  no  development 
work — had  ever  been  given  to  the  design  of  a  portable  set. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  247 

More  or  less  stationary  types  of  X-Ray  outfits  had  been  de- 
veloped by  the  other  allied  countries,  and  were  in  general 
use  at  points  somewhat  behind  the  then  stabilized  fighting 
fronts. 

The  many  months  of  actual  war  experience  gained  by  the 
allied  army  surgeons  had  taught  them  that  by  far  the  most 
effective  use  of  the  X-Rays  could  be  made  at  a  point  as  close 
as  possible  to  the  field-dressing  station  where  the  wounded 
soldier  received  his  first-aid  treatment.  It  was  also  highly 
important  that  the  X-Ray  examination  of  the  patient  be 
made  as  soon  after  the  wound  was  received  as  possible. 

The  desired  use  of  the  X-Rays  near  the  battle  fronts, 
however,  presented  many  very  serious  difficulties.  In  the 
first  place,  the  X-Rays  are  generated  by  a  high-tension  current, 
usually  ranging  from  40,000  to  90,000  volts,  discharging 
through  a  vacuum.  Prior  to  our  entrance  into  the  war,  all 
the  tubes  which  were  designed  to  provide  this  vacuum  re- 
quired a  direct-current  supply.  The  apparatus  required  to 
generate  and  to  control  this  high-voltage  direct  current  was, 
of  necessity,  heavy  and  complicated  and  required  an  expert 
operator  to  keep  it  in  adjustment.  These  features  made  its 
transportation  and  use  along  a  constantly  moving  battle-line 
impossible.  Recognizing  the  immediate  need  for  the  devel- 
opment of  an  efficient  portable  X-Ray  outfit,  each  of  the 
allied  armies  was  engaged  in  research  work  on  the  problem 
when  the  United  States  entered  the  war. 

THE  COOLIDGE  TUBE  MAKES  X-RAYS  PORTABLE 

Following  an  extensive  series  of  investigations  by  Dr. 
Langmuir  of  the  Research  Laboratory  at  Schenectady,  re- 
sulting in  the  discovery  of  many  entirely  new  principles  re- 
garding electrical  discharges  through  a  vacuum,  Dr.  Coolidge, 
also  of  the  Research  Laboratory,  produced  a  new  radiator 
type  X-Ray  tube,  radically  different  from  any  tube  there- 
tofore constructed.  Tests  of  this  tube  conclusively  proved  it 
to  be  the  most  powerful,  effective  and  dependable  X-Ray 
tube  ever  made. 

So  satisfactory  was  this  tube  that  it  was  immediately 
standardized  by  the  Red  Cross  for  use  in  its  hospitals  overseas. 
With  the  Coolidge  tube  as  a  basis,  two  complete  portable 
outfits  were  developed  for  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  U.  S. 


248  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Army.  These  outfits  were  known  as  the  "U.  S.  Army  Portable 
Outfit"  and  the  "U.  S.  Army  Bedside  Outfit."  The  Portable 
Outfit  formed  an  entirely  independent  unit  and  was  mounted 
on  a  small  automobile  truck  so  that  it  could  be  taken  to  any 
part  of  the  front  lines,  ready  for  immediate  operation.  The 
Bedside  Outfit  was  made  for  use  in  more  permanent  locations, 
such  as  hospitals  back  of  the  lines,  and  was  so  constructed 
that  X-Ray  photographs  and  diagnoses  could  be  made  with 
very  little  inconvenience  to  the  patient. 

The  Coolidge  tube  had  the  property  of  producing  its  own 
direct  current  from  an  alternating  current  supply  under  much 
more  severe  conditions  of  service  than  was  permissible  with 
any  of  the  older  tubes  and,  as  a  result,  could  be  directly 
connected  across  the  power  transformers.  It  was  capable 
of  practically  continuous  operation  and  required  very  little 
control  apparatus.  These  features  eliminated  the  heavy 
complicated  auxiliary  apparatus  which  was  formerly  attached 
to  the  outfit,  and  reduced  the  total  weight  to  such  a  point 
that  comparatively  high-power  portable  outfits  could  be 
designed  for  field  service.  Also,  on  account  of  the  simplicity 
of  the  tube  and  of  the  apparatus  with  which  it  is  used,  a  great 
deal  of  the  skilled  attendance  which  was  required  for  older 
types  of  apparatus  was  made  unnecessary. 

The  bulb  of  the  Coolidge  tube  could  also  be  much  smaller 
than  was  permissible  with  the  earlier  types  of  tubes  handling 
an  equal  amount  of  energy.  Another  feature,  particularly 
attractive  from  the  standpoint  of  the  men  actually  working 
under  the  penetrating  rays  of  the  tube,  was  the  fact  that  a 
close-fitting  tube  shield  could  be  used,  even  for  very  heavy 
duty.  This  added  much  to  the  safety  of  operation,  and  less 
care  had  to  be  taken  to  avoid  burns. 

FORMATION  OF  THE  X-RAY  TUBE  DIVISION,  NATIONAL 
LAMP  WORKS 

The  demand  for  the  new  tube  increased  so  rapidly  that 
about  the  middle  of  April,  1918,  it  became  apparent  to  those 
closely  in  touch  with  the  X-Ray  situation  that  a  new  manu- 
facturing plant  would  have  to  be  started  in  order  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  Government.  A  meeting  was  held  in 
Schenectady  which  was  attended  by  those  persons  interested 
in  the  work  there,  and  by  representatives  of  both  the  Edison 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  249 

and  National  Lamp  Works.  It  was  decided  at  this  meet- 
ing that  the  National  Lamp  Works  should  open  the  new 
plant. 

The  proposition  was  put  up  to  Mr.  Pritchard  by  Mr. 
Roberts,  and  arrangements  were  immediately  made  for  a 
couple  of  men  from  Nela  Lamp  Division  to  accompany  Mr. 
Pritchard  and  Mr.  Cogger  to  Schenectady  to  see  just  what 
apparatus  and  material  was  needed  to  get  started.  They 
arrived  in  Schenectady  on  April  25th,  and  soon  found  that 
the  job  was  quite  different  from  making  lamps.  The  glass 
work  was  about  the  only  thing  which  looked  in  any  way 
familiar  to  them.  Even  that  appeared  difficult,  and  they  were 
told  that  only  experts  could  do  it. 

On  account  of  the  many  metal  parts  in  the  tube,  there 
was  a  great  deal  of  machine-shop  work  in  getting  these  parts 
ready  for  use.  The  Nela  Park  representatives  also  found  that 
the  tedious  work  required  in  assembling  some  of  the  parts  had 
been  successfully  accomplished  only  by  expert  jewelers. 
The  exhaust  was  very  different  from  anything  they  had  ever 
tackled,  it  being  necessary  to  use  mercury  condensation 
pumps  to  get  the  vacuum,  and  a  voltage  as  high  as  30,000 
to  bombard  the  parts,  in  order  to  release  the  gases  held  by  the 
metal. 

A  complete  list  of  material  and  equipment  required  was 
made  out  at  once,  and  orders  were  placed  for  everything. 
Arrangements  were  also  made  to  send  people  from  Nela  Lamp 
Division  to  learn  every  part  of  the  work.  Wherever  it  was 
necessary  to  purchase  anything  outside  the  General  Electric 
Organization,  a  special  representative  of  Nela  Lamp  Division 
was  sent  with  the  order  and  in  many  cases  brought  the  de- 
sired article  back  with  him.  In  every  such  case,  prompt 
delivery  was  obtained  and  much  valuable  time  saved. 

On  May  7,  1918,  the  X-Ray  Tube  Division  was  organized. 
An  extract  from  the  general  letter  issued  by  Messrs.  Terry 
and  Tremaine,  authorizing  this  Division,  follows: 

X-RAY  TUBE  DIVISION  No.  152 

This  is  a  new  division  that  has  been  opened  for 
the  manufacture  of  the  Coolidge  X-Ray  tubes.  They 
will  be  made,  for  the  present  at  least,  to  help  out 
the  department  at  Schenectady  that  has  heretofore 


250  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

been    making   these    tubes.    We   will   not   sell    these 
tubes  to  the  trade. 

This  division  will  be  located  at  Nela  Park  and  will 
be  in  charge  of  Mr.  P.  J.  Prkchard. 

TERRY  AND  TREMAINE 

Managers. 

THE  PROGRESS  AND  ACCOMPLISHMENTS  AT  NELA  PARK. 

While  some  of  the  people  from  the  National  Lamp 
Works  were  learning  the  work  in  Schenectady,  Mr.  Pritchard 
and  his  assistants  were  doing  their  utmost  to  get  the  equipment 
installed.  The  place  chosen  was  the  room  formerly  occupied 
by  the  cafeteria,  in  the  Lamp  Laboratories  Building,  Nela  Park. 

The  X-Ray  Division  contract  called  for  the  delivery  of 
100  tubes  per  week  within  90  days  after  the  equipment  was 
installed.  Unexpected  delays  on  machines  furnished  by 
Schenectady  held  up  the  completion  of  the  equipment  job 
considerably,  and  it  was  not  until  the  second  week  in  August 
that  the  Division  had  any  tubes  to  exhaust.  A  new  crop  of 
troubles  came  up  in  connection  with  the  exhaust  work,  which 
at  first  seemed  unconquerable.  Very  little  help  could  be 
obtained  from  Schenectady  because  the  troubles  of  the  Re- 
search Laboratory  were  about  as  great  as  those  at  Nela  Park. 
Progress  was  slow  at  first,  and  it  was  only  after  many  dis- 
appointments that  it  was  possible  to  take  satisfactory  tubes 
off  the  pumps.  A  definite  method  of  procedure  was  finally 
worked  out,  which  enabled  good  tubes  to  be  turned  out 
with  very  little  trouble. 

The  X-Ray  Division  had  produced  several  hundred 
tubes,  and  was  rapidly  getting  in  such  a  position  that  a  great 
many  more  than  the  required  one  hundred  tubes  per  week 
could  have  been  delivered,  when  the  armistice  was  signed. 
The  Government,  of -course,  cancelled  practically  all  of  its 
orders  and  the  Division  was  forced  to  suspend  operation  as 
soon  as  the  parts  of  tubes  in  process  were  cleaned  up. 

Many  improvements  were  successfully  worked  out  and 
incorporated  in  the  various  processes  of  manufacture,  there- 
fore permitting  a  much  larger  production  rate  to  be  attained. 
It  may  be  interesting  to  mention  a  few  of  the  things,  at  least, 
in  which  the  Division  was  particularly  successful,  and  in 
which  it  was  able  to  make  striking  improvements  in  the 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  251 

processes  as  originally  demonstrated  and  used  by  Schenectady. 
The  extent  to  which  the  bulb-blowing  operations  were  modi- 
fied and  improved  may  be  realized  when  one  considers  that 
while  25  tubes  were  considered  a  good  weekly  production  for 
a  glass  blower  in  Schenectady,  the  X-Ray  Division  at  Nela 
Park  so  speeded  up  the  difficult  processes  involved  that  one 
man  was  able  to  turn  out  19  tube's  in  one  day,  or  over  100 
per  week.  At  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  sufficient  machine 
operations  had  been  introduced  to  bring  the  production  of 
two  men  and  a  girl,  working  together,  up  to  60  tubes  per  day 
at  least  as  far  as  the  glass  work  was  concerned.  This  would 
be  a  minimum  weekly  production  of  330  tubes  for  three  people. 
The  maximum  weekly  production  at  the  Schenectady  labo- 
ratory for  three  people  was  75  tubes. 

Girls  were  employed  to  do  many  operations  in  the  machine 
shop  which  were  done  in  Schenectady  by  men,  and  this, 
together  with  the  working  out  of  many  short  cuts  in  the 
preparation  of  the  metal  parts,  saved  considerable  time  over 
the  laboratory  methods  used  in  Schenectady.  The  Division 
was  also  successful  in  teaching  girls  to  do  the  work  performed 
by  the  jewelers  in  Schenectady,  and  the  amount  of  work 
turned  out  by  the  girls  at  Nela  Park  was  about  double  that 
turned  out  by  the  highly  specialized  jewelers.  Changes  were 
also  introduced  in  the  exhausting  procedure  which  shortened 
the  exhaust  schedule  by  approximately  one  and  one-half  hours. 

On  account  of  the  cancellation  of  the  Government  con- 
tracts immediately  following  the  signing  of  the  armistice, 
the  National  Lamp  Works  sustained  a  direct  financial  loss 
of  many  thousands  of  dollars.  The  suspension  of  active  oper- 
ations, just  at  the  point  at  which  the  Division  was  in  good 
shape  to  go  ahead,  offered  no  chance  of  covering  the  great 
expense  incurred  in  getting  started. 

THE  TRIBUTE  OF  THE  G.  E.  RESEARCH  LABORATORY 

The  work  of  both  the  Vacuum  Tube  and  X-Ray  Divisions 
necessarily  involved  their  very  close  co-operation  with  the 
Research  Laboratory  at  Schenectady.  That  both  Divisions 
worked  in  harmony  with  the  Research  Labratory  is  shown 
by  the  following  extracts  from  a  letter  written  by  Mr.  Hawkins 
to  Mr.  Pritchard,  under  date  of  January  20,  1919. 

"During  the  year,  we  have  repeatedly  called  on  your 
Vacuum  Tube  Division  to  complete  the  engineering  devel- 


252  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

opment  work  and  get  quantity  production  started  on  pliotron 
tubes  whose  designs  had  been  only  partially  worked  out  in 
the  Laboratory.  These  jobs  were  not  a  very  attractive 
proposition  for  a  lamp  factory,  but  in  every  case  they  were 
attacked  by  your  Vacuum  Tube  Division  with  such  skill  and 
energy  that  you  were  not  only  able  to  produce  the  quantity 
of  tubes  we  requested,  but  the  quality  was  superior  to  that 
of  the  tubes  we  were  able  to  produce  in  the  Laboratory,  and 
the  work  was  done  in  shorter  time  than  we  thought  possible. 

"You  invariably  fully  utilized  all  the  technical  knowledge 
and  experience  we  had  to  give,  and  by  supplementing  this 
with  your  own  skill  and  experience,  you  gave  us  a  product 
better  than  we  had  expected.  We  never  have  experienced  more 
thorough  and  effective  co-operation  from  any  department 
of  the  Company  than  your  Division  has  given  us.  Without 
that  co-operation,  we  could  not  have  accomplished  what  we 
have  for  the  Navy,  which  today  seems  to  look  to  us  solely 
for  the  working  out  of  any  new  problems  in  radio. 

"The  X-Ray  Division  was  started  at  our  request  that 
Cleveland  should  put  itself  in  a  position  to  supplement  our 
production  of  Coolidge  tubes  of  the  radiator  type,  which 
had  been  standardized  for  Red  Cross  Work.  We  were  afraid 
that  our  Schenectady  factory  would  not  be  able  to  meet 
the  Government  requirements  and  that,  even  if  it  could,  it 
would  be  unsafe  to  rely  on  a  single  factory  for  a  device  which 
was  absolutely  essential  for  all  surgical  work  at  the  front. 
Like  your  Vacuum  Tube  Division,  your  X-Ray  Division 
tackled  a  rather  thankless  job  with  energy,  skill  and  hearty 
co-operation.  The  equipment  and  methods  of  manufacture 
for  X-Ray  tubes  differed  much  more  from  those  of  the  lamp 
factory  than  did  the  equipment  and  methods  of  manufacture 
of  the  pliotron,  so  that  a  longer  time  was  required  to  start 
production.  There  was  some  fear  on  the  part  of  those  in 
Schenectady  that  the  character  of  the  X-Ray  tube  work 
was  so  new  for  you,  that  the  amount  of  help  you  would  need 
from  us  in  starting  would  be  so  large  as  to  handicap  our 
Schenectady  production. 

"This  fear  proved  to  be  wholly  unfounded.  You  sent 
your  men  on  to  study  our  methods  and  production,  and  then 
went  ahead  with  very  little  help  from  us  to  get  your  production 
started.  This  was  accomplished  in  what  I  believe  to  be  a 
remarkably  short  time,  and  the  quality  of  your  product 


Special  Vacuum  Tubes  Made  by  the  Vacuum  Tube  Division 

Left    to    right — The    TB-i     Regulator    Tube    which    was    used    in 

Wireless  Telephone  Sets  in   the  Air  Service;   the  Grid  Leak  Tube; 

the  Relay  Tube  which  was  designed  for  Wireless 

Control  of  Torpedoes. 


Coolidge  X-Ray  Tube  as  Made  by  the  X-Ray  Tube  Division 
at  Nela  Park 


Henry    Urqhuart 
of  the  original  "Princess    Pats." 

Later   with   the 
X-Ray  Tube  Division 


Urqhuart's    Insignia 
The  Cap  Insignia  at  the  right  dates 

from  the  original 
formation  of  the  Regiment 


Only  a  few  of  the  original   "Princess   Patricias"    escaped    death  in 

the    War.     This    photo    was    taken    before    the 

Regiment    left  Canada 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  253 

was  excellent.  Although  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  and 
consequent  cancellation  of  orders,  have  made  it  unnecessary 
to  continue  X-Ray  tube  production  at  Cleveland,  nevertheless; 
if  the  war  had  continued,  your  X-Ray  Division  would  have 
been  practically  essential  to  enable  the  General  Electric 
Company  to  fulfill  its  obligations  to  the  Government. 

"Outside  of  submarine  detection,  the  two  principal 
war  activities  of  this  Laboratory  were  Radio  and  X-Ray 
tube  work.  Our  successful  handling  of  the  first  of  these  would 
have  been  impossible,  and  of  the  second,  doubtful,  had  it 
not  been  for  the  effective  and  hearty  support  received  from 
your  two  Divisions." 

A  "PRINCESS  PAT"  VETERAN  AT  NELA  PARK 

Among  the  1,050  troops,  formed  in  Lansdowne  Park, 
Ottawa,  Canada,  on  August  23,  1914,  who  witnessed  the 
presentation  of  the  gold  and  royal  purple  colors  of  the  "Princess 
Pat"  Regiment  to  Colonel  Farquhar  by  the  Princess  Patricia 
herself,  there  is  one  man  whose  experiences  will  be  of  par- 
ticular interest  to  those  who  read  these  pages.  This  survivor, 
later  connected  with  the  X-Ray  Tube  Division  of  the  National 
Lamp  Works,  is  Henry  Urqhuart,  Number  872  of  the  original 
Princess  Pat  Regiment,  Both  Brigade,  2yth  Division. 

Probably  no  regiment  engaged  on  any  of  the  active 
fronts  during  the  entire  World  War  won  higher  commendations 
from  the  Allied  General  Staff  than  did  the  Princess  Patricia's 
Royal  Canadian  Regiment  of  Light  Infantry.  Certainly  no 
regiment  faced  a  greater  ordeal  than  that  which  came  to 
these  men  in  the  very  beginning  of  their  experience,  an  ordeal 
which  would  have  tested  the  most  tried  of  veterans.  On 
April  23,  1915,  chlorine  gas,  an  unknown  and  wicked  weapon 
of  warfare,  was  launched  by  the  Germans  in  an  attack  which 
shattered  the  gallant  forces  on  the  Canadian  left  and  poured 
an  agony  of  suffocation  and  death  upon  the  Canadians  them- 
selves. The  bravest  and  most  experienced  troops  might  well 
have  been  daunted  by  the  terrific  onslaught  to  which  they 
were  exposed.  Attacked  by  overwhelming  numbers,  they 
held  their  position  in  the  face  of  terrible  casualties  and  checked 
the  powerful  German  onrush  toward  Calais  and  Paris. 

Of  the  1,050  men  who,  late  in  1914,  went  into  action  as 
the  original  Princess  Pat  Regiment,  only  a  few  were  left 


254  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

alive  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Among  these  men  there  was 
but  one  officer,  Colonel  Hamilton  Gault,  who  came  back 
with  the  regiment  in  March,  1919,  having  suffered  the  loss 
of  one  leg.  An  idea  of  the  heavy  casualties  suffered  by  the 
regiment  may  be  obtained  when  one  realizes  that  during 
the  bloody  years  of  1914,  1915  and  1916  alone,  sixteen  thou- 
sand replacements  were  added  to  keep  up  its  strength. 

URQHUART'S  EXPERIENCES  PRIOR  TO  JOINING  THE  "PATS" 

From  1897  to  1902  Urqhuart  was  in  British  South 
Africa  and  was  engaged  in  active  service  throughout  the 
Boer  War.  Here  he  became  acquainted  with  Colonel  Farquhar, 
later  Commanding  Officer  of  the  Princess  Pats.  During  the 
Russo-Japanese  War,  he  accompanied  part  of  the  Russian 
fleet  down  through  the  Red  Sea  and  into  hostile  waters. 
In  March,  1907,  he  was  again  in  the  Far  East  as  a  non-com- 
batant in  the  Chinese  Rebellion,  witnessing  battles  for  six 
weeks  for  the  possession  of  Shanghai  Arsenal. 

Late  in  July,  1914,  Urqhuart,  then  in  the  merchant 
marine  service,  was  on  the  British  ship  Mantua,  commanded 
by  Captain  Vipert,  on  a  cruise  through  the  fjords  of  Norway. 
He  arrived  at  Balhomen  ten  days  prior  to  the  declaration 
of  war,  and  had  the  unique  experience  of  standing  within 
thirty  feet  of  Ex-Kaiser  Wilhelm,  who  was  at  Belhomen 
at  the  same  time.  Unfortunately,  the  British  at  this  time  had 
no  suspicion  of  the  coming  events,  in  which  Wilhelm  was  to 
play  such  an  important  part,  so  that  the  latter  went  unmo- 
lested, much  to  Urqhuart's  later  regret.  An  exchange  of 
compliments  between  the  German  and  British  crews  was 
followed  by  a  tour  of  inspection  of  the  German  Dreadnaught 
"Crown  Prince  Frederick"  by  the  British  officers  and  pass- 
engers. After  various  stops,  the  Mantua  docked  at  Copenhagen, 
where  great  excitement  was  in  evidence  due  to  the  general 
rumor  of  the  declaration  of  war.  From  here,  they  went  to 
Christiana  and  thence  into  the  North  Sea  where,  at  1 1  o'clock 
on  the  night  of  August  3rd,  they  were  hailed  by  a  vessel  of 
the  German  fleet.  Upon  replying,  the  Germans  said  that 
war  had  jbeen  declared  on  Servia,  Russia  and  France.  The 
Mantua  was  allowed  to  proceed  and  went  on  through  the 
North  Sea  to  the  Port  of  London.  A  trip  to  Bristol  by  rail 
was  followed  by  Urqhuart's  being  sent  on  escort  duty  to 
Canada. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  255 

THE  PRINCESS  PATS  ARE  FORMED  AND  Go  OVERSEAS 

Upon  Urqhuart's  arrival  in  Canada,  the  Princess  Pa- 
tricia Regiment  was  being  formed.  Aided  by  the  influence  of 
Captain  Thompson  of  the  ship  Royal  George,  which  later  was 
to  take  the  Princess  Pats  overseas,  and  that  of  Colonel  Far- 
quhar,  he  obtained  his  release  from  the  merchant  marine. 
Backed  by  his  experience  in  South  Africa,  he  was  imme- 
diately accepted  as  a  volunteer  in  the  famous  regiment. 
October  i4th  found  the  Princess  Pats  in  Plymouth  Sound, 
England,  and  after  a  brief  period  of  training  in  English  camps 
the  regiment  moved  to  France  with  the  Both  Brigade  of  the 
2yth  Division  of  the  "Old  Contemptibles,"  to  take  their 
place  in  a  line  desperately  assailed  and  very  thinly  defended. 

During  these  early  days,  food  was  scarce  and  the  men 
suffered  terrible  privations.  Urqhuart  "enjoyed"  a  Christmas 
dinner  of  two  biscuits  and  a  small  tin  of  beef  and,  with  four 
others,  spent  the  night  in  a  poultry  house.  His  brigade  suffered 
most  of  all  on  account  of  the  bitter  cold,  the  feet  of  hundreds 
of  men  becoming  swollen  and  bursting  due  to  frostbite. 
Through  January  and  February  of  1915,  the  conditions  were 
frightful.  Heavy,  continuous  rains  rilled  up  the  shallow  ditches 
which  were  used  as  trenches  and  the  troops  were  forced  to 
stand  in  the  icy  water  more  than  once  for  as  long  as  72  hours 
at  a  stretch.  The  British  Government  sent  over  thousands 
of  tins  of  vaseline  with  which  the  men  greased  their  shoes 
as  a  slight  protection  against  the  water.  The  more  ingenious 
of  the  men  punched  holes  in  the  end  of  some  of  the  tins  and 
drew  a  cord  thru,  so  that,  when  lighted,  the  tins  of  vaseline 
acted  as  lamps,  burning  for  hours.  The  small  flame  also 
helped  keep  the  hands  of  the  men  warm  enough  to  enable 
them  to  use  their  rifles  and  bayonets. 

Late  in  February,  1915,  Urqhuart's  battalion  moved 
into  position  at  Shelly  Farm,  near  the  village  of  St.  Eloi, 
occupying  the  famous  Trench  21,  only  30  feet  from  the  German 
lines.  The  Germans  had  completed  a  sap  which,  added  to 
their  heavy  bombardment  of  hand  grenades,  made  the  position 
of  the  Canadians  extremely  precarious.  Consequently  a 
party  of  14  men,  without  any  preparation  or  support  from 
the  artillery,  attacked  and  demolished  the  enemy  parapet 
for  a  considerable  distance,  killing  every  man  in  the  German 
trench.  About  this  time,  Urqhuart  had  one  of  the  narrowest 


256  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

escapes  of  his  career.  A  particular  friend.  Paddy  O'Connell 
by  name,  invited  Urqhuart  over  to  inspect  the  "palatial" 
little  rest  shelter  which  he  had  just  completed.  A  little  later, 
upon  returning  to  his  own  shelter,  just  large  enough  for  him 
to  lie  down  in,  Urqhuart  found  the  shelter  cut  squarely  in 
two  by  a  shell  fragment  which  had  exploded  at  the  spot 
where  he  had  been  lying. 

On  March  ist  the  Germans  began  a  counter-attack. 
At  9  o'clock  on  the  night  of  the  attack  Urqhuart  received  a 
bullet  in  his  shoulder,  and  after  hours  of  exposure  under  a 
terrific  bombardment,  he  was  removed  from  the  trenches 
at  4:30  on  the  morning  of  the  2nd  and  transferred  to  the  field 
dressing  station  at  Voormezelle.  So  urgent  was  the  need  for 
men  to  replace  the  casualties  that  Urqhuart  was  back  in 
action  with  his  regiment  on  March  I5th  with  his  wound' 
barely  healed. 

THE  FIRST  GAS  ATTACK — APRIL  23,  1915 

On  March  2oth  the  battalion  sustained  a  severe  blow 
in  the  death  of  its  leader,  Colonel  Farquhar,  and  retired  to 
rest  billets.  On  April  pth  it  took  up  the  front  line  on  the 
extreme  point  of  Hill  60  in  Polygon  Wood,  along  the  Ypres 
salient.  The  British  lines  at  this  point  were  in  the  form  of 
a  narrow-necked  bottle,  with  the  Princess  Pats  at  the  "cork" 
of  the  bottle.  The  main  Canadian  division  was  on  the  imme- 
diate left,  supported  by  French  Turcos  and  Zouaves  on  the 
farther  left.  The  British  were  on  the  right.  At  5  o'clock  on 
the  morning  of  April  23rd,  the  Germans  launched  their  first 
attack  of  asphyxiating  gas.  The  French  gave  way,  the  gap 
immediately  being  filled  by  the  Canadians  who,  in  the  face 
of  all  but  complete  annihilation,  held  their  lines  in  one  of 
the  most  immortal  stands  of  the  war.  Fortunately,  the  Prin- 
cess Pats  were  on  the  edge  of  the  gas  cloud  and  their  casualties 
were  not  as  heavy  as  those  of  the  Canadians  on  their  left. 
Urqhuart  was  gassed  slightly,  but  was  not  out  of  action  at 
any  time.  During  the  next  ten  days  the  Germans  shelled  the 
narrow  neck  of  the  "bottle,"  cutting  off  all  supply  trains 
going  in  to  the  Princess  Pats.  With  practically  nothing  to 
eat  and  with  no  water  except  the  scanty  supply  obtained 
from  shell-holes,  the  suffering  of  the  men  was  intense. 

On  May  4th  the  regiment  took  up  a  new  line,  some 
distance .  in  the  rear.  About  three  o'clock  in  the  morning, 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  257 

the  Germans  came  over  the  hill  in  a  strong  attack  and  "dug 
in"  at  a  distance  of  700  yards.  This  attack  was  repulsed  after 
the  Germans  had  suffered  severe  losses  but  was  followed  by 
a  heavy  bombardment  throughout  the  day.  Ammunition 
was  very  scarce  with  the  British  at  this  time,  each  gun  being 
allowed  only  one  shell  per  day.  The  Germans  had  an  abundance 
of  shells  and  were  sending  over  50  to  100  to  each  one  of  the 
British. 

That  night  the  regiment  was  relieved  by  the  King's 
Shropshire  Light  Infantry,  and  Urqhuart  went  into  reserve 
trenches  for  48  hours.  Just  after  dark  on  May  7th,  the  bat- 
talion went  back  into  the  line  and,  in  turn,  relieved  the  2nd 
King's  Shropshire  Light  Infantry,  who  had  lost  380  dead 
and  wounded.  A  heavy  bombardment  followed  throughout 
the  night  and  all  the  following  day  and,  on  the  night  of  the 
7th,  the  roll  call  showed  the  strength  of  Urqhuart's  battalion 
as  635. 

The  Germans  started  a  very  heavy  bombardment  the 
morning  of  the  8th,  and  the  long  day  that  followed  was  the 
most  critical  and  costly  in  the  history  of  the  battalion.  Every 
available  man,  including  the  cooks,  was  placed  in  the  trenches. 
The  German  shelling  was  terrific  and  extremely  accurate. 
Machine  guns  were  buried,  only  to  be  dug  out  and  used  again. 
Both  the  fire  and  support  trenches  were  repeatedly  blown  to 
pieces.  At  11:30  that  night,  Urqhuart's  battalion  was  relieved 
by  the  3rd  King's  Rifle  Corps,  and  marched  back  to  reserve 
trenches.  Out  of  the  entire  battalion  there  remained  four 
officers  and  140  men.  Urqhuart  had  not  received  a  scratch. 
Within  a  few  minutes,  however,  following  the  news  that  their 
comrades  were  being  hard  pressed,  the  Princess  Pats  imme- 
diately volunteered  and  went  back  into  the  line. 

On  May  I3th,  the  Princess  Patricias  formed  a  composite 
battalion  with  the  4th  King's  Royal  Rifles  and  relieved  the 
hard-pressed  4th  Rifle  Brigade.  At  the  beginning  of  June, 
the  battalion  took  up  a  new  line  at  Armentieres  and  remained 
there  until  the  end  of  August.  Early  in  June,  the  Germans  put 
up  a  large  sign  on  their  parapet  stating  that  the  Lusitania 
had  been  sunk.  The  British  replied  with  a  similar  sign  an- 
nouncing the  German  loss  of  German  East  Africa. 

Urqhuart  had  an  interesting  experience  just  at  this 
time.  One  morning  he  met  a  fellow  Princess  Pat  who  was 
entering  the  line  with  his  hat  full  of  strawberries.  Upon 


258  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

inquiry,  Urqhuart  found  the  patch  was  but  a  few  feet  away 
on  the  top  of  the  parapet,  the  trench  having  been  cut  directly 
through  it.  Crawling  on  his  hands  and  knees,  and  in  momentary 
danger  of  being  shot,  Urqhuart  managed  to  reach  the  coveted 
patch,  where  by  lying  flat  on  his  back,  he  ate  his  fill  of  the 
berries.  For  several  days  thereafter,  he  enjoyed  the  daily 
luxury  of  strawberries  for  breakfast. 

On  July  1 5th  Urqhuart  received  a  fragment  of  a  shell 
in  the  hip,  and  as  a  result  was  out  of  action  again  for  several 
weeks.  About  the  middle  of  September,  1915,  the  battalion 
moved  with  the  2yth  Division  to  a  new  line  held  by  the  jrd 
Army  in  the  South.  Later,  the  2yth  Division  was  withdrawn 
from  this  sector  and  the  Princess  Pats  were  detailed  to  assist 
in  the  training  of  the  troops  coming  in  as  replacements  for 
the  3rd  Army,  later  joining  the  Canadian  Division. 

URQHUART  RETURNS  TO  THE  STATES 

In  November,  1915,  the  Princess  Pats  played  a  prominent 
part  in  the  desperate  fighting  around  Freis  on  the  Somme. 
Here,  on  November  i5th,  Urqhuart  was  severely  gassed  and, 
at  the  same  time,  was  struck  by  a  piece  of  shell  which  inflicted 
a  deep  gash  just  above  his  left  eye.  He  rapidly  recovered 
from  the  shock  of  his  wound  and  was  again  back  in  the  trenches 
on  December  6th.  On  January  15,  1916,  he  was  again  wounded 
during  action  in  Belgium,  this  time  in  the  hand.  The  con- 
tinued exposure  to  which  he  had  been  subjected  throughout 
the  unfaltering  and  persistent  campaigns  of  1914  and  1915, 
combined  with  his  continued  but  vain  efforts  to  overcome 
the  insidious  effects  of  the  gas,  finally  resulted  in  Urqhuart 
being  declared  physically  unfit  for  further  service.  In  No- 
vember, 1917,  he  received  his  discharge,  and  was  sent  back 
to  Ottawa,  Canada,  where  he  had  enlisted. 

Months  of  convalescence  followed.  Then  Urqhuart  went 
on  a  speaking  tour,  helping  out  on  patriotic  drives.  He  toured 
through  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  assisting  in  the  jrd,  4th, 
and  5th  Liberty  Loans.  His  first  experience  was  at  Rome, 
New  York,  where  a  record  was  made  in  the  War  Chest  drive 
there.  On  October  I5th,  1918,  he  arrived  in  Cleveland,  where, 
through  a  former  New  York  friend,  he  was  introduced  to 
Mr.  P.  J.  Pritchard,  manager  of  the  Nela  Lamp  Division 
of  the  National  Lamp  Works.  A  talk  with  Mr.  Pritchard 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  259 

resulted  in  Urqhuart's  deciding  to  enter  the  X-Ray  Tube 
Division,  at  Nela,  for  work  on  X-Ray  tubes  for  hospital 
service  for  the  army. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  National  Lamp  Works, 
and  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Henry  Rogers  of  the  Edison  Lamp 
Works,  Urqhuart  was  released  on  November  9th,  1918  for 
another  two-weeks'  speaking  tour  through  New  York  and 
New  Jersey  on  the  United  War  Work  campaign,  returning 
on  November  24th.  When  the  work  on  X-Ray  tubes  was 
ordered  discontinued,  following  the  signing  of  the  armistice, 
Urqhuart  was  transferred  to  one  of  the  regular  departments 
of  Nela  Lamp  Division. 

His  was  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that  he  contributed 
to  the  downfall  of  militarism  in  at  least  three  different  ways: 
first,  he  fought  through  some  of  the  most  crucial  battles  of 
the  entire  war,  receiving  four  wounds  and  being  gassed  twice, 
the  later  gassing  so  affecting  his  lungs  that  he  could  never 
completely  regain  his  health;  second,  while  with  the  National 
Lamp  Works,  he  was  doing  what  he  could  to  save  the  lives 
of  other  heroes  by  his  work  on  X-Ray  tubes;  and  third,  he 
stimulated  the  raising  of  money  for  patriotic  purposes  by 
telling  civilian  audiences  what  war  really  means  to  the  soldier. 

THE  WAR  ACTIVITIES  OF  NELA  RESEARCH 
LABORATORY 

On  March  21,  1917,  two  weeks  prior  to  the  declaration 
of  war,  the  services  of  Nela  Research  Laboratory  were  offered 
to  the  United  States  Government  in  the  terms  of  the  following 
letter  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of  War. 

NELA  RESEARCH  LABORATORY 
OFFICE   OF   DIRECTOR  March   21,    1917. 

Honorable  Newton  D.  Baker, 
Secretary  of  War, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

My  dear  Mr.  Baker: 

The  international  conflict  into  which,  it  would  seem,  the 
United  States  may  soon  be  forced,  if  it  is  not  already  a  participant 
in  fact,  is  a  war  founded  largely  upon  science  and  engineering.  I  am 
deeply  in  sympathy  with  the  administrative  procedure  of  our 
Government  in  convassing  the  scientific  and  engineering  resources 


160  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

of  this  country  in  order  that  the  available  facilities  may  be  duly 
organized. 

It  therefore  gives  me  pleasure,  upon  the  authority  of  the 
Managers  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  of  General  Electric  Com- 
pany, to  extend  to  the  United  States  Government  the  facilities  of 
Nela  Research  Laboratory  for  whatever  uses  it  may  be  fitted,  if  in 
the  event  of  war  or  in  the  pursuance  of  an  intensive  program  of  pre- 
paredness the  Government  may  deem  it  advisable  to  avail  itself  of 
the  services  which  this  Laboratory  may  be  able  to  render. 

The  Laboratory  is  particularly  qualified  to  investigate 
problems  in  lighting,  having  a  staff  comprising  several  physicists,  a 
physiologist,  a  psychologist  and  several  men  with  engineering  train- 
ing. Its  equipment,  though  developed  primarily  for  the  investigation 
of  problems  in  its  special  field  of  inquiry,  is  nevertheless  sufficiently 
general  to  permit  of  much  broader  application.  The  facilities  of  the 
Laboratory  include  a  well  organized  scientific  and  technical  library 
and  a  well-equipped  instrument  shop. 

I  would  be  glad  to  have  you  transmit  this  letter,  or  a  copy  of  it, 
to  such  other  Department  or  Departments  of  the  Government  as 
your  judgment  may  determine. 

Very  truly  yours, 

(Signed)  Edward  P.  Hyde. 

Mr.  Baker  expressed  his  appreciation  of  this  offer  and 
stated  that  the  facilities  of  the  Laboratory  would  be  used  as 
required.  In  July,  1917,  the  National  Research  Council 
through  Major  Millikan  requested  the  Laboratory  to  under- 
take an  investigation  of  the  relative  merits  of  binocular  and 
monocular  field-glasses.  The  following  letter  indicates  the 
importance  of  the  problem  in  the  war  program: 

NATIONAL  RESEARCH  COUNCIL 

ACTING  AS  THE 
DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE  AND  RESEARCH 

OF  THE 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE 

July  30,  1917. 
Dr.  E.  P.  Hyde, 
Nela  Research  Laboratory, 
Nela  Park,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Dear  Dr.  Hyde: 

I  had  sent  to  you  yesterday  from  the  Navy  Department  two 
binoculars,  one  of  five-power  and  the  other  of  ten-power,  of  the  sort 
which  they  use  in  the  Navy.  I  think  Dr.  Mendenhall  also  had  some 
of  the  Army  binoculars  sent  to  you.  This  question  of  binoculars 
versus  monoculars  is  one  which  I  raised  in  the  Munitions  Board  some 
weeks  ago,  and  the  General  Staff  of  the  Army  asked  to  have  the 
matter  carefully  investigated  and  reported  upon.  What  they  want 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  261 

is  advice  as  to  whether  there  really  is  any  advantage  in  binoculars. 
The  report  comes  that  the  Germans  have  discarded  binoculars  for 
monoculars.  I  do  not  know  how  correct  that  report  is,  but  I  know  of 
no  place  in  the  country  to  which  we  can  look  for  more  well  founded 
judgment  upon  a  subject  which  involves  physics,  psychology  and 
physiology  than  your  Laboratory.  I  shall  be  glad  to  present  your 
findings  to  the  Munitions  Board,  and  I  am  sure  the  General  Staff 
will  be  much  interested  in  it. 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

(Signed)    R.  A.  Millikan. 

THE  INVESTIGATION  TO  DETERMINE  WHETHER  BINOCULAR 

FIELD-GLASSES    MIGHT   BE   DISPLACED    BY 

MONOCULARS  WITHOUT  APPRECIABLE 

SACRIFICE  OF  EFFICIENCY 

In  pursuance  of  the  request  from  the  National  Research 
Council,  this  investigation  was  begun  immediately.  The 
greater  part  of  the  experimental  work  was  carried  out  by 
Dr.  P.  W.  Cobb  and  Dr.  W.  Weniger.  The  problem,  the  methods 
of  investigation  pursued,  and  the  conclusions  reached,  are 
briefly  outlined  in  the  following  paragraphs.  It  may  be  well 
to  mention  that,  inasmuch  as  this  work  was  of  a  purely  re- 
search nature,  the  use  of  technical  words  cannot  be  entirely 
avoided. 

How  the  Field-Glass    Monocular  vision  is  the  vision  pertaining  to  the  use 

Increases  the  Range     of  only  one  eye,  while  binocular  vision  pertains  to  the 

of  the  Eye  use  of  both  eyes.  The  effect  of  monocular  vision  may 

be  easily  seen.   If  two  similar  objects,  one  slightly 

farther  away  from  the  observer  than  the  other,  are  seen  with  only  one  eye,  it 
will  be  very  hard,  if  not  impossible,  to  distinguish  which  object  is  the  closer. 
If,  however,  one  looks  at  the  same  objects,  using  both  eyes,  no  such  difficulty 
will  be  experienced. 

Consequently,  if  the  average  person  were  asked  to  compare  monocular 
with  binocular  vision,  he  would  probably  dismiss  the  whole  matter  with  some 
such  remark  as  this,  "Of  course  binocular  vision  is  better,  because  we  can 
see  the  depth  of  things."  But  there  were  many  other  things  to  be  considered 
such  as  cost,  ability  to  distinguish  detail,  etc.  This  matter  of  seeing  depth 
or  relief  is  very  vividly  impressed  upon  the  mind  of  anyone  who  has  used  an 
ordinary  stereoscope.  The  stereoscope  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  an 
optical  instrument  having  two  eye-pieces  which,  when  the  instrument  is 
used  by  an  observer,  serve  to  combine  the  images  of  two  pictures  taken  from 
points  of  view  a  little  distance  apart  into  one  magnified  image, — thus  giving 
the  effect  of  depth. 

The  reason  why  one  can  see  stereoscopically  is  because  each  eye  looks 
at  any  object  from  a  slightly  different  position,  thus  making  the  images 
slightly  different.  A  receding  edge  of  the  object,  for  example,  subtends  a 


262  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

slightly  different  angle  at  each  eye,  and  it  is  the  difference  between  these  two 
angles  which  measures  the  amount  of  the  so-called  "binocular  parallax"  and 
determines  the  amount  of  depth  or  relief  that  is  perceived.  The  cause  of  this 
"binocular  parallax"  may  be  realized  if  the  reader  will  look  out  of  a  window, 
first  with  one  eye  and  then  with  the  other,  and  note  the  difference  in  the 
apparent  relative  positions  of  the  trees,  etc.,  on  the  window  pane.  It  is 
evident  that  the  difference  between  these  two  angles  subtended  at  the  eye 
will  be  much  greater  when  a  certain  object  is  looked  at  from  near  at  hand 
than  when  viewed  from  a  distance.  In  other  words,  the  stereoscopic  effect 
diminishes  rather  rapidly  with  distance  from  the  observer.  When  the  differ- 
ence between  the  two  angles  becomes  of  the  order  of  magnitude  of  30  seconds 
of  arc,  /.  e.,  ^  of  a  degree,  most  people  can  no  longer  perceive  it,  and  stereo- 
scopic vision  ceases. 

It  is  evident,  then,  that  if  objects  are  to  be  seen  at  any  great  distances, 
say  several  miles,  with  the  same  clearness  and  depth  of  vision  as  are  objects 
close  at  hand,  the  binocular  parallax  must  be  increased  so  as  to  keep  it 
above  the  minimum  value  of  30  seconds  of  arc  at  which  the  stereoscopic 
effect  may  be  noticed.  When  the  eyes  are  aided  by  field-glasses,  the  binocular 
parallax  may  be  increased  in  two  ways;  by  magnification  and  by  increasing 
the  effective  distance  between  the  eyes,  that  is,  by  placing  the  objective 
lenses  farther  apart  than  the  eye-pieces,  as  is  done  in  most  types  of  prism 
binoculars.  This  increase  in  the  distance  between  the  objective  lenses 
increases  the  difference  between  the  angles  which  an  object  subtends  at  the 
eye;  in  other  words  the  binocular  parallax  is  increased,  as  was  desired. 
Then,  since  it  is  possible  to  keep  the  parallax  down  to  30  seconds  of  arc  and 
still  gain  the  depth  of  vision  desired,  the  distance  from  the  eye  to  the  object 
may  be  increased.  For  the  Type  EE  6-power  prism  binocular  that  has  been 
adopted  by  the  army,  the  distance  between  the  objective  lenses,  generally 
known  as  the  "interobjective"  distance,  is  about  i^  times  as  great  as  the 
distance  between  the  eyes,  /'.  £.,  the  "interpupillary"  distance.  If  an  inter- 
pupillary  distance  of  2.56  inches  (65  mm.)  is  assumed  as  applicable  to  the 
average  observer,  the  use  of  such  a  prism  binocular  would  give  an  inter- 
objective  distance  of  i^  times  2.56  or  4.48  inches,  and  a  simple  calculation 
shows  that  a  point  at  a  distance  of  5100  yards,  or  2.9  miles,  from  the  observer 
can  just  be  distinguished  by  him  as  nearer  than  the  infinitely  distant  horizon. 
In  other  words,  the  range  of  the  glass  is  at  the  point  where  stereoscopic  vision 
ceases  which,  in  this  case,  is  at  a  distance  of  2.9  miles  from  the  observer. 

The  Problems  The  Sub-Committee  on  Monocular  and  Binocular  Field- 

Invohed  in  the  Glasses  was  interested  in  determining  how  this  matter 

Study  of  Parallax  of  parallax  would  affect  vision.  The  objects  that  must  be 
observed  are,  of  course,  of  many  different  kinds,  and  the 
illumination  of  these  objects  varies  widely,  so  that  there  will  be  under  ob- 
servation objects  differing  in  size,  in  brightness,  in  color,  in  their  state  of 
motion  or  of  rest,  etc.  Apparatus  was  therefore  designed  to  study  the  effect 
of  parallax  on  the  perception  cf  these  different  qualities,  but  it  was  also  de- 
cided that  experimental  work  must  begin  'upon  a  still  more  simple  problem, 
namely  that  of  the  comparison  of  monocular  and  binocular  acuity  upon  a 
flat  field,  where  the  question  of  parallax  does  not  enter  at  all. 

It  is  evident  that  in  any  problem  of  this  kind  a  very  large  number  of 
experiments  must  be  performed  in  order  to  strike  a  proper  average.  In  addi- 


In  Center,  Administration  Building 
At  right,  Nela  Research  Laboratory 


Fig.  I — Test  Object  and   Observ- 
er's   Station    at    Mayfield   Country 
Club,  where  early  experimental  work 
on  Field-glasses  took  place 


Fig.  2 — Background    and  Test    Ob- 
ject used   in    determining  effect  of 
Stereoscopic     Vision    on    discrimi- 
nation of  detail 


Fig.  ./—Machine   Designed 
for  making  Ribbon   Fil- 
ament for  Signal  Lamps 


Fig.  5—  Silvered-Bowl  Lamp 

employing  a  Ribbon 

Filament 


Fig.  6 — Sectored  Disk,  rotated 
to  give  "dots"  and 
"dashes"     of    light 


Fig.  / — Trench  Signalling 

Unit 
in  operation 


Fig.  3 — Observation  Field  at  Camp  Meade,  Md.,  where  Nela 
Research  Laboratory  ran  tests  to  determine  relative  advantages  of 
Binocular  and  Monocular  Field-glasses. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  263 

tion  to  such  factors  as  attention,  fatigue,  different  physical  condition  of  the 
observers  on  different  days,  practice  effect,  and  the  like,  which  are  present 
even  under  laboratory  conditions,  there  are  present  out  of  doors  many  other 
disturbing  factors.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  a  different  amount  of 
heat  shimmer  from  hour  to  hour;  a  difference  in  the  illumination  of  the  test 
object  due  to  position  of  sun  and  clouds;  different  sky  brightnesses;  clear, 
smoky,  and  hazy  atmospheric  conditions;  rain  and  snow;  different  tempera- 
tures, from  hot  to  such  extreme  cold  as  to  stiffen  the  fingers;  and  variable 
winds,  which  may  make  it  almost  impossible  to  stand  still  long  enough  to 
make  an  observation  or  which,  by  blowing  between  the  eye-piece  and  the 
eye,  may  cause  the  tears  to  flow. 

The  Beginning  The  first  experimental  work  was  done  on  the  grounds  of 
of  the  Work  on  the  Mayfield  Country  Club,  to  whose  Directors  the  Labora- 
Field-Glasses  tory  was  greatly  indebted  for  the  many  conveniences  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  the  experimenters  and  the  many  courtesies 
accorded  them.  A  "test  object,"  shown  in  Fig.  i,  presenting  the  appearance 
of  a  white  square  with  a  black  strip  equal  to  one-third  its  area  extending  down 
its  center,  was  mounted  at  a  distance  of  1040  yards  from  the  observer.  The 
test  object  was  viewed  against  a  black  background,  was  variable  in  size  and 
could  be  rotated  so  that  the  black  strip  was  either  vertical  or  horizontal.  The 
size  and  position  of  the  test  object  was  varied  according  to  a  pre-arranged 
helter-skelter  order,  and  the  observer  reported  whether  the  strip  was  vertical, 
horizontal  or  too  small  to  see.  The  time  required  to  arrive  at  a  decision  was 
taken  with  a  stop-watch. 

About  500  experiments  were  made  on  each  of  three  observers  to  elimin- 
ate practice  effect,  and  then  1200  more  upon  which  the  following  statements 
are  based.  No  decisive  advantage  was  found  in  the  use  of  the  two  eyes  to- 
gether over  the  better  eye  alone;  in  one  case  the  use  of  the  two  eyes  gave  re- 
sults about  4%  poorer  than  the  use  of  the  better  eye  alone.  Note  the  condi- 
tions of  the  experiments  that  lead  to  these  results;  flat  field,  no  stereoscopic 
vision,  maximal  contrast  (black  and  white),  out-of-door  conditions,  and 
trained  observers.  The  two  eyes  of  each  observer  (one  supplied  with  spec- 
tacles) differed  from  each  other  by  an  amount  less  than  that  detected  by  the 
usual  optometric  methods.  Steadiness  of  holding,  and  muscular  comfort  or 
discomfort  while  using  either  the  monocular  or  binocular  were  identical,  as 
the  monocular  results  were  obtained  by  merely  putting  a  ground-glass  cap 
over  one  limb  of  the  binocular.  Both  eyes  were  kept  open  all  of  the  time  so  as 
to  eliminate  the  muscular  fatigue  that  results  when  one  eye  is  closed,  as  well 
as  to  keep  both  pupils  of  the  same  diameter  as  nearly  as  possible. 

It  is  of  interest  to  mention  that  the  above  results  were  in  entire  har- 
mony with  the  experience  of  a  great  number  of  users  of  field-glasses,  including 
one  noted  astronomer  and  one  manufacturer  of  binoculars.  One  colonel  of 
Field  Artillery,  upon  being  told  the  above  result,  volunteered  the  information 
that  whenever  he  got  through  "observing  fire"  with  a  pair  of  binoculars,  he 
invariably  found  he  had  closed  one  of  his  eyes;  that  is,  he  involuntarily 
worked  monocularly,  at  least  in  the  final  stages  of  an  observation. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  eyes  function  differently  in  very  low  and  in 
ordinary  illuminations.  The  retina  has  two  different  types  of  light-sensitive 
organs,  called  respectively  the  "rods"  and  "cones."  The  rods  exist  in  the 


264  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

peripheral  retina,  and  are  extremely  sensitive  to  weak  illumination.  The  cones 
are  most  numerous  in  the  small  area  of  the  retina  known  as  the  "fovea," 
upon  which  the  lens  and  other  eye  media  form  the  image;  they  are  sensitive 
to  color,  but  not  as  sensitive  to  weak  illumination  as  are  the  rods.  The  ab- 
sence of  the  rods  in  the  fovea  causes  what  everyone  has  noticed,  namely  that 
in  twilight  the  outlines  of  an  object  appear  indistinct,  and  seem  to  vanish 
the  instant  you  try  to  look  sharply. 

The  Results  Obtained  As  twilight  is  an  important  illumination  for  military 
Under  Twilight  operations,  it  was  decided  to  repeat  the  acuity  work 

Conditions  of  Operation  under  weak  illumination.  Twilight  in  nature  is 
of  rather  short  duration  and  of  very  rapidly  chang- 
ing intensity,  making  the  use  of  artificial  twilight  imperative  in  any  ex- 
perimental investigation.  Continuous  out-of-door  observation  was  impossible 
on  account  of  the  extremely  severe  winter  that  had  set  in  at  Cleveland  by 
this  time.  Fortunately,  one  of  the  long  pipe-tunnels  at  Nela  Park  was  avail- 
able for  this  work,  so  that  a  sufficiently  large  distance  (about  89  yards)  could 
be  obtained  to  enable  the  use  of  the  same  binocular  without  the  excessive 
convergence  of  the  eyes  that  of  necessity  exists  at  short  distances.  The  same 
test  object  and  the  same  method  was  used  as  before;  however,  one  new  ob- 
server had  to  be  trained  to  replace  one  man  who  had  been  drafted.  The  arti- 
ficial twilight  was  produced  by  projecting  the  radiation  from  a  MAZDA 
lamp  filtered  through  a  piece  of  "daylight  glass"  upon  the  test  object  so  as 
to  produce  an  illumination  of  only  0.0012  foot-candle. 

After  the  customary  practice  runs,  each  of  three  observers  made 
about  1 200  experiments  that  yielded  the  following  conclusions: 

1.  With  binocular  observation  the  "threshold  of  vision"  is  somewhat 
lower  than  with  monocular  observation  using  the  better  one  of  the  two  eyes; 

2.  When  the  test  object  is  of  such  size  that  the  judgments  are  pre- 
ponderantly correct,  the  decision  of  the  observer  is  arrived  at  in  shorter  time 
with  the  binocular;  and 

3.  With  sizes  of  the  test  object  such  that  both  right  and  indeterminate 
judgments  appear  in  large  numbers,  the  tendency  is  to  spend  more  time  in 
binocular  than  in  monocular  observation. 

The  illumination  selected  was  such  that  rod  vision  was  used.  An  object 
just  resolvable  in  this  twilight  illumination  was  15.6  times  as  large  as  one 
just  resolvable  in  average  daylight,  or  to  put  it  another  way,  an  object  seen 
with  a  six-power  glass  in  this  twilight  was  not  less  than  2.6  times  as  large  as 
one  seen  with  the  unaided  eye  in  daylight.  Hence  if  objects  of  the  same  size 
are  to  be  examined  or  located  in  both  daylight  and  twilight,  different  optical 
aids  are  desirable  in  the  two  cases. 

The  Tests  The  preceding  preliminary  work  gave  the  preparation 

for  Discrimination  necessary  to  take  up  the  simplest  of  the  problems  in- 
of  Detail  volving  stereoscopic  vision,  and  apparatus  was  built 

for  determining  the  effect  of  the  presence  or  absence  of 
stereoscopic  vision  on  the  discrimination  of  detail.  Two  backgrounds  (Fig.  2) 
were  placed  at  a  distance  of  375  yards  and  445  yards  from  the  observer, 
the  nearer  one  being  removable.  Both  were  painted  with  a  herringbone 
pattern  in  white  on  a  black  ground,  the  stripes  being  easily  resolvable  through 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  265 

a  six-power  glass.  The  dimensions  of  the  backgrounds  and  of  the  patterns 
were  in  direct  proportion  to  their  distances  from  the  observer,  so  that  the 
images  of  the  patterns  as  received  in  the  observer's  eyes  were  identical.  A 
test  object  consisting  of  two  vertical  strips  of  variable  width,  painted  with 
the  same  proportion  of  white  and  black  as  the  backgrounds,  was  placed  one 
yard  in  front  of  the  nearer  background.  The  strip  exposed,  and  its  size, 
were  changed  in  shuffled  order,  and  the  observer  reported  which  one  he  saw 
or  that  he  saw  neither.  The  time  taken  by  him  to  arrive  at  a  decision  was 
measured  with  a  stop-watch.  Observations  were  made  with  both  eyes  and 
with  the  better  eye  only,  using  both  backgrounds;  the  farther  one,  of  course, 
was  the  only  one  against  which  the  strips  showed  binocular  parallax. 

Unfortunately  the  necessary  practice  runs  had  not  yet  been  completed 
when  the  work  was  stopped  to  carry  out  a  field  test  under  the  supervision 
of  army  officers.  The  work  was  not  resumed  at  the  conclusion  of  the  field 
tests  because  three  of  the  four  observers  who  had  been  training  on  this 
problem  were  no  longer  available,  all  having  entered  the  army.  The  practice 
runs,  however,  showed  clearly  that  there  is  no  very  large  difference  in  the 
detail  that  can  be  detected  with  or  without  the  aid  of  binocular  parallax,  nor 
in  that  seen  with  the  better  eye  or  with  two. 

Apparatus  for  the  study  of  the  effect  of  binocular  parallax  on  the  dis- 
crimination of  brightness  differences  was  planned  but  not  constructed  when 
one  of  the  Committee  members  was  commissioned  in  the  Sanitary  Corps. 

The  Field  The  field  tests  were  carried  out  at  Camp  Meade,  Md.,  in 
Tests  at  March,  1918,  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  the  Board 

Camp  Meade  to  Test  Snipers'  Materials.  The  tests  were  designed  with  the 
active  assistance  of  all  members  of  the  Board,  and  of  as 
many  other  officers  having  opinions  on  the  subject  as  the  Committee  would 
get  in  touch  with.  The  desire  was  to  establish  tests  that  would  cover  the 
important  points  met  in  actual  service  in  such  a  manner  that  army  men 
would  regard  the  results  with  confidence. 

These  tests  differed  from  the  preceding  in  many  ways. 

First,  the  binoculars  were  Bausch  &  Lomb  type  EE,  adopted  by  the 
army  as  standard.  The  monoculars  were  exactly  like  the  right-hand  limb  of 
the  binoculars.  Conditions  of  stability  of  holding  the  two  types  therefore 
differed,  even  though  explicit  directions  were  given  in  each  case  as  to  the 
proper  method  of  holding. 

Second,  the  observers  (Fig.  3),  about  50  in  number,  were  all  army 
officers,  lieutenants  and  captains,  but  unfortunately  the  group  was  not  ex- 
actly the  same  on  all  days.  All  had  had  some  experience  with  binoculars, 
but  practically  none  with  monoculars.  Very  few  were  really  trained  observers, 
and  as  it  was  impracticable  to  extend  the  tests  so  as  to  train  them,  all  re- 
sults obtained  had  to  be  included  in  the  averages.  In  using  the  monoculars, 
either  eye,  and  not  necessarily  the  better  one  of  the  two,  was  used.  The  in- 
structions given  as  to  the  proper  holding  of  the  glasses  were  not  strictly 
obeyed  at  the  beginning  of  the  tests,  especially  those  instructions  which 
pertained  both  to  holding  the  glass  in  the  left  hand  when  using  the  right  eye, 
or  vice  versa  (in  order  that  the  wrist  of  one  arm  might  be  before  the  unused 
eye),  and  to  keeping  the  unused  eye  open.  It  was  sought  to  impress  upon  the 
observers  that  this  was  a  test  of  a  certain  type  of  instrument  and  not  in  any 


266  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

manner  a  test  of  men;  that  is,  that  a  poor  percentage  of  correct  answers  would 
in  no  wise  reflect  upon  them  as  individuals;  but  in  spite  of  this,  at  the  begin- 
ning, some  communication  existed. 

Third,  the  test  objects  were,  for  the  most  part,  men  in  khaki.  They 
thus  presented  varying  amounts  of  color  contrast,  of  brightness  contrast,  and 
of  stereoscopic  relief  against  their  backgrounds. 

In  the  first  test,  eleven  men  were  stationed  in  hiding  at  definite  posi- 
tions ranging  from  410  to  1850  yards  from  the  observers.  According  to  a 
prearranged  schedule  these  men  appeared  from  behind  trees,  rose  from 
trenches,  showed  themselves  in  the  windows  of  a  house,  etc.,  for  50  seconds, 
then  raised  an  arm  to  the  level  of  the  shoulder  or  aimed  a  rifle,  and  went 
into  hiding  again.  The  observers  had  to  watch  the  entire  field,  pick  up  the 
man  who  happened  to  be  showing  himself  at  that  time,  watch  what  he  did, 
and  record  which  arm  he  raised  or  in  which  direction  he  aimed  his  gun. 
This  test  was  run  on  four  different  days,  each  man  using  both  the  monocular 
and  binocular  for  the  same  number  of  experiments  each  day.  A  total  number 
of  7174  experiments  was  considered  for  each  type  of  glass.  In  order  that  all 
the  results  might  be  combined,  a  system  of  weights  was  devised  for  the  differ- 
ent stations  at  which  the  men  appeared,  based  upon  the  total  records  for  all 
four  days. 

The  Relative  Advantages     The   results   show    a   consistent,    though     slight, 

of  Both  Binoculars  superiority  for   the   binocular.   In   the   matter  of 

and  Monoculars  "picking  up"  or  locating  a  man,  the  binocular  ran 

about  5%   ahead  of  the  monocular  on   the  first 

day,  but  the  difference  decreased  to  about  3%  on  the  fourth  day,  averaging 
3.8%.  In  the  matter  of  distinguishing  detail,  that  is,  of  telling  whether  an 
arm  or  a  gun  was  raised,  and  in  which  direction,  the  difference  was  a  little 
less  than  8%  and  did  not  show  improvement  with  practice.  This  result  was 
not  conclusive,  however,  because,  as  above  mentioned,  the  better  and  poorer 
eyes  were  used  indiscriminately  with  the  monocular.  The  Mayfield  Club  ex- 
periments also  showed  that  binocular  acuity  is  somewhat  greater  than  the 
mean  of  the  acuities  of  the  two  eyes. 

The  man  at  one  of  the  stations  arose  from  a  trench  and  was  exposed 
against  a  distant  background,  thus  affording  an  abundance  of  stereoscopic 
relief.  This  man  was  seen  3.7%  more  frequently  with  the  binoculars  than  was 
an  average  of  all  the  other  men,  who  afforded  no  stereoscopic  relief,  but  he 
was  also  seen  3.7%  more  frequently  with  the  monoculars.  Whether  the  act 
of  raising  his  arm  or  his  rifle  was  to  the  right  or  the  left,  was  detected  with 
the  binoculars  8.8%  more  frequently  than  for  an  average  of  all  other  sta- 
tions, and  7.9%  more  frequently  with  the  monocular.  For  distinguishing 
between  an  arm  and  a  rifle,  the  corresponding  figures  were  n.6%  for  the  bin- 
ocular and  8.8%  for  the  monocular,  so  that  the  indication  was  that  stereo- 
scopic effect  is  a  distinct  advantage  for  binocular  discrimination,  but  it  must 
also  be  emphasized  that  this  advantage  may  be  due  to  other  causes  that  have 
not  yet  been  studied  in  isolation,  such  as  the  comparative  discrimination  of 
small  brightness  differences,  the  detection  of  motion  and  in  general  the  part 
played  by  the  peripheral  retina. 

The  same  series  of  experiments  was  carried  on  for  two  days  during  the 
waning  light  of  late  afternoon.  The  data  were  meagre  but  showed  the  bin- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  267 

oculars  to  be  slightly  better.  The  difference  in  favor  of  the  binoculars  is 
much  smaller  in  this  work  than  in  the  tunnel  work,  probably  because  the 
illumination  out  of  doors  was  such  as  to  allow  a  visibility  about  three  times 
that  in  the  tunnel. 

On  each  of  two  days,  one  hazy  and  dark,  the  other  bright  and  clear, 
so-called  counting  tests  were  made.  From  7  to  II  men  appeared  from  each 
of  three  different  hiding  places  at  distances  from  1190  to  1800  yards,  and 
remained  in  sight  for  10  seconds.  On  both  days,  for  the  binocular,  the  number 
of  correct  counts  was  larger  by  more  than  5%  and  the  number  of  large  errors 
smaller. 

Time  Test  On  two  different  days  the  men  who  ordinarily  acted  as  test 

on  Both  Types  objects,  became  observers  in  certain  timing  tests.  Two 
of  Glasses  parallel  black  strips  mounted  on  a  white  board  were  ex- 

posed either  vertically  or  horizontally,  in  shuffled  order,  at 
a  distance  sufficiently  great  so  that  they  could  not  be  resolved  with  the  un- 
aided eyes.  The  glasses  were  focused,  the  binocular  being  put  in  its  case  and 
the  monocular  in  a  coat  pocket  with  the  flap  buttoned.  At  a  signal,  the  glass 
was  removed,  brought  to  the  eye  and  the  position  of  the  strips  announced. 
One  stop-watch  was  started  at  the  signal,  another  when  the  glass  came  to 
the  eye,  and  both  were  stopped  when  the  position  was  announced.  From  1.5 
to  2.0  seconds  more  were  consumed  in  the  delay  incidental  to  getting  the 
binocular  to  the  eyes  from  its  carrying  place  than  were  similarly  required 
to  get  the  monocular  into  action  but,  once  at  the  eyes,  the  binocular  enabled 
the  user  to  report  in  0.32  to  0.44  seconds  less  time  than  the  monocular. 

These  field  tests,  carried  out  for  a  very  limited  time  with  not  par- 
ticularly trained  observers,  showed  for  each  condition  that  for  these  men 
vision  was  better  with  the  binocular.  The  advantages  found  were  not,  in 
point  of  magnitude  however,  of  sweeping  moment.  At  the  maximum  the 
difference  in  discrimination  of  detail  amounted  to  a  little  more  than  12% 
of  the  number  of  experiments.  If  one  of  the  results  of  the  Mayfield  Club  tests 
is  taken,  /'.  e.,  that  roughly  25%  difference  in  frequency  of  correct  answers 
corresponds  to  9%  difference  in  size,  the  size-difference  corresponding  to  12% 
frequency-difference  is  a  trifle  less  than  4.5%.  It  is  then  a  safe  theoretical 
conclusion  that  an  increase  of  4.5%  in  magnification  (6.27  instead  of  6.00) 
would  offset  the  relative  disadvantage  of  the  monocular  in  the  most  unfavor- 
able case  of  daylight  illumination.  Tests  carried  out  with  binoculars  for  a 
period  of  several  years  by  a  certain  branch  of  the  army  showed  conclusively 
that  a  magnification  of  8  was  best.  A  magnification  of  6  was  adopted  as 
standard.  This  sacrifice  was  presumably  made  to  reduce  weight  or  expense 
or  for  some  other  similar  reasons. 

Moreover,  at  the  time  of  the  completion  of  these  tests  there  was  a 
scarcity  of  optical  glass  in  this  country  as  well  as  a  scarcity  of  skilled  work- 
men. It  takes  approximately  three  times  as  long  to  make  a  binocular  as  a 
monocular,  and  of  course  the  glass  required  is  twice  as  much.  The  complete 
investigation  indicated  that  for  most  classes  of  field  work,  the  monocular  field- 
glasses  might  replace  the  binocular  field-glasses  without  any  appreciable  loss  in 
efficiency,  but  with  a  very  great  economy  in  the  time  of  mechanics  and  in  materials 
used  in  the  construction  of  field-glasses. 


268  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

The  evaluation  of  this  work  by  Lt.  Col.  Millikan  is  indicated  in  the 
following  letter: 

NATIONAL  RESEARCH  COUNCIL 

ACTING  AS  THE 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE  AND  RESEARCH 
OF  THE 

COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE 

June   13,  1918. 
Dr.  Edward  P.  Hyde, 
Nela  Research  Laboratory, 

Dear  Dr.  Hyde: 

This  is  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  very  full  report 
on  Binoculars  vs.  Monoculars.  I  regard  this  as  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant pieces  of  work  which  has  been  done  at  all  in  the  aid  of  the 
war,  and  I  think  it  likely  that  on  the  basis  of  this  report  monoculars 
will  be  put  into  production  at  once.  I  will  let  you  know  as  soon  as  a 
decision  is  made. 


Sincerely    yours, 

(Signed)    R.  A.  MILLIKAN, 

Lt.  Col.  Signal  Corps. 

For  some  reason,  however,  the  General  Staff  disapproved  the  recom- 
mendations and  binoculars  continued  to  be  furnished  to  army  officers  during 
the  remaining  months  of  the  war. 

THE  WORK  ON  LIGHT-SIGNALLING  UNITS 

Early  in  1918  the  Laboratory  was  asked  to  develop  an 
artificial-light  unit  for  signalling  in  the  daytime  in  places 
where  the  operator  would  be  seen  against  a  bright  sky  back- 
ground. Later  an  additional  request  came  for  a  6-volt ,  2- 
ampere  lamp  for  use  in  a  trench-signalling  unit  designed  by 
Major  Mendenhall  and  the  Lynn  Works  of  General  Electric 
Company,  to  supplant  the  unsatisfactory  unit  then  in  service. 
Practically  the  entire  time  of  Drs.  Forsythe,  Lorenz  and 
Worthing  was  given  for  a  period  of  ten  or  twelve  months 
to  working  out  these  problems  in  light-signalling. 

During  the  war  at  least  three  methods  of  signalling 
employing  incandescent  lamps  in  parabolic  reflectors  were 
developed  and  used  in  the  various  armies.  In  one  method  the 
dots,  dashes  and  spaces  of  the  International  Telegraphic 
Code  were  produced  by  operating  a  shutter  in  front  of  the 
signalling  unit,  much  as  did  the  Indian  who  waved  his  blanket 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  269 

before  his  signal  fife.  In  a  second  method,  the  flashes  were 
produced  by  slightly  tilting  the  mirror  back  and  forth,  the 
effect  on  a  distant  observer  being  the  same  as  though  the 
beam  had  been  actually  interrupted.  In  the  third  method 
the  signals  resulted  from  the  making  and  breaking  of  the 
electric  current  through  the  lamp.  In  warfare,  portability 
of  instrument  and  supplies  are  of  prime  importance;  therefore, 
considerations  of  efficiency  rule  out  the  first  two  methods 
in  case  the  third  is  at  all  applicable. 

The  expensiveness  of  the  electric  energy  supplied  by 
dry  cells  as  used  in  trench-signalling  work  (which  increased 
the  national  debt  at  an  average  rate  of  $50.00  to  $100.00 
per  kilowatt-hour,  in  contrast  with  ten  cents  or  less,  the 
price  for  electricity  as  used  in  homes)  made  it  very  desirable 
to  find  some  method  of  cutting  down  the  consumption  of 
energy  per  outfit. 

The  Use  of  In    a   preliminary   consideration    of  the   problem   it   was 

A  "Ribbon"  decided  that  the  most  probable  solution  might  be  expected 

Filament  from  the  use  of  a  ribbon  filament  (rather  than  the  wire 

filament  of  ordinary  lamps)  of  tungsten  in  an  argon  at- 
mosphere. These  specifications  were  based  on  the  following  principles  which, 
when  embodied  in  a  lamp,  should  tend  to  make  satisfactory  and  workable 
the  third  method  of  light-signalling  which  depends  upon  current  interrup- 
tions in  the  lamp.  Properties  tending  toward  rapidity  in  flashing,  (i.  e., 
shortness  of  the  time-intervals  required  by  the  filament  in  heating  to  its 
maximum  brightness,  and  later  in  cooling  down  to  darkness)  are:  first,  the 
high  positive  temperature  coefficient  of  tungsten  which  results  in  a  greatly 
increased  rate  of  supply  of  heat  to  the  filament;  and  second,  the  ribbon  form 
with  its  inherently  small  amount  of  material  to  be  heated  and  cooled,  for  a 
given  radiating  surface.  A  third  factor,  one  tending  toward  economy  in 
usage  of  batteries,  is  the  high  efficiency  of  lamps  with  filaments  in  an 
argon  atmosphere. 

The  division  of  labor  accompanying  the  development  work  naturally 
fell  into  three  subdivisions: 

(1)  The  production  of  a  ribbon  filament; 

(2)  The  determination  of  the  characteristics  of  the    completed  unit 
which  make  for  efficiency; 

(3)  The  determination  of  the  favorable  conditions  and  the  attain- 
able speeds  of  operation  for  the  completed  unit. 

In  fulfilment  of  a  small  ante-war  demand  for  ribbon  filaments,  wire 
filaments  had  been  hot  rolled.  The  product  was  either  in  the  form  of  sheets 
or  of  such  thickness  as  to  be  of  little  use  for  signal  lamps.  Attempts  to  obtain 
ribbon  filaments  of  the  desired  dimensions  by  rolling  resulted  in  poor  quality 
for  both  ribbon  and  rollers.  Under  the  stimulus  of  war-time  needs,  many 
ribbon-making  possibilities  were  considered.  The  plan  finally  carried  through 
consisted  of  a  continuous  hammering  process,  in  which  two  hammers  coming 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


from  opposite  directions  strike  the  wire  simultaneously.  How  this  was  ac- 
complished may  be  understood  with  the  aid  of  Figure  4.  The  rotation  of  the 
notched  hardened-steel  disk  or  cam  alternately  pushes  apart  and  releases 
the  two  oppositely  placed  spring-adjusted  hammers,  likewise  of  hardened 
steel,  which  are  pinioned  firmly  at  their  lower  ends.  A  wire  slowly  passing 
through  the  hammering  chamber  at  the  top,  between  the  hammer  heads,  is 
subjected  to  a  rapid  succession  of  taps.  In  making  the  ribbon  for  the  signal 
lamp  a  speed  of  800  taps  per  minute  was  found  suitable.  The  hammering 
chamber  was  completely  enclosed  and  filled  with  hydrogen  so  that  the 
tungsten  wire  could  be  heated  electrically,  without  deterioration,  to  tem- 
peratures which  facilitated  the  ribbon-making  process.  This  hammering  pro- 
cess resulted  in  very  satisfactory  ribbon  filaments  for  signal  lamps  (Figure 
5).  In  fact,  excellent  ribbon  as  thin  as  one  or  two  thousandths  of  a  millimeter 
was  obtained.  (A  millimeter  is  about  one  twenty-fifth  of  an  inch.) 

The  Tests  In  searching  for  the  best  6-volt,  2-ampere  lamp  for  use  in  the 
of  the  Lamp  trench-signalling  unit,  many  types  of  lamps  containing 
variously  shaped  filaments  of  tungsten  wire  or  ribbon,  im- 
mersed in  atmospheres  either  of  nitrogen,  argon,  or  hydrogen,  were  con- 
sidered. Various  tests  were  made,  some  from  the  viewpoint  of  speed  of  opera- 
tion, others  from  the  viewpoint  of  economy  in  battery  usage.  Only  one  of 
each  type  will  be  considered. 

For  the  test  relating  to  the  speed  of  flashing,  instantaneous  candle- 
power  measurements  were  made,  in  which  the  observer  obtained  glimpses 
only  a  hundredth  of  a  second  in  duration.  By  suitably  choosing  various  in- 
stants following  the  beginning  of  a  flash  for  these  measurements,  the  relative 
changes  in  brightness  of  a  signal  lamp  could  be  followed.  Performance 
curves  were  obtained  for  various  lamps,  showing  how  the  brightness  increased 
to  the  maximum  steady  value  on  heating  up  and  decreased  again  on  cooling 
down.  The  contrast  here  given  is  only  between  the  two  lamps  from  which  the 
final  choice  for  the  trench-signalling  unit  was  made;  one,  a  ribbon  filament  in 
argon;  the  other,  a  wire  filament  in  nitrogen,  which  was  the  gas  considered 
necessary  for  sufficient  speed  in  that  case  with  a  wire  filament.  It  was  found 
that  the  ribbon-filament  lamp  reached  95%  of  its  maximum  brightness 
in  0.07  second  following  the  beginning  of  a  flash  and  that  it  cooled  down  at 
the  end  of  the  flash  to  5%  of  the  maximum  values  in  less  than  0.03  second. 
The  time  required  by  the  wire-filament  lamp  on  heating  was  about  50% 
greater,  although  the  cooling  time  was  of  the  same  order  as  that  for  the 
ribbon-filament  lamp.  Evidently  the  ribbon  form  was  an  aid  to  speed. 

The  results  of  a  test  relating  to  economy  in  the  usage  of  batteries  were 
found  of  the  greatest  importance  and  applicable  to  all  lamps.  It  showed  how 
effectively  the  silvering  of  the  tip  end  of  the  lamp,  as  in  certain  autohead- 
light  and  spot-light  units,  conserves  for  the  beam  much  of  the  light  other- 
wise radiated  scatteringly  through  the  front  opening  of  the  unit.  This  silver- 
ing redirects  much  of  this  light  in  such  a  way  that  it  can  be  utilized.  For  both 
of  the  lamps  mentioned  there  was  an  increase  of  roughly  40%  in  the  average 
beam  intensity.  Considering  that  with  the  lamps  unsilvered  a  40%  greater 
battery  supply  was  necessary  for  the  same  beam  intensities,  that  is,  for  the  same 
degree  of  probability  that  signals  would  reach  the  person  signalled,  ths  plan  of 
silvering  saved  greatly  in  cost  and  in  transportation  of  material. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  271 

How  the  In  the  third  main  subdivision  of  the  work,  relating  to  favor- 

International  able  conditions  and  attainable  speeds  in  signalling,  the  first 
Code  was  Sent  essential  was  a  knowledge  of  the  best  distribution  of  light 
in  the  signal.  Assuming  the  International  Code,  in  which  all 
spaces  are  equal,  the  problem  became  one  of  determining  the  allotment  of 
time  to  dot,  dash  and  space  so  that  the  entire  signal  might  be  perceived  with 
certainty  in  the  minimum  of  time.  For  this  purpose,  a  special  rotating  sectored 
disk  was  devised.  An  opaque  circular  sheet  of  metal  from  which  a  large 
sector,  about  120°  in  extent,  had  been  cut  away  (Fig.  6)  was  mounted  in 
front  of  a  lamp  and  rotated.  The  lamp  was  alternately  visible  for  one-third 
of  a  rotation,  and  invisible  for  two-thirds  of  a  rotation.  Further,  a  small 
opaque  sector,  from  40°  to  50°  in  extent,  was  so  mounted  over  the  120° 
opening  in  the  main  disk  that  the  two  open  spaces  were  noticeably  different. 
Rotation  of  the  whole  before  the  lamp  resulted  in  the  sending  of  two  suc- 
cessive unequal  flashes  which  could  be  identified  as  a  dot  and  a  dash.- 

The  combination  disk  was  initially  mounted  with  some  arbitrary 
allotment  of  time  to  dot,  dash  and  space,  and  then  rotated  in  such  a  way  as 
to  give  a  haphazard  order,  dot-dash  and  dash-dot  signals,  first  at  one  speed 
and  then  at  another,  while  an  observer  read  and  recorded  the  signals  re- 
ceived. From  a  comparison  of  the  signals  sent  and  the  observers'  records, 
the  greatest  speed  of  reception  of  signals  for  the  given  allotment  was  noted. 
Repetition  with  other  allotments  of  time  to  dot,  dash  and  space  naturally 
led  to  the  best  arrangement  for  the  perception  of  the  signal.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  lest  the  observer,  knowing  the  particular  signal,  should  supplement  his 
observation  by  his  imagination,  several  signals  were  actually  used  and  the 
accuracy  determined  through  the  agreement  between  the  actual  signals 
given  and  the  reported  observations.  After  the  experiment  was  completed 
and  the  results  obtained  for  one  observer,  a  second  observer  was  introduced 
and  the  combined  results  were  taken  in  arriving  at  the  conclusion.  It  was 
found  that  the  total  signal  could  be  given  in  the  least  time  if  the  dot,  dash 
and  space  bore  to  each  other  the  ratio  1:4:3. 

Tests  with  this  arrangement  of  dot,  dash  and  space,  in  which  eight 
different  signals  were  first  presented  in  a  haphazard  order  by  means  of  a 
rotating  sectored  disk  in  front  of  a  steady  glowing  lamp  (Figure  7)  and  then 
by  means  of  flashing  on  and  off  the  ribbon-filament  lamp,  described  above, 
snowed  very  little  difference,  indicating  that  for  the  conditions  of  operation 
there  was  no  need  of  changing  the  design  of  the  lamp  to  make  it  operate 
faster.  In  other  words,  the  determining  factor  in  reading  the  signals  seemed 
to  be  the  eye  rather  than  anything  connected  with  the  flashing  lamp.  Similar 
tests  made  using  a  lamp  with  a  wire-filament  of  tungsten  in  nitrogen  showed, 
in  accordance  with  what  has  been  said,  slight  differences  in  favor  of  the 
ribbon-filament  in  argon. 

THE  LlGHT-SlGNALLING  UNIT  Is  ADOPTED  AT  WASHINGTON 

The  success  of  these  experiments  carried  on  at  the  National 
Lamp  Works  is  indicated  by  the  following  letter  from  Major 
Mendenhall,  supplemented  by  the  subsequent  order,  after 
the  signing  of  the  armistice,  for  fifteen  hundred  6-volt,  2- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


ampere  lamps  containing  a  ribbon-filament  with  very  open 
double-spiral  winding  immersed  in  argon  for  use  in  trench- 
signalling  units. 

WAR  DEPARTMENT 

BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION 

WASHINGTON 

Science  &  Research  Dept.  1023  —  i6th  St.  N.  W. 

November   18,    1918. 
Dr.  E.  P.  Hyde, 
Nela  Research  Laboratory, 
Nela  Park,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

My  dear  Dr.  Hyde:  — 

The  lamps  which  you  referred  to  in  your  letter  of  November 
1  4th  came  today,  and  we  are  very  glad  to  get  them.  While  the  pres- 
sure for  signalling  devices  has  certainly  abated,  we  are  going  ahead 
to  put  the  devices  which  are  under  development  into  somewhat  final 
shape,  pending  receipt  of  any  orders  to  the  contrary.  Therefore,  we 
were  very  glad  to  get  these  lamps  for  trial  in  the  trench  unit. 

I  am  not  quite  clear  from  your  letter  as  to  whether  the  Nela 
Lamp  Development  Laboratory  has  stopped  all  of  its  efforts  to  de- 
velop a  ribbon-filament  lamp  as  a  manufacturing  proposition.  I 
very  much  hope  this  is  not  so,  because  signalling  lamps  are  certainly 
going  to  be  used  and  I  feel  that  the  ribbon-filament  is  a  distinct  ad- 
vance. Unless  the  problem  is  a  long  way  from  being  solved,  I  hope 
that  work  can  continue  on  it. 

Yours  faithfully, 
(Signed)  C.  E.  MENDENHALL, 

Major,  A.  S.,  A.  P. 

THE  WORK  ON  CAMOUFLAGE 

Early  in  the  war  it  became  apparent  to  scientific  men  that 
the  problems  of  visibility  and  of  camouflage  could  be  solved 
satisfactorily  only  by  systematic  investigation.  This  fact  is 
worthy  of  note  because  of  the  popular  idea  that  camouflage, 
especially,  was  an  activity  for  the  artist. 

These  phases  of  modern  warfare  were  not,  in  any  sense, 
new  arts  but  they  became  highly  developed  through  the 
application  of  the  scientific  knowledge  of  the  present  time, 
just  as  other  activities  of  warfare  were  similarly  influenced. 

In  the  fall  of  1917  the  services  of  the  laboratory  were 
requested  in  connection  with  the  army  program  on  camouflage. 
This  work  was  referred  to  Mr.  Luckiesh,  who  initially  visited 
Washington  periodically  and  assisted  as  much  as  possible 
the  Camouflage  Units  which  were  being  mobilized  at  the 


Fig.S — An  Airplane  viewed  against  the  sky.  In  spite  of  the  fact 
that  the  plane  is  painted  white,  it  appears  very  dark  when  silhouetted 
against  the  bright  clouds  and  sky. 


Fig.  f) — Looking  down  on  the  Airplane  from  above.  In  this 
case,  the  earth  is  so  much  darker  than  the  Plane,  that  the  latter  is 
seen  as  a  bright  object. 


Fig.  10 — Since  an  Airplane  is  a  very  small  object  when  viewed 
at  a  few  thousand  feet,  any  pattern  used  to  render  it  of  low  visibility 
should  obviously  cover  a  large  portion  of  the  wing  surface. 


Fig.  II — Use  of  the  Scale  shown  here  enabled  a  Plane  to  be 
"placed"  at  any  desired  altitude  and  in  the  proper  proportion. 
This  assisted  greatly  in  selecting  the  best  pattern  for  camouflage. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  273 

American  University.  Subsequently,  in  order  to  obtain  in- 
formation and  data  that  would  be  of  value,  he  undertook 
the  extended  investigation  of  sky  and  earth  brightnesses 
described  in  the  following  abstract.  The  work  was  conducted 
primarily  for  the  Science  and  Research  Division  of  the  Bureau 
of  Aircraft  Production. 

THE  VISIBILITY  OF  AIRPLANES 

In  order  to  make  an  object  invisible,  it  is  necessary  to 
render  it  of  the  same  appearance  as  the  background.  Hence 
it  is  necessary  to  obtain  accurate  data  pertaining  to  the  back- 
ground, for,  without  such  data,  the  problems  must  be  solved 
by  trial — a  tedious  and  unsatisfactory  method.  While,  of 
course,  it  is  not  possible  in  all  cases  to  realize  the  ideal  of 
complete  invisibility,  objects  may  be  rendered  very  difficult 
to  distinguish.  If  the  background  is  constantly  changing, 
however,  the  problem  becomes  much  more  difficult.  For 
example,  if  an  airplane  viewed  from  above  is  provided  with 
a  pattern  of  certain  colors  and  hues,  it  might  be  fairly  incon- 
spicuous when  over  a  wooded  area  and  yet  be  quite  conspic- 
uous over  ploughed  or  barren  land.  It  is  quite  obvious,  there- 
fore, that  effective  camouflage  for  craft  operating  under 
these  conditions  may  be  determined  in  the  best  manner, 
and  shortest  possible  time  by  first  obtaining  data  pertaining 
to  the  backgrounds.  As  a  consequence  of  this  reasoning  and 
with  a  knowledge  of  the  factors  involved,  a  compact  apparatus 
was  devised  which  could  be  operated  in  aircraft  and  with 
the  necessary  measurements  and  observations  for  studying 
the  conditions  of  camouflage  could  be  made. 

The  program  of  study  of  airplane  camouflage  included 
two  general  viewpoints,  namely,  above  and  below  the  airplane. 
It  is  not  practicable  to  render  a  craft  of  low  visibility  from 
above  and  below  simultaneously,  because  the  solutions  are 
more  or  less  opposed  to  each  other.  When  viewed  from  under- 
neath against  a  background  of  bright  sky  and  clouds  whose 
aspect  changes  from  minute  to  minute,  the  aircraft  is  a  dark 
object  (Fig.  8).  But  when  looking  down  on  the  airplane, 
the  background  is  usually  the  much  darker  earth,  whose 
aspect  changes  from  season  to  season,  and  the  airplane  of 
natural  finish  is  a  bright  object.  (Fig.  9). 

Obviously,  the  character  of  camouflage  which  is  required 
will  depend  upon  the  type  of  airplane,  such  as  bomber,  patrol, 


274  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

scout  plane,  etc.;  upon  the  height  at  which  the  various  aerial 
operations  are  carried  out;  and  upon  various  other  charac- 
teristics of  service. 

THE  VISIBILITY  OF  AN  AIRPLANE  VIEWED  FROM  ABOVE 

Measurements  of  the  reflection-factors  of  earth  areas  were  made  on  a 
great  many  days,  involving  many  hours  of  flying  under  various  kinds  of 
weather  conditions.  The  mean  reflection-factors  obtained  for  various  earth- 
areas  during  the  summer  were  as  follows: 

Fields  of  growing  crops 6.8  per  cent. 

Woods 4.3  per  cent. 

Barren  land 13.0  per  cent. 

Shallow  inland  waters  (rivers,  harbors) 7.4  per  cent. 

Deep  channel  in  Chesapeake  Bay 4.9  per  cent. 

Atlantic  Ocean,  50  miles  from  coast 3.5  per  cent. 

Dense  cloud  bank,  as  high  as ; 78.0  per  cent. 

The  surprising  feature  of  these  values  is  that  they  are  generally  much 
smaller  than  would  be  expected.  This  result  is  explained  on  the  basis  that,  as 
seen  from  above,  there  is  much  shadow  intermingled  with  the  highlights. 
Any  object,  to  be  of  low  visibility  when  viewed  against  the  earth,  must  be 
painted  with  very  dark  shades.  These  values  were  found  not  to  differ  materi- 
ally in  other  seasons.  The  reflection-factor  of  fresh  snow  is  about  80  per  cent. 
That  of  barren  land  differs  considerably  with  the  character  of  the  soil.  Wet 
soil  is  much  darker  than  adjacent  dry  soil. 

Color  in  this  particular  problem  is  of  less  importance  than  brightness, 
and  it  was  found  that  simple  measurements  reinforced  by  experience  ac- 
counted for  this  phase  of  the  problem  satisfactorily. 

The  size  of  the  pattern  to  be  used  in  the  camouflage  aimed  to  render 
airplanes  of  low  visibility  as  viewed  from  above  is  of  more  importance  than 
the  actual  shape  (Fig.  10).  An  airplane  of  5o-foot  spread  is  a  very  small 
object  when  viewed  at  a  few  thousand  feet;  however,  some  slight  pattern  or 
mottling  appears  to  be  desirable.  Pattern  was  studied  photographically, 
series  of  photographs  of  the  same  terrain  being  made  at  altitudes  from  one 
thousand  to  twenty  thousand  feet.  By  knowing  the  dimensions  of  the  optical 
system  of  the  camera  and  those  of  an  airplane,  it  was  possible  to  calculate 
the  size  of  the  image  of  the  object  for  various  heights  of  the  plane  above  the 
earth  or,  in  other  words,  an  airplane  could  be  "placed"  at  any  desired  eleva- 
tion above  the  earth  by  superposing  an  image  of  the  proper  size  upon  a  photo- 
graph. This  feature,  shown  in  the  accompanying  illustration  (Fig.  ii)enabled 
the  best  pattern  to  be  selected  to  obtain  low  visibility. 

These  data,  with  others  of  minor  importance,  made  it  possible  to  con- 
clude the  best  compromise  which  would  render  aircraft  of  low  visibility  as 
viewed  from  above. 

THE  VISIBILITY  OF  AN  AIRPLANE  VIEWED  FROM  BELOW 

The  sky  is  now  the  background.  Measurements  of  its  brightness  were 
made  at  various  altitudes  up  to  20,000  feet.  The  earth-haze  commonly  ex- 
tends to  an  elevation  of  about  a  mile,  and  above  this  point  the  sky  decreases 
more  slowly  in  brightness  as  the  altitude  increases  than  for  the  first  mile.  On 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  275 

extremely  hazy  days,  the  zenith  sky  was  found  to  be  only  one-tenth  as  bright 
for  an  observer  at  20,000  feet  as  it  was  when  viewed  from  the  earth's  surface. 
The  relation  of  sunlight  to  skylight  was  important,  and  was  measured.  At 
the  earth's  surface  on  clear  days  the  sky  contributes  about  20  per  cent  of  the 
total  light.  At  an  altitude  of  20,000  feet  this  was  found  to  be  as  low  as  4  per 
cent.  Cloudy  days  were  also  taken  into  consideration,  and  a  number  of  dia- 
grams were  made  to  show  all  the  possibilities. 

An  obvious  ideal,  from  the  viewpoint  of  low  visibility,  would  be  an 
airplane  of  complete  transparency,  so  that  the  background  could  be  viewed 
through  the  transparent  medium,  unaltered  in  color  and  brightness.  After 
making  an  extensive  investigation  of  these  aspects  and  of  many  others,  in- 
cluding the  translucency  of  airplane  cloth,  it  was  decided  that  bleached  cloth 
tinted  slightly  bluish,  and  maintained  as  translucent  as  possible  by  means  of 
colorless  "dope,"  was  the  best  solution. 

VISIBILITY  OF  AIRPLANES  AT  NIGHT 

If  the  moon  provides  predominant  illumination,  the  solution  is  the 
same  as  that  for  day-flying;  however,  it  appears  that  the  enemy  searchlight 
is  to  be  reckoned  with  chiefly.  By  painting  craft  a  dull  black  or  by  painting 
only  one"  pair  of  wings  black,  it  became  evident  that  the  black  craft  was  of 
lower  visibility  in  the  beam  than  the  unblackened  craft  and  that  it  was 
invisible  in  the  outskirts  when  the  other  craft  was  plainly  visible. 

MARINE  PROBLEMS 

The  foregoing  data  were  immediately  applicable  to  sea-planes,  to  mines, 
and  to  submarines.  The  reflection-factors  and  colors  of  various  kinds  of  water 
made  it  possible  to  progress  rapidly  with  these  problems.  The  hue  of  water 
varies  from  yellow-green  or  green  for  shallow  water  (where  it  partakes  par- 
tially of  the  color  of  the  bottom)  to  blue-green  and  greenish  blue  for  deep, 
clear  water. 

With  the  advent  of  submarine  warfare,  the  importance  of  low  visibility 
of  vessels  decreased,  and  the  principle  of  confusability  was  adopted.  Many 
data  were  available  on  optical  illusions  and,  briefly,  illusion  was  the  under- 
lying principle  of  the  grotesque  patterns  finally  adopted.  As  a  secondary 
feature,  it  was  desirable  to  have  the  patterns  merge  at  a  distance  into  the 
desired  blue-gray.  The  optical  illusions  of  contrasty  patterns  in  black  and 
white  aimed  to  confuse  the  enemy  as  to  the  course,  speed  and  direction  of  his 
intended  victim.  Advisory  assistance  was  given  during  the  development  of 
laboratory  investigations  of  this  phase  of  camouflage. 

The  Navy  also  desired  a  pure  blue  glass  for  making  enclosing  glassware 
for  the  lighting  circuits  of  vessels.  The  result  was  a  blue  light  of  low  intensity, 
which  would  have  a  maximum  illuminating  value  and  minimum  penetrating 
power  as  compared  with  other  colors.  This  glass  was  produced,  and  the 
I  van  hoe- Regent  Works  supplied  many  thousand  pieces. 

TERRESTRIAL  CAMOUFLAGE 

The  variety  of  problems  was  infinite,  so  in  the  strenuous  days  when 
camouflage  units  were  being  formed  under  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  it  appeared 
best  to  teach  the  principles  of  light,  color,  lighting  and  vision  to  the  members 


276  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

of  these  units.  Much  time  was  devoted  to  this  activity.  Experiments  were 
suggested,  performed  and  criticized  and  many  details  were  worked  out  in 
the  field  and  in  the  laboratory.  For  example,  a  paint  was  developed  which 
matched  the  green  of  vegetation  fairly  well  spectrally.  This  feature  was 
emphasized  because  it  was  not  sufficient  that  colors  appear  the  same  to  the 
naked  eye.  By  means  of  colored  filters  before  the  eye  or  camera,  differences 
undetectable  by  the  unaided  eye  were  easily  revealed.  Many  filters  were 
made  and  supplied  for  such  experimental  work,  with  the  aim  that  in  this 
manner  the  enemy's  camouflage  might  be  detected.  Furthermore,  under 
some  conditions  a  color-filter  will  increase  visibility. 

In  the  early  work  with  the  camouflage  units  the  avail- 
able data  were  rare,  but  after  the  completion  of  the  extensive 
measurements  involved  in  the  investigation  of  the  visibility 
of  airplanes,  a  vast  amount  of  data  was  available  for  various 
phases  of  camouflage.  As  a  consequence,  new  work  was  begun 
upon  the  texture,  brightness  and  color  of  netting  for  con- 
cealment purposes,  and  some  of  the  standardized  patterns 
for  cannons,  wagons,  etc.,  were  shown  to  be  futile.  The  prob- 
lem of  rendering  observation  balloons  of  low  visibility  was 
given  attention  among  other  phases.  In  other  words,  it  was 
possible  by  this  time  to  place  all  camouflage  work  upon  a 
scientific  basis  of  known  facts. 

The  work  on  the  visibility  of  airplanes  was  done  for  the 
Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production  and  was  submitted  to  Lieut.- 
Col.  Millikan,  who  comments  as  follows  upon  this4  and  other 
work  done  for  the  National  Research  Council: 

NATIONAL  RESEARCH  COUNCIL 

Acting  as  the 
Department  of  Science  and  Research 

of  the 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE 

March  26,  1919. 
Mr.  M.  Luckiesh, 
Nela  Research  Laboratory, 
Nela  Park,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Dear  Mr.  Luckiesh: 

Since  my  own  term  as  Chairman  of  the  Physical  Science 
Division  of  the  National  Research  Council  is  about  to  expire,  let 
me  express  my  very  hearty  appreciation  of  the  exceedingly  import- 
ant work  which  you  did  for  the  Council.  From  a  scientific  point  of 
view  we  have  no  other  memoir  which  is  more  complete  or  more  care- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  277 

fully  prepared  than  the  one  which  you  wrote  on  the  Visibility  of  Air- 
planes. 

Very  cordially  yours, 

(Signed) 

(Lieut.-Col.)  R.  A.  MILLIKAN, 
Vice-Chairman 


NAVY  DEPARTMENT 

OFFICE  OF  NAVAL  OPERATIONS 

WASHINGTON 

Nov.  2,  1918. 
M.  Luckiesh,  Esq. 
Council  of  National  Defense, 
Nela  Park,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Dear  Sir: 

We  are  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  October  22,  1918,  with  at- 
tached digest  of  your  report  of  the  Visibility  of  Airplanes.  This  is 
of  great  interest  to  the  Department  and  will  enable  us  to  proceed 
at  once  with  further  development  in  this  direction. 

We  wish  to  thank  you  for  the  data  which  you  have  already 
furnished  this  office,  and  hope  that  the  results  of  your  further  studies 
on  this  subject  will  be  received. 

Sincerely  yours, 
(Signed)     G.  W.  STEELE, 

Captain,    U.    S.    N. 


WAR  DEPARTMENT 

OFFICE  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ENGINEERS 

WASHINGTON 

Feb.    6,    1918. 
Mr.  M.  Luckiesh, 
Nela  Research  Laboratory, 
Nela  Park,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Dear  Sir: 


I  wish  to  express  my  great  appreciation  for  the  service  that 
you  have  rendered  the  Camouflage  Department  in  the  past. 


Very  respectfully, 

W.  M.  BLACK 

Major  General,  Chief  of  Engineers. 
j^By  Randolph  F.  Beardsley, 
Capt.,  Engineer  Reserve  Corps. 


278  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

OTHER  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  THE  RESEARCH  LABORATORY 

Various  other  problems  were  investigated  upon  sugges- 
tions received  from  the  National  Research  Council.  Among 
these  may  be  mentioned  the  design  of  a  lamp  to  be  used  in 
photographing  bomb  trajectories,  made  by  Dr.  Worthing. 

Dr.  Weniger  undertook  an  investigation  of  the  possible 
use  of  infra-red  radiation  for  both  signalling  and  photo- 
graphing, but  this  work  had  not  led  to  any  practical  results 
when  the  war  terminated. 

Mr.  Luckiesh  also  worked  on  the  standardization  and 
measurement  of  colors  of  flares  and  rockets,  the  range  of  colored 
lights,  color-filters  for  various  purposes,  mechanical  devices 
for  attaching  color-filters  to  binoculars,  lectures  to  engineers 
on  lighting,  obtaining  aerial  data  for  the  photographic  division, 
and  various  other  activities. 

In  addition  to  these  specific  investigations,  all  the  members 
of  the  Laboratory  staff  were  called  upon  from  time  to  time 
to  assist  others  in  connection  with  war  problems.  It  may 
be  stated  that  practically  the  entire  time  of  the  Laboratory 
staff  was  given  over  to  the  study  of  war  problems  from  a 
few  months  after  war  was  declared  until  after  the  armistice 
was  signed. 

The  members  of  the  staff  of  the  Nela  Research  Laboratory 
who  entered  the  service  are  P.  W.  Cobb,  H.  M.  Johnson, 
Lucien  D.Coman,Geo.E. Hathaway  and  Ralph  Curth.  Further 
reference  to  their  records  may  be  found  in  Part  I  of  this 
book.  The  men  who  were  engaged  in  civilian  war  activities 
of  a  scientific  nature  are  as  follows: 

Edward  P.  Hyde,  Member  Advisory  Committee,  Engi- 
neering Division,  National  Research  Council,  representing 
Illuminating  Engineering  Society. 

P.  W.  Cobb,  H.  M.  Johnson,  W.  Weniger,  E.  P.  Hyde, 
Chairman,  Committee  on  Binocular  vs.  Monocular  Field- 
glasses  (Sub-committee  of  Physics  Committee,  National 
Research  Council). 

M.  Luckiesh,  Chairman  of  Committee  on  Camouflage 
(Sub-committee  of  Physics  Committee,  National  Research 
Council). 

W.  E.  Forsythe,  Member  of  Committee  on  Pyrometry 
(Sub-committee  of  Engineering  Division,  National  Research 
Council). 


The  Nela  Avenue  Approach  to  Nela  Park,  showing  the  Gate  Lodge 
and  the  Engineering  Laboratory 


THE  WAR  WORK  OF  THE  ENGINEERING 
DEPARTMENT 

Immediately  upon  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into 
the  war,  steps  were  taken  to  assure  the  Government  that  all 
the  facilities  of  the  Engineering  Department  were  at  its 
disposal.  As  was  to  be  expected,  a  great  deal  of  work  was 
done  along  strictly  illuminating  engineering  lines,  but  work 
of  a  larger  and  more  varied  scope,  undertaken  by  individual 
members  of  the  Department,  was  greatly  facilitated  by  the 
co-operation  of  the  existing  department  units  which  were 
particularly  well  equipped  to  render  detailed  assistance. 
In  this  class  may  be  mentioned  experimental  work  on  ground 
telegraph  systems,  development  of  standardized  vacuum 
tube  tests,  preparation  of  manuscripts  on  protective  lighting 
and  fuel  conservation,  and  so  forth. 

The  Engineering  Department  during  the  war  comprised 
the  following  seven  Sections: 

1.  Executive  Office; 

2.  Commercial  Engineering  Section; 

3.  Economics  Section; 

4.  Illuminating  Engineering  Section; 

5.  Technical  Publicity  Section; 

6.  Research  Section; 

7.  Testing  Section. 

Some  of  the  war  problems  were  of  such  a  nature  that  they 
could  be  handled  best  as  Section  activities,  because  they 
lay  within  the  scope  of  the  regular  Section  work.  Others 
were  placed  under  the  supervision  of  a  certain  Section  to 
gain  the  advantage  of  centralized  control  but  were  solved 
by  the  combined  efforts  of  several  Sections  working  in  closest 
co-operation.  Still  other  problems  required  the  attention  of 
individuals  who  supplemented  their  own  special  training 
and  experience  with  that  of  their  colleagues  in  the  Department. 

During  the  war,  a  large  part  of  the  work  was  carried  on 
with  the  greatest  secrecy.  Only  a  general  indication  of  the 
work  actually  accomplished  is  permissible  even  at  the  time 
of  this  writing. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  war  service  work  of  the 
various  Sections,  undertaken  as  regular  Section  activities 
in  order  to  gain  the  advantage  of  co-operation  and  organization. 


280  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  CHIEF  ENGINEER 

By  reason  of  its  function  in  the  organization,  the  office 
of  Mr.  S.  E.  Doane,  Chief  Engineer,  was  the  logical  point 
of  departure  for  supervisory  control  over  the  various  activ- 
ities. In  this  connection  an  informal  committee  consisting 
of  representatives  of  the  Engineering  Department,  Lamp 
Development  Laboratory,  and  Nela  Research  Laboratory, 
was  organized  in  the  spring  of  1918.  The  following  general 
projects  were  taken  under  consideration: 

(1)  Complying    with    requests    from    different    branches    of 
the  Government  for  special  lamps  and  lighting  equipment; 

(2)  Arranging  conferences  with  men  from  the  Lynn  Works 
in    connection   with   the   searchlights    and     signal-lights 
which  that  Works  was  developing; 

(3)  Arranging  means  for  co-operation  with  the  other  principal 
lamp  manufacturers; 

(4)  Arranging  for  the  early  and  successful  termination  of  the 
various  activities  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities. 

This  committee  held  a  number  of  meetings,  two  of  which 
were  attended  by  Major  Mendenhall  of  the  Signal  Corps, 
Science  and  Research  Section,  and  one  of  which  was  attended 
by  Lieut.  Tate  of  the  same  Section. 

THE   EXECUTIVE  OFFICE 

With  a  desire  to  serve  to  the  fullest  extent  in  the  prose- 
cution of  the  war,  Mr.  W.  M.  Skiff,  Manager  of  the  Engineering 
Department,  and  his  staff,  in  conjunction  with  the  Office 
of  the  Chief  Engineer,  laid  before  the  government  departments 
the  services  of  the  personnel,  organization  and  equipment 
of  the  Engineering  Department  and  conferred  with  numerous 
officials  as  to  what  problems  could  most  effectively  be  handled 
by  the  Engineering  Department.  In  addition  to  tendering 
the  services  of  the  Department  to  the  Government,  this 
Section  took  up  the  following  work 

(1)  Assisting  in  the  work  on  pliotron  tubes,  signal  apparatus, 
searchlights,  and  ground  telephone  systems; 

(2)  Switchboard   layout    and   control    apparatus   for   U.    S. 
dental  trucks. 

The  design  and  construction  of  special  machinery  and 
the  standardization  of  tests  helped  to  make  quantity  pro- 
duction of  vacuum  tubes  possible.  These  tubes  played  a 


Samples  of  33-ampere  and   8o-ampere   i2-volt  Projector  Lamp 

developed  for  use  in   Combined  Landing-and- 

Searchlight  Unit  for  Airplanes 


Shutter  Arrangement  and  Convex  Mirror,  used  in  the  Landing-and- 
Searchlight  Unit 


When  used  as  a  Landing  Light  on  an  Airplane,  the  Convex-Mirror 

A  was  lowered  as  shown  and  the  beam  directed  to 

any  spot  on  the  Landing  Field 


General  View  of  Complete  Set-up  for  the  Various  Tests  on  Landing 
and  Signalling  Lights 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  281 

highly  important  part  in  the  development  of  successful  radio 
communication   (see  pages  229  to  246). 

.COMMERCIAL  ENGINEERING  SECTION 

The  contributions  of  this  Section  to  the  war  work  of 
the  Government  were  grouped  under  two  headings;  that 
taken  up  at  the  request  of  the  War  Department  for  the  Army 
and  that  taken  up  at  the  request  of  the  Navy  Department 
for  the  Navy. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  P.  F.  Bauder,  Manager  of  the 
Miniature  Lamp  Department  of  the  National  Lamp  Works, 
a  committee  consisting  of  Messrs.  J.  T.  Caldwell,  C.  M. 
Bunnell  and  W.  McKay  were  appointed  to  handle  all  minia- 
ture lamp  activities  for  the  National  Lamp  Works,  the  Edison 
Lamp  Works,  and  the  H.  W.  McCandless  Company  respec- 
tively. Complete  co-operation  existed  in  all  this  work  and,  as 
a  result  of  the  joint  committee,  results  were  obtained  most 
efficiently. 

Further  co-operation  was  obtained  from  the  Burgess 
Battery  Company,  Madison,  Wisconsin;  the  National  Carbon 
Company,  Cleveland;  and  the  American  Eveready  Works 
of  the  National  Carbon  Company,  by  the  submitting  of  sample 
batteries  free  of  charge  for  test  purposes.  Likewise,  Mr. 
Nightingale  of  the  Willard  Storage  Battery  Company,  Cleve- 
land, was  of  great  assistance  in  supplying  sample  storage 
batteries  for  test  purposes  for  all  developmental  work  where 
storage  batteries  were  used.  Close  co-operation  was  main- 
tained with  Mr.  C.  A.  B.  Halvorson,  Jr.,  of  the  Lynn  Works 
of  General  Electric  Co.,  on  all  work  pertaining  to  searchlight 
lamps. 

Some  of  the  developments  and  co-operative  work  which 
were  carried  on  for  the  Government  are  as  follows: 

/.     Landing-Lights  for  Airplanes. 

(a)  Development  of  landing-lights,  searchlights,  navigation, 
compass  and  instrument  lights  for  four  types  of  electrically  equipped 
planes,  for  the  Production   Engineering  Department,   Bureau  of          . 
Aircraft  Production. 

(b)  Compass    lamp    for    non-electrically    equipped    plane, 
Production  Engineering  Department,  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Produc- 
tion.    A    i^-volt,    o.35-ampere,  G-jJ-2  lamp  was  recommended. 

(c)  Sample  8-inch  and  1 2-inch  metallic  reflectors  designed 
by  the  Section  and  manufactured  by  the  Guide  Motor  Lamp  Com- 


282  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

pany  were  developed  but,  due  to  various  difficulties  from  the  use 
of  metallic  reflectors,  it  was  decided  to  concentrate  on  the  use  of 
the  1 1 -inch  diameter,  Navy  searchlight,  parobolic-glass  mirror  for  a 
combined  landing  and  searchlight  unit.  This  unit  was  developed 
for  the  Section  by  the  Lynn  Works  of  the  G.  E.  Co.,  and. tested  out 
in  July,  1918.  The  preliminary  tests  proved  satisfactory  to  the 
Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production  representatives. 

(d)  Sample  12- volt,  12  ampere,  6-25  MAZDA  C  lamp  devel- 
oped for  G.  E.  (Lynn)  5-inch  landing  light. 

(e)  Sample  jj-ampere,   12- volt,  G-jo;   5O-ampere,   1 2- volt, 
G-jo;  and  8o-ampere,  12-volt,  6-40  MAZDA  C  projector  lamps  devel- 
oped for  the  Production  Engineering  Department,  Bureau  of  Air- 
craft  Production,  for    i  i-inch    diameter    combined    landing    and 
searchlight  unit;   this  unit  was  recommended   for  final   test  for 
airplane  service. 

(f)  A  i5-ampere,  G-25,  €-5  and  C-8,  D.  C.  Bayonet  MAZDA  C 
lamp  to  be  operated  from  a  5-cell  Willard  Storage  Battery  of  the 
SBR  type  was  developed  for  use   as  a  landing-light  on  Caproni 
Bombing  Plane. 

(g)  An  inquiry  was  received  for  the  development  of  a  12-volt 
airplane  landing-light  lamp  to  cover  a  circular  spot  100  feet  in  diam- 
eter from  a  height  of  500  feet,  for  the  Aircraft  Division  of  the  Ford 
Motor  Company.  This  development  was  held  up  to  await  final 
test  on  the  combined  landing  and  searchlight  unit. 

(h)  A  i2-i6-volt,  i>^-ampere,  24-candlepower,G-i2,C-8,D.C. 
bayonet  MAZDA  C  lamp  with  a  life  of  100  hours,  was  developed  for 
Lt.  W.  H.  Smith  of  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering  for  use  in 
small  searchlights  and  landing-lights  on  seaplanes.  The  five  sample 
lamps  submitted  proved  satisfactory  from  the  standpoint  of 
illumination  and  vibration  test,  but  the  searchlight  unit  was  un- 
satisfactory for  landing  on  water. 

2.     Airplane  Signal-Lights  and  Searchlights. 

(a)  A  240  watt,  12-volt,  G-jo  MAZDA  C  lamp  developed  for 
G.  E.   (Lynn)   7-inch  diameter  parabolic  combined  searchlight  and 
signal  unit. 

(b)  Sample  2-ampere,  6-volt  MAZDA  lamps  developed  for 
G.  E.  (Lynn)  6-inch  diameter  signal  unit. 

(c)  i>£-ampere,  4-volt,   G-I2   MAZDA  lamp  developed  for 
G.  E.  (Lynn)  3>^-inch  diameter  portable  signal  unit. 

(d)  Sample  i-ampere  and  2-candlepower,  1 2- volt,  flattened 
double   helical   filament,   D.    C.    bayonet   MAZDA    C   lamps   were 
requested  to  be  developed  by  Major  C.  E.  Mendenhall  in  the  Evans 
spiral  mould  bulb  containing  a  segment  of  parabola. and  sphere 
in  one  bulb,  in  order  to  make  each  lamp  an  individual  signal  unit. 
This  development  was  impractical,  due  to  the  contour  of  the  bulb, 
and  was   not   carried   to  completion. 

(e)  The  rate  of  sending  and  receiving  light  signals  from 
incandescent    lamps,  as    obtained  from  various  corps  officers  and 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  283 

instructors,  was  forwarded   to  Major   C.   E.   Mendenhall    of  the 
Research  and  Science  Division. 

(f)  Complete  information  on  various  types  of  lamps  for  sig- 
nal work  was  forwarded  to  Lts.  A.  E.  Hults  and  Jacobus,  and  Major 

C.  E.  Mendenhall,  at  the  request  of  S.  P.  Wilbur,  Production  De- 
partment, Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production. 

(g)  At  the  request  of  the   Bureau  of  Steam   Engineering 
Department,  sample  icowatt,  32,  80,  and    H5-volt,  G-iSyZ,  C-5 
filament  MAZDA  C  lamps  with  special  base  were  developed  to  be 
used  in  the  Aldis  Daylight  Signal  units,  and  to  be  operated  from 
regular  ship  circuits,  thus  eliminating  the  use  of  storage  batteries. 
The  above  samples  proved  satisfactory  and  were  approved. 

(h)  At  the  request  of  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering, 
proper  32,  80  and  i  i5-volt  MAZDA  lamps  to  replace  the  2.5-volt,o.3o- 
ampere,'  F.  E.  3^  MAZDA  flashlight  lamp;  and  6-volt,  2^-amp.,C-8, 
G-I2  MAZDA  lamp  for  the  portable  tube  blinker  were  supplied. 
The  lamps  were  operated  in  a  3>£-inch  diameter,  ^-inch  focus, 
parabolic  reflector. 

(i)  Proper  lamps  for  four  and  eight  No.  4  Reserve  Dry  cells 
for  14  and  24-centimeter  French  signal  units  for  Major  Evans 
and  Major  Mauborgne,  Engineering  Division,  Signal  Corps,  Wash- 
ington, and  the  Delta  Electric  Co.,  Marion,  Ind.,  were  developed 
and  approved. 

(j)  A  1 2- volt,  2-ampere  MAZDA  lamp  for  6-inch  aeroplane 
signal  unit  for  Major  Mendenhall  and  Lieutenant  Tate,  Research 
and  Science  Division,  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production,  Washington, 
and  the  Lynn  Works  of  the  G.  E.  Co. 

(k)  Investigation  of  the  beam  candlepower  necessary  for 
daylight  signalling  for  Major  C.  E.  Mendenhall  and  Lieutenant 
Tate,  Research  and  Science  Division,  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production, 
Washington,  and  Mr.  S.  P.  Wilbur,  Production  Engineering  Depart- 
ment, Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

(1)  Standardization  of  the  use  of  the  regular  2.5-volt,  0.3- 
ampere,  FE3^  MAZDA  flashlight  lamps  for  Navy  portable  blinker 
tubes  for  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering;  Commander  Castle, 
T.  L.  Gatchel  and  Lieutenants  Knight  and  Smith  and  the  Delta 
Electric  Co.,  Marion,  Ind.;  also  the  Wakefield  Brass  Co.,  Vermilion, 
Ohio. 

(m)  Replacing  the  present  blinker  tube  lamps  with  regular 
32,  80  and  i25-volt  MAZDA  lamps  and  thus  standardizing  on  lamps 
of  regular  ship  voltages  for  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering. 

(n)  Revision  of  "Aldis"  daylight  signal  lamp,  English 
specifications,  for  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering. 

(o)  Sample  6-volt,  o.6o-ampere,  G-io  clear,  and  G-ro 
ruby,  D.  C.  medium  bayonet  MAZDA  C  lamps  for  use  on  4  No.  6  re- 
serve cells;  and  12-volt,  o.6o-ampere,  G-I2  clear  and  G-I2  ruby, 

D.  C.  medium  bayonet  MAZDA  C  lamps  for  use  on  8  No.  6  reserve 
cells.  These  lamps  were  used  as  signal  lamps  in  the  14  and  24-cm. 
French   projectors   developed   by   the   Delta   Electric   Company. 


284  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

200,000  lamps   were    supplied    to    the   Delta  Electric   Company. 

(p)  Information  on  MAZDA  C  Projector  lamps  when  used  on 
Delco  Country  Home  Lighting  outfits,  was  supplied  to  Mr.  W.  H. 
Booker  of  the  North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Health  for  educational 
work  in  France. 

(q)  A  3-ampere,  lo-volt,  G-i6^  D.  C.  bayonet  C-2  filament 
MAZDA  C  lamp,  with  a  life  of  10  hours  on  a  battery  of  the  5-cell 
Exide  AC-y  and  Willard  SY-Sg,  was  developed  for  the  Bureau  of 
Steam  Engineering,  Navy  Department,  to  be  used  in  the  portable 
searchlight  with  an  8^2-inch  diameter,  ip/^-inch  focus,  parabolic 
reflector.  This  lamp  proved  satisfactory. 

j.     Indicator  Lights 

(a)  Sample  6-volt,  o.i5-ampere,  G-3,5^  MAZDA  lamps  with 
two  No.  1822  bases;  and  6  and  12- volt,  o.i5-ampere,  T-3  MA«DA 
lamps  with  two  No.  1822  short  bases  were  developed  for  the  Metal 
Specialties  Company  of  Chicago  for  meter  lamps  on  the  De  Hav- 
iland    planes,    manufactured    by    the    Dayton-Wright    Aeroplane 
Company.  These  lamps  fitted  into  a  sleeve  with  a  graduated  slot 
to  permit  whatever  intensity  of  illumination  was  desired  on  the 
various  instruments,  depending  upon   the  period  of  the  day  in 
which  the  lamps  were  operated.  These  lamps,  while  satisfactory, 
were  not  approved,  due  to  the  non-approval  of  the  apparatus. 

(b)  A  1 2- volt,  o.i2-ampere,  o.io-candlepower  MAZDA  G-6 
clear,  C-6  filament,  D.  C.  bayonet  MAZDA  lamp  was  developed 
and  approved  as  the  DH-I  lamp;  this  lamp  was  used  as  the  in- 
strument lamp  on  the  De  Haviland-4  plane. 

(c)  A  1 2-1 6  volt,  o.42-ampere,  4-candlepower,  G-8  clear,  C-2 
filament,   D.   C.   bayonet  MAZDA   lamp   was   recommended   and 
approved  as  the  DH-N  lamp.;  this  lamp  was  used  as  the  navi- 
gatidn  and  tail-light  for  the  De  Haviland-4  plane. 

(d)  A  i2-volt,  o.i2-ampere,  o.io-candlepower,  G-^/4  frosted 
miniature  screw,  C-2  MAZDA  lamp  was  developed  as  the  DH-C 
lamp;  this  lamp  was  used  as  the  compass  lamp  on  the  type  B 
Sperry  compass  used  on  the  De  Haviland-4  plane.  Various  orders 
for  the  three  items  above  were  supplied  to  the  Metal  Specialties 
Company,  Lynn  Works  of  General  Electric  Company  and  to  many 
other  customers. 

(e)  The  6-8  volt,  i>^-ampere,  lo-candlepower,  G-I2  clear, 
D.   C.   bayonet,  8-4  filament  MAZDA  lamp  was  developed  and 
approved  as  the  navigation  lamp  for  the  JN-6  H.  B.  plane. 

(f)  A  2-ampere,  G-I2  D.  C.  bayonet,  C-2  filament  MAZDA 
lamp  to  be  operated  from  a  5-cell  Willard  Storage  battery  of  the 
SBR  type  was  developed  for  the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production 
for  use  on  the  Caproni    bombing  plane. 

(g)  A     12-volt,     i  >2-candlepower,     G-3>4,     C-2     filament, 
miniature  screw  base  MAZDA  lamp  was  developed  as   a  special 
airplane  instrument  lamp  for  Major  C.   E.   Mendenhall  of  the 
Research   and   Science   Division;   the  lamps   were   approved   but 
could  not  be  used,  as  the  instruments  in  which  they  were  to  be 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  285 

mounted  could   not  be   obtained   from   the   English  Government. 

(h)  A  1 2-1 6  volt,  o.26-ampere,  2-candlepower,  G-6  S.  C. 
bayonet  MAZDA  lamp  was  developed  for  Major  Mendenhall  and 
the  W.  C.  Rieker  Company,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  for  use  in  the 
Airplane  Inclinometer. 

(i)  A  3^-ampere,  i4-volt,  6o-candlepower,  G-i6>£,  C-6 
filament,  D.  C.  bayonet  MAZDA  C  lamp  was  developed  for  the  West- 
ern Electric  Company,  N.  Y.;  230  sample  lamps  were  shipped  to 
Messrs.  Ranney  and  Jewett  of  the  Western  Electric  Company  and 
proved  satisfactory. 

(j)  A  9-volt,  o.26-ampere,  2-candlepower,  G-6  S.  C.  bay- 
onet MAZDA  lamp  was  recommended  to  the  Production  Engineering 
Department,  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production,  as  a  trouble-lamp 
on  airplanes.  This  lamp  was  approved. 

(k)  Mr.  G.  S.  Merrill  submitted  sample  no-volt,  2-candle- 
power, G-8  D.  C.  bayonet  Carbon  lamp  to  Capt.  G.  F.  Gray  of  the 
Radio  Section,  Signal  Corps,  as  an  indicator  lamp. 

(1)  Requests  came  from  the  Indiana  Lamp  Company,  Julius 
Andrae  and  Sons,  and  the  Corcoran  Victor  Co.,  Cincinnati,  for 
i5O-watt  and  25o-watt,  i2-volt,  G-jo  bulb,  D.  C.  medium  bay- 
onet MAZDA  C  lamps,  for  7-inch  diameter  parabolic  reflector 
searchlights  and  72-watt,  12-volt,  6-25  D.  C.  medium  bayonet 
MAZDA  lamp  in  a  5-inch  diameter  parabolic  reflector  landing- 
light;  and  j-candlepower,  12-volt,  G  bulb  bayonet  base,  marker 
and  tail  lights  for  seaplane.  Samples  were  submitted. 

(m)  A  12-volt  navigation  lamp  for  use  on  a  Navy  seaplane 
was  requested  by  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering;  the  lamp 
submitted  and  which  proved  satisfactory  was  a  12-volt,  0.26- 
ampere,  G-6,  D.  C.  bayonet,  3-candlepower,  MAZDA  automobile 
lamp. 

(n)  At  the  request  of  the  Goodyear  Tire  and  Rubber  Com- 
pany, Akron,  Ohio,  through  Mr.  R.  H.  Upson,  Aero  Engineer,  a 
6.2-volt,  o.3o-ampere,  G-5>^  MAZDA  lamp  operated  from  a  No.yio 
Eveready  Flashlight  battery,  was  supplied  as  a  dirigible  pilot 
light;  the  weight  of  the  complete  outfit  was  not  to  exceed  one 
pound,  nor  was  the  buoy  to  extend  to  a  greater  depth  than  18 
inches  in  the  water;  the  life  of  the  lamp  was  to  be  from  15  to  20 
minutes. 

4.     Trench  Signal  and  Special  Lights. 

(a)  A  2-ampere,  6- volt,  G-I2  D.  C.  bayonet  8-4  filament 
MAZDA  C  lamp  was  developed  for  the  trench  signal  unit  for  Major 
Mendenhall    by    the    Lamp    Development    Laboratory    and    Dr. 
Worthing;  lamps  were  supplied  through  the  Lynn  Works  of  the 
G.  E.  Co.,  for  300  units. 

(b)  A  6-volt,  2-ampere  MAZDA  lamp  for  6-inch  trench  signal 
unit  for  Major  Mendenhall  and  Lieutenant  Tate,  Research  and 
Science  Division,  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production  and  the  Lynn 
Works  of  the  G.  E.  Co.,  was  submitted  and  approved. 

(c)  Trench  sight,  including  lamp,  for  use  on  six  different 
types  of  mounts  for  Captain  D.  S.  Cole,  Engineering  Division, 


286  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Mobile  Gun  Carriage  Section,  Ordnance  Department,  Washington. 

(d)  A  ^-ampere  and  a  i -ampere,  G-8  MAZDA  lamp  for  use 
on  the  Exide  AC-y  and  Willard  2-cell  battery  to  meet  Navy  speci- 
fication of  10  hours'  life  on  the  battery,  were  developed  for  the 
Hawthorne  Manufacturing  Company  and  Grether  Fire  Equipment 
Company;  four  hundred  lamps  were  shipped  to  the  Grether  Fire 
Equipment    Company    after    samples    had    proven    satisfactory. 
Samples  were  also  sent  to  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering. 

(e)  Duplicate  samples  of  the  English  lamps  used  in   the 
Aldis   Daylight   Signal   Unit   were   submitted    to   the    Bureau   of 
Steam  Engineering  together  with   samples  of  similar    lamps  with 
the  modifications  for  test  purposes  that  at  10  volts  the  lamps  were 
to  rate  5o-candlepower   at  0.70  w.  p.  c.  and  at  12  volts,  loo-can- 
dlepower  at  0.45  w.  p.  c.,  using  a  C-2  filament  G-i6^  bulb  spe- 
cial base.     Both  samples  were  approved  by  the  Bureau  of  Steam 
Engineering,  and  were  to  be  used  with  the  Willard  SY-6y  or  SOR-26 
type  storage    battery;  an  order  for  36,000  lamps  was  placed  after 
the  test  on  the  above  sample. 

(f)  The  U.  S.  Naval  Experimental  Station  at  New  London, 
Connecticut,  requested   the  development  of  a  2oo-watt,  jo-volt, 
T-i4,  C~5  or  C-I3  filament,  MAZDA  C  lamp  and  6oo-watt,  3O-vo't, 
T-2O,  C-i4  filament  with  a  source  size  not  exceeding  one  inch  square, 
either  in  the  shape  of  a  circle  or  triangle  in  a  horizontal  plane. 

(g)  A    4.o-volt,    O-50-ampere,     G-5,    8-3    filament  special 
base  MAZDA  lamp  of  300  hours'  life,  was  developed. 

5.     Hand-Lantern,  Tractor  and  Army  Truck  Lights. 

(a)  2-volt,    o.3O-ampere,    o.5o-ampere,    and    o.8o-ampere, 
G-5>^    miniature    screw    MAZDA    lamps    for    hand-lanterns    were 
recommended  to  the  O.  M.  O.  Storage  Battery  Company.  One 
hundred  samples  of  each  lamp  were  submitted. 

(b)  A  2.5-volt,  o.3o-ampere,  F.  E.  3^  opal  back  flashlight 
lamp  was  recommended   to   the  Ordnance   Department   through 
the   Delta   Electric    Company   for   hand-lanterns;    approximately 
100,000  lamps  were  originally  supplied. 

(c)  Request    for    the   development   of   i -ampere,    2.5-volt, 
G-io  D.  C.  bayonet  MAZDA  hand-lantern  lamps  to  be  operated 
from  2  No.  6  dry  cells  in  series,  using  dark  blue  glass  bulbs  to 
decrease  the  visibility  of  the  lamp  on  board  of  ship.  A  regular 
i-ampere,   2X-volt,  G-io  MAZDA  lamp,  clear  bulb,  was  recom- 
mended  for   the   above  service,  using  a  special   Ivanhoe-Regent 
blue  cover  glass  for  the  cover  plate  in  the  hand-lantern.  This  was 
approved  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Gatchell,  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering, 
Navy  Department. 

(d)  The  development  of  a  2.5-volt,  i.o-ampere,  G-io  bulb, 
D.  C.  bayonet,  S-2  half-twist  filament,  to  be  operated  from  2  No. 
6  dry  cells  in  series,  and  to  give  a  life  of  ten  hours  on  the  battery, 
was  developed  for  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering,  Navy   De- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  287 

partment,  for  use  in  a  5^-inch  diameter,   i-inch  focus  reflector 
for  Navy  hand-lanterns.  This  lamp  was  approved. 

(e)  A  i.o-ampere,  4.o-volt,  G-8  D.  C.  bayonet,  S-2  filament 
MAZDA  lamp  to  give  10  hours'  service  on  2  cells  of  the  Exide  AC-7 
and  Willard  SY-Sg  type  battery  was  developed  for  the  Navy  hand- 
lantern  for  the  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering;  samples  were  sub- 
mitted to  the  Navy  Department,  Grether  Fire  Equipment  and 
Hawthorne  Manufacturing  Company,  and  were  approved. 

(f)  i8-24-volt,     2i-candlepower,    G-I2     MAZDA     headlight 
lamps    and    i8-24-volt,    4-candlepower,  G-8    MAZDA    lamps,    for 
use  on  the  Fordson  Tractor,  were  recommended  to  the  Edison 
Lamp  Works  and  to  the  Peerless  Lamp  Division  of  the  National 
Lamp  Works. 

(g)  The  following  lamp  specifications  were  supplied  to  Capt. 
William   M.   Britton   and    Major  Edward  Orton,  Transportation 
Division,  Q.  M.  Corps   and   to  the  Lynn  Works  of  G.  E.  Com- 
pany, for  MAZDA  lamps  to  be  used  on  army  trucks:  the  projector 
lamp,  6-voft,   6-ampere,  6o-candlepower,   C-8,   G-i8^,   SC   bay- 
onet, MAZDA  C  lamp  for  searchlight;  2^2-ampere,  6-8-volt,  21- 
candlepower,  G-I2,  MAZDA  C  lamp  for  special  searchlights;  in- 
strument lamp  o.84-ampere,  3— 4-volt,  2-candlepower,  G-6  MAZDA; 
special   lamps     i.25-ampere,    6-8-volt,    6-candlepower,   G-8,   and 
i.5o-ampere,  6-8-volt,  1 2-candlepower,  G-8.  These  lamps  were  used 
in  the  specifications  for  40,000  iJ/2-ton  and  3-ton  gas  motor  trucks 
equipped  with  lead-acid  type  storage  batteries. 

6.     Gun  Sights  for  Ordnance  Department. 

(a)  A     i.25-volt,    o.i2-ampere,    T-i}4    frosted,    minimum 
candlepower,    special    miniature    base,    MA!ZDA    lamp    and    bead- 
sight  was  developed  as  an  illuminated  bead-sight  for  Major  A.  G. 
Newton  and  Capt.  P.  R.  Forman  of  the  Production  Engineering 
Department,  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production,  on  the  Lewis  Machine 
Gun  on  airplanes.  The  bead-sight  contained  a  fountain-pen  type 
flashlight  battery  to  operate  the  lamp,  and  likewise  a  switch  for 
turning  the  lamp  on  and  off".  The  use  of  the  flashlight  battery 
was  to  eliminate  the  necessity  of  wiring  for  a  lamp  on  the  machine- 
gun;  the  bead-sight  was  used  both  with  and  without  the  rear  sight 
on  the  gun  by  interchanging  the  shank  on  the  unit.  250  samples 
were  manufactured  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Pagan,  Manager  of  the  Equipment 
Development  Department,  and  submitted  to  Major  Newton.  The 
lamps  and  apparatus  proved  satisfactory,  but  the  battery  would  not 
stand  up.  Messrs.  Forsythe,  Dows  and  Caldwell  developed  the 
original  sample  which  was  approved. 

(b)  A   lamp   for   the   illuminated  wind-vane  sight  on   the 
Lewis  machine-gun,  of  the  same  candlepower  rating  as  the  illum- 
inated  bead-sight  lamp,   was   being  developed   for   Capt.   P.   R. 
Forman,    Ordnance    Department,    Production    Engineering    De- 
partment, Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production,  but  was  cancelled  by 
the  signing  of  the   armistice. 

(c)  A    3-volt,    o.3O-ampere,    0.8    to    i.o-candlepower,  G-6, 
D.  C.  bayonet  MAZDA  lamp  with  a  wire  and  bead  mount  was 


288  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

developed  and  approved  for  the  Mobile  Gun  Carriage  Section, 
Ordnance  Dept.,  to  be  used  in  the  night  firing-boxes  and  Mobile 
Gun  Carriage  lamps  for  six  types  of  guns.  1500  lamps  were  ordered 
for  final  test.  At  the  time  the  armistice  was  signed  an  order  for 
483,600  lamps  was  hinging  on  the  above  approval.  Capt.  W.  M. 
Wiley  of  the  Mobile  Gun  Carriage  Section  approved  the  use  of 
the  above  lamps  for  both  purposes,  thus  eliminating  carrying 
two  types  of  lamps  in  stock. 

(d)  A  i^2-volt,  o.6o-ampere,  G-$}4  miniature  screw  MAZDA 
flashlight  lamp  operated  from  a  No.  6  reserve  cell  and  using  an 
optical  system  with  a  pattern  of  the  gun  sight  on  the  lens,  was 
developed  as  an  illuminated  trench  sight,  for  Capt.  D.  S.  Cole  of 
the  Ordnance  Department.  This  was  to  be  used  on  six  types  of  guns. 

(e)  Recommendations  for  etching  the  reticule  of  the  unit 
sight  were  forwarded  to  Major  Mendenhall,  and  he  was  referred 
to  Capt.  D.  S.  Cole  for  further,  information;  the  recommendations 
forwarded  were  originally  obtained  from  the  Kollmorgen  Optical 
Company. 

(f)  A  6  to  8-volt,  o.42-ampere,  2-candlepower,  G-6, 8-3  fila- 
ment  with   one   anchor,   candelabra   screw   D.    C.    bayonet   base 
MAZDA  lamp  was  recommended  to  the  Carroll  Electric  Company, 
Washington,  as  a. gun-sight  lamp  on  a  3-inch  gun  carriage  and  was 
operated  from  a  6-volt  storage  battery. 

(g)  A  3-volt,  o.3-ampere  lamp  to  be  operated  from  two  No. 
6  dry  cells  for  the  Mobile  Gun  Carriage  mounts  for  the  Ordnance 
Department;  Captains  Hill  and  W.  M.  Wiley,  Washington,  and  the 
Stewart-Warner  Co.,  was  submitted  and  approved. 

Well  over  500,000  lamps  were  supplied  to  the  Army  and 
Navy  Department  as  a  result  of  the  above  work. 

ILLUMINATING  ENGINEERING  SECTION 
The  principal  subjects  on  which  aid  was  given   to  the 
Government  by  this  Section  are  as  follows: 

(/)  Lighting  Curtailment. — Assisting  in  the  preparation  of  a 
report  for  the  Fuel  Administration  which  formed  the  basis  of  their 
propaganda  for  the  conservation  of  fuel  through  lighting  economies. 

(2)  Protective  Lighting. — The  Military  Intelligence  placed  on 
this  Section  the  responsibility  of  working  out  and  disseminating 
methods  and  means  for  producing  efficient  flood-lighting.  In  this 
connection  papers  and  discussions  were  given  before  meetings  of 
engineers,  safety  men,  and  plant  managers;  articles  were  published 
in  technical  journals;  specific  recommendations  were  made  for  in- 
dividual jobs  in  government  plants. 

Furthermore,  members  of  the  Section  co-operated  with  pro- 
jector manufacturers  in  getting  out  a  properly  designed  projector 
flood-lighting  service,  which  was  much  more  efficient  than  any  pre- 
viously available. 

(j)  Steel  Conservation. — A  sub-committee  drew  up  a  report 
which  was  presented  to  the  War  Industries  Board,  on  the  conserva- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  289 

tion  of  metal  in  reflectors  for  industrial  and  government  use.  It 
included  a  standard  list  of  reflectors  for  specification  by  government 
departments,,  which  was  accepted.  The  report  called  particular  at- 
tention to  the  undesirable  effect  which  a  ban  on  reflector  manufac- 
ture would  have  in  increasing  the  necessary  consumption  of  coal  for 
electric  lighting. 

(^)  Camouflage. — A  problem  referred  to  this  Section  by  the 
Naval  Consulting  Board  had  to  do  with  marine  camouflage  by  illum- 
ination,— that  is,  rendering  the  upper  parts  of  a  vessel  invisible  even 
in  silhouette  against  a  clear  sky  by  illuminating  all  surfaces  to  a 
brightness  and  color  exactly  equal  to  that  of  the  sky  behind  it. 

Attempts  to  solve  this  problem  revealed  many  unanticipated 
difficulties,  and  experiments  extending  over  a  period  of  more  than 
-  a  year  were  necessary  at  Cleveland  and  at  the  Submarine  Base  at 
New  London,  Conn.  In  the  course  of  the  work  an  instrument  was 
developed  which,  when  used  on  the  deck  of  a  vessel  itself,  was 
capable  of  indicating  an  equality  of  brightness  between  the  parts  of 
the  vessel  and  the  sky  behind  it,  as  it  would  be  viewed  by  enemy  ob- 
servers located  at  all  points  on  the  horizon. 

In  addition  to  that  portion  of  the  work  rendered  through 
the  Illuminating  Engineering  Society  Committee,  assistance 
was  given  directly  to  the  Engineer  Corps  in  the  lighting  of 
buildings,  to  the  Ordnance  Corps  in  the  illumination  of 
proving  grounds,  and  to  Navy  Yard  officials  in  the  lighting 
of  shops. 

RECOMMENDATIONS  MADE  BY  SUB-COMMITTEE 
ON  LIGHTING  FOR  NIGHT  FLYING 

An  investigation  of  the  lighting  requirements  for  night 
flying  was  made  through  visits  to  typical  U.  S.  aviation 
camps,  interviews  with  American  and  French  flying  officers 
and  civilian  aviators,  and  by  means  of  a  study  of  the  published 
matter  on  the  subject.  For  meeting  these  requirements, 
suggestions  were  offered  which  in  the  judgment  of  the  com- 
mittee primarily  insured  safety  and  convenience  both  for 
night  ascent  and  landing.  They  were  made  also  with  regard 
for  the  cost  of  installation  and  operation  and  availability 
of  material.  The  plan  was  made  flexible  in  order  to  provide 
for  individual  machines,  groups  or  squadrons.  A  diagram 
of  a  complete  lighting  system  for  a  single  unit  of  a  typical 
camp' is  shown  in  the  accompanying  illustration,  but  it  may 
be  adapted  to  larger  or  smaller  portions  of  a  given  aviation 
field.  The  suggestions  were  selected  from  a  number  of  prac- 
ticable methods  and  were  not  submitted  with  the  thought 


290 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


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THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  291 

that  they  were  necessarily  complete  solutions.  By  actual 
trial  installations  and  observations  from  the  air,  the  details 
of  the  several  proposals  could  be  so  modified  as  to  secure  the 
maximum  effectiveness. 

The  requirements  for  a  lighting  system  for  night  flying 
are  as  follows: 

(/)     Beacon  or  orientation  lighting; 

(2)     Identification  markings  for  a  given  field; 

(j)     Definition  of  field  limits; 

(4)  Ocular  signalling  system  between  field  and  plane; 

(5)  Indication  of  wind  direction; 

(6)  Accurate  indication  of  landing  level; 

(7)  General  illumination  of  a  portion  of  the  field; 
(<?)     Higher  illumination  of  taxi  strip; 

(p)     Emergency  lighting. 

For  beacon  or  orientation  lighting,  it  was  recommended 
that  a  device  be  provided  embodying  a  total  of  36  small 
projectors,  mounted  on  a  180°  arc  of  6-ft.  radius.  Each  pro- 
jector consisted  of  a  parabolic  reflector,  preferably  of  mirrored 
glass  and  about  6  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  1 2- volt,  24-candle- 
power  MAZDA  C  headlight  lamp  in  G-I2  bulb;  the  resulting 
spread  of  beam  was  not  less  than  5°.  The  device  was  mounted 
on  a  vertical  shaft  which  was  connected  with  a  motor  for 
rotation  at  desired  speec^.  The  18  lamps  on  one  quadrant 
were  connected  through  a  transformer  to  the  regular  no- volt 
supply,  the  others  being  available  for  substitution.  A  12-volt 
battery  was  provided  for  emergency  connection.  When  the 
device  was  rotated  with  the  lamps  on  one  quadrant  burning, 
a  flash  from  some  projector  was  received  at  every  point  in 
the  upper  hemisphere  once  for  each  revolution,  except  that 
within  a  cone  of  5°  from  vertically  above  the  device  the 
indication  was  a  steady  beam.  The  energy  required  for  the 
lamps  was  less  than  250  watts.  The  beacon  was  mounted  on 
a  platform  about  50  feet  above  the  ground.  Under  ordinary 
atmospheric  conditions  the  beacon  was  visible  at  a  radius 
of  at  least  25  miles. 

As  an  auxiliary  for  use  under  unfavorable  atmospheric 
conditions,  a  24-inch  high  efficiency  arc  searchlight,  mounted  on 
the  same  tower,  was  employed,  either  turned  upward  or  with 
a  portion  of  the  beam  so  directed  by  means  of  a  mirror  attach- 
ment. 

Identification  of  a  field  could  be  accomplished  by  char- 
acteristic flashing  of  a  beacon  adapted  for  that  purpose. 


292  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

By  utilizing  both  quadrants  with  light  of  the  same  or  different 
colors,  by  means  of  multiples  of  this  device,  or  by  different 
speeds  of  rotation,  a  considerable  range  of  characteristic 
flashes  was  made  possible.  The  searchlight  beams  could  like- 
wise be  made  characteristic  through  motion  or  occulting. 

Where  camps  are  numerous,  it  was  advisable  to  provide 
numbers  or  other  characters  as  identifying  marks  on  the  field 
itself.  Such  luminous  characters,  covered  by  glass  in  frames 
flush  with  the  ground  and  made  25  feet  in  length,  would 
require  from  2  to  2.5  kilowatts  each  and  could  be  read  at  a 
distance  of  two  or  three  miles. 

It  was  recommended  that  the  field  limits  be  defined 
by  32-candlepower  series  MAZDA  C  lamps,  equipped  with 
lo-inch  diffusing  globes  with  4-inch  filters  and  mounted 
pendant  on  brackets  approximately  330  feet  apart.  A  mounting 
height  of  15  feet  was  suggested,  but  this  could  be  varied;  a 
uniform  height  from  the  field  was,  however,  desirable.  The 
plans  for  the  lighting  of  the  camp  originally  included  a  loo-watt 
lamp  in  a  diffusing  globe  mounted  on  a  bracket  15  feet  above 
the  ground  at  either  end  of  each  hangar  on  the  field 
side,  these  lamps  completing  the  outlining  of  the  field  limits. 

Since  it  was  necessary  for  the  signalling  system  to  con- 
form to  the  general  practice  of  the  Service,  it  is  not  discussed 
here.  However,  the  possibility  of  applying  a  device  such  as 
the  beacon  is  immediately  obvious. 

In  order  that  aviators  might  know  the  direction  of  the 
wind,  for  landing  purposes,  it  was  recommended  that  a  ten- 
foot  weather  vane  carrying  a  row  of  red  lamps  with  the  arrow 
head  also  outlined  in  red,  be  mounted  on  one  of  the  hangars, 
as  indicated  in  the  cut  on  page  290. 

If  a  larger  and  more  easily  observed  method  was  desired, 
and  an  identifying  marking  was  used  out  in  the  field,  red 
lights  flush  with  the  ground  could  be  provided  at  eight  points 
of  the  compass  and  at  a  radius  of  several  hundred  feet  from 
the  central  marker.  Each  of  these  red  lights  was  connected 
through  a  relay  and  commutator  segment  to  a  weather  vane, 
which  automatically  kept  one  or  two  of  the  red  signals  lighted 
and  thus,  with  the  white  center  mark,  indicated  the  direction 
for  landing. 

In  order  to  enable  the  aviator  to  know  when  he  was 
approaching  and  when  he  had  reached  a  definite  level  above 
the  landing  field,  it  was  recommended  that  two  portable 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


293 


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25-foot  bars  be  mounted  horizontally  15  feet  above  the  ground, 
as  indicated  by  Fig.  2.  Each  bar  was  equipped  with  twenty- 
five  5-watt,  i o- volt  red  sign  lamps  shielded  so  that  they  were 
visible  from  only  the  one  side.  The  truck  carried  a  12- volt, 
I5o-ampere-hour  battery.  The  bars  were  placed  parallel 
on  the  field  and  perpendicular  to  the  direction  of  the  wind 
so  that  landings  could  be  made  toward  the  bars.  There  was  a 
separation  of  about  200  yards  between  bars  so  that  the  error 
in  estimating  the  1 5-foot  level  by  the  merging  of  the  bars 
was  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The  height  of  the  bars  was  made 
adjustable  to  permit  proper  alignment  where  the  field  was 
not  level.  A  stepladder  and  a  1 5-foot  pole  were  also  provided 
so  that  they  could  be  placed  on  the  landing  stage  and  the 
proper  height  of  the  bars  determined  by  sighting  over  the  pole. 
To  facilitate  landings  when  a  number  of  planes  were 
up,  it  was  recommended  that  the  entire  portion  of  the  field 
in  which  the  planes  or  men  move  about  be  flood-lighted  to  a 
moderate  intensity.  Fig.  3  shows  the  elevated  platforms 
which  were  placed  about  50  feet  above  the  ground  on  alternate 
hangars,  four  looo-watt  projectors  being  mounted  on  each. 
The  prevailing  winds  were  lengthwise  of  the  field  in  either 


294 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE^WORLD  WAR 


direction.  In  order  to-  minimize  glare,  the  projectors  on  each 
platform  were  divided  into  two  groups,  directed  at  45°  to 
the  edge  of  the  field.  Only  that  half  of  the  projectors  pointing 
most  nearly  in  the  direction  for  landing  was  to  be  used  at 
one  time.  The  projectors  had  a  beam  spread  of  about  15°,  such, 
for  example,  as  given  by  the  G.  E.  L-I2  projector  with  a  1000- 
watt  flood-lighting  lamp. 

For  the  illumination  of  a  more  limited  area  anywhere 
on  the  field  or  the  more  intense  lighting  of  the  landing  stage, 
one  or  more  portable  incandescent  searchlights,  such  as  the 
Edison  Storage  Battery  Searchlight,  were  provided.  The 
34-volt,  75<D-watt  MAZDA  C  headlight  lamp  was  employed 
in  a  parabolic  reflector  and  connected  to  a  battery  of  not 
less  than  300  ampere-hours  for  each  lamp.  Such  equipment 
would  be  most  useful  mounted  on  a  Ford  car,  as  regularly 
available  for  fire  departments. 

To  facilitate  work  on  the  engines  and  planes,  it  was 
recommended  that  additional  light  be  supplied  to  the  taxi 
area  by  projectors  placed  in  groups  of  two  on  brackets  at 
either  end  of  each  hangar  as  shown  in  Fig.  I.  Each  unit 
was  equipped  with  a  4OO-watt  MAZDA  C  flood-lighting  lamp 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  295 

and  had  a  beam  spread  of  30°  to  50°,  such  as  is  obtained  with 
the  G.  E.  L-3  projector.  The  units  were  directed  downward 
at  an  angle  of  30°  from  the  horizontal  and  with  the  inner 
edge  of  the  respective  beams  grazing  the  hangar  walls  in 
either  direction. 

A  24-inch  high-efficiency  arc  searchlight  could  be  mounted 
on  the  beacon  tower  and  an  attendant  be  stationed  there  to 
direct  the  beam  to  any  part  of  the  field  or  surroundings  in 
the  event  of  an  emergency. 

The  use  of  a  searchlight  on  the  Ford  car  made  it  possible 
to  have  plenty  of  light  available  at  any  part  of  the  field  or 
camp  in  case  of  accident.  Failure  of  the  main  electrical  service 
would  not  make  night  landing  unsafe. 

TECHNICAL  PUBLICITY  SECTION 

Throughout  the  war,  every  effort  was  made  to  discourage 
the  use  of  light  for  non-essential  purposes  and  to  assist,  through 
the  dissemination  of  sound  and  accurate  advice,  in  the  devel- 
opment of  the  more  important  fields  of  illumination,  such  as 
industrial  lighting  of  productive  intensity,  and  protective 
lighting. 

A  typical  example  may  be  mentioned.  When  the  United 
States  entered  the  war,  the  Technical  Publicity  Section 
compiled,  edited  and  published  a  1 2-page  bulletin  on  Pro- 
tective Lighting  for  Industrial  Plants  in  four  days.  The 
bulletin  was  thorough,  complete  and  authoritative  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  it  was  put  out  in  such  haste,  and  it  was  the 
only  publication  of  its  kind  available  during  the  first  year 
of  the  war. 

On  the  other  hand,  when  calls  came  in  for  articles  on 
such  subjects  as  sign  lighting,  for  example,  not  only  were 
these  articles  not  supplied,  but  letters  were  written  to  the 
people  who  requested  this  service,  stating  that  the  publication 
of  such  material  was  not  thought  to  be  compatible  with  the 
country's  best  interests. 

RESEARCH  SECTION 

Following  is  an  outline  of  the  Government  work  accom- 
plished: 

(i)     Made  small  comparison  photometer  for  Ivanhoe-Regent 
Works,  by  use  of  which  delivery  was  speeded  up  and  the  waste  of 


296  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

time  and  material  in  making  up  globes  that  would  ultimately  be 
rejected  was  eliminated. 

(2)  Obtained  discharge  curves  on  various  types  and  brands 
of  batteries,  including  Burgess  Super  6,  Columbia  No.  6,  Reserve 
No.  04  Aldis,  several  types  of  Willard  Storage  batteries  and  fountain 
pen  type  batteries  for  use  with  machine-gun  bead-sight  lamps. 

(3)  Rebuilt,  calibrated  and  repaired  instruments  for  use  in 
government  work.  Quite  a  number  of  instruments  were  loaned  to 
the  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  U.  S.  Army. 

(4)  Obtained  transmission  measurements  on  blue  glass  globes 
used  by  the  Navy. 

(5)  Conducted  characteristic  tests  on  pliotron  and  kenotron 
tubes.  Special  and  freak  tubes,  which  were  discovered  in  the  regular 
production,  were  tested  in  this  Section. 

(6)  Carried  on  experimental  work  in  connection  with  the 
T.  P.  S.  (ground  telegraph)  sets.  Oscillograms  showing  performance, 
wave  form,  etc.,  of  the  various  circuits  were  obtained. 

The  data  obtained  through  these. tests  served  as  a  ground 
for  the  standardization  of  equipment,  which  in  the  war  emer- 
gency was  essential. 

TESTING  AND  ECONOMICS  SECTIONS 

The  Testing  Section  co-operated  with  the  Government  on 
the  following  work? 

(1)  Designed    and    installed    complicated    equipment    for 
testing  vacuum  tubes. 

(2)  Performed  very  special  tests  on  many  types  of  lamps 
for  Lamp  Development  Laboratory  and  Commercial  Engineering 
Section  in  connection  with  their  war  service  developments. 

It  was  in  this  Section  that  newly  developed  equipment 
was  given  actual  operating  tests  to  determine  whether  or 
not  it  should  be  manufactured  in  quantities.  Much  time  and 
money  was  saved  by  learning,  before  large-scale  production 
had  begun,  that  certain  products  would  not  stand  up  under 
working  conditions. 

The  Economics  Section  co-operated  with  the  Commercial 
Engineering  Section  on  signalling  work  and  with  the  Testing 
Section  on  the  compilation  of  data. 


WAR  WORK  OF  CHEMICAL  LABORATORY 

The  work  to  which  the  Chemical  Laboratory,  in  charge  of 
Mr.  J.  G.  Wild,  was  assigned  was  to  investigate  and  report  on 
the  effect  of  various  absorbents  which  might  be  employed  for  the 
purpose  of  removing  carbon  monoxide  from  the  air.  Carbon 
monoxide,  though  very  poisonous,  is  not  used  as  a  toxic  gas  in 
chemical  warfare  on  account  of  its  low  specific  gravity.  It  is 
present,  however,  in  high  concentrations  in  the  gases  emitted 
from  the  funnels  of  ships  to  the  extent  that  under  certain  con- 
ditions the  men  are  unable  to  maintain  their  positions  in  the 
fighting  tops.  Trouble  is  also  experienced  with  this  gas  in  sub- 
marines. In  this  case,  it  occurs  in  the  exhaust  gases  which  at 
the  time  of  submerging  are  often  confined  to  the  vessel.  The 
gases  from  explosives,  especially  those  which  are  irregular  in  their 
rate  of  combustion, con  tain  large  quantities  of  carbon  monoxide. 

Owing  to  the  chemical  properties  of  this  gas,  its  elimina- 
tion is  most  difficult.  As  was  customary  in  dealing  with  under- 
takings of  this  nature,  the  Government  distributed  the  work 
among  several  investigators.  The  principal  contribution  of 
the  Chemical  Laboratory  to  this  subject  was  the  discovery 
that  when  manganese  dioxide  was  mixed  with  a  catalyst, 
such  as  palladium,  it  would  react  with  carbon  monoxide. 
Prof.  Arthur  B.  Lamb,  who  was  in  charge  of  this  subject, 
stated  that  our  work  was  of  great  assistance. 

WAR  WORK  OF  STANDARDIZING  DEPARTMENT 

The  Standardizing  Department  took  an  active  part  in 
war  work  by  designing  special  lamps  and  other  devices  for 
the  use  of  the  armies  and  navies  of  the  United  States  and  of 
the  allies.  Data  for  special  gun-sight  lamps,  bomb  tracing 
lamps,  airplane  compass  and  meter  lamps,  blinker  signal  lamps, 
hand  lantern  lamps,  many  types  of  searchlight  and  headlight 
lamps,  pliotron  and  kenotron  vacuum  tubes,  etc.,  were  pre- 
pared and  issued  to  the  factories.  The  packing  of  lamps  and 
of  vacuum  tubes  was  given  special  attention.  Evacuated  gas- 
sampling  bulbs  for  use  in  the  trenches,  etc.,  were  designed 
by  this  department  with  special  reference  to  the  rough  treat- 
ment which  these  tubes  must  withstand. 

Several  of  the  Standardizing  Department  engineers  gave 
their  services  in  an  informal  way  to  assist  in  research  and 
development  work  described  in  preceding  pages  of  this  Part. 


PART  III 

WAR   RELIEF  AND 
EDUCATIONAL  WORK 

WAR  STUDY  CLUBS;  THE  SOCK  LEAGUE; 
AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  CENTERS  WITHIN 
THE  NATIONAL  LAMP  WORKS;  THE  NELA 
FUND  FOR  FRENCH  WAR  ORPHANS, 
WIDOWS  AND  SOLDIER-GODSONS 


WAR  STUDY  CLUBS 

AND  OTHER  EDUCATIONAL  WORK 


How  important  the  War  Study  work  of  the  National 
Lamp  WTorks  promised  to  be,  how  important  it  actually  was, 
will  always  be  open  to  argument — like  the  unanswerable 
question,  "Which  one  of  the  allies  won  the  war?" 

It  depends  upon  the  point  of  view. 

This  much  can  be  said,  however:  propaganda  and  public 
opinion  were  as  mighty  in  the  conflict  as  munitions  and  men, 
and  whoso  aided  straight  thinking  is  to  be  judged  on  equality 
with  those  who  taught  straight  shooting. 

This  war  was  a  conflict  of  two  mighty  principles.  On 
the  one  side  was  an  aggressive  conviction  that  certain  Ger- 
manic peoples  possessed  superior  qualities  and  institutions 
which  should  be  imposed  by  ruthless  force  upon  the  world. 
On  the  other  side  was  a  conviction,  dormant  at  first,  but 
later  equally  strong,  that  freedom  is  the  most  precious  thing 
in  the  world;  a  blessing  to  be  maintained  at  all  costs. 

Many  Germans  honestly  believed  that  their  contemplated 
conquest  of  the  world  was  for  the  world's  good.  At  any  rate, 
they  inculcated  this  belief  into  every  German  infant,  nurtured 
it  through  his  childhood  and  youth,  drilled  him  in  the  methods 
and  skilled  him  in  the  tools  of  war  when  he  reached  young 
manhood,  and  so  builded  a  nation  of  competent,  war-crazed 
fanatics  against  the  day  of  dreadful  opportunity. 

The  rest  of  the  civilized  world,  and  especially  America, 
accepted  its  privileges  of  freedom  as  a  matter  of  course.  We 
rather  looke'd  down  upon  our  professional  soldiery.  Our 
ideals  and  aspirations  were  best  expressed  in  terms  of  business. 
When  we  saw  Cuba  maltreated  by  Spain,  we  waded  in,  cor- 
rected the  wrong  and  got  out,  about  as  some  good-natured 
policeman  would  separate  a  pair  of  fighting  schoolboys, 
treating  the  incident  lightly  as  a  part  of  the  day's  work. 
The  idea  that  we  were  especially  favored  of  God,  or  had  any 
particular  mission  other  than  to  jog  along  peaceably,  raising 


302  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

crops  and  children,  and  running  businesses  and  flivvers,  did 
not  at  any  time  occur  to  us. 

Then  the  storm  broke,  and  our  readers  saw  the  truth. 
On  the  one  side  they  saw  ranged  rabid,  skilled  and  brutal 
fanaticism:  on  the  other,  amiable  indifference.  The  first 
problem,  and  one  of  the  biggest,  was  to  arouse  the  free  peoples 
to  their  danger,  to  stir  them  to  fervid  action,  before  the  well- 
organized  war  machine  of  German  kultur  could  enslave  them. 

Do  you  question  the  need,  the  value,  the  paramount 
importance  of  this  rousing  and  stirring? 


It  was  to  give  impetus  to  this  vital  work  that  the  Pub- 
licity Department  at  Nela  was  called  upon. 

In  the  first  sweep  of  patriotism,  the  National  organization 
did  its  part  thoroughly  and  well.  Our  Service  Flag  is  one  of 
which  we  may  well  be  proud.  Our  subscription  to  Liberty 
Loans,  to  welfare  work,  our  self-denial  and  conservation  and 
war-gardening — these  speak  openly  and  truly  of  an  organi- 
zation in  which  Americanism  is  solidly  ingrained. 

But  as  the  real  test  approached,  as  conscription  and 
casualty  lists  and  suffering  bit  deeper  and  deeper,  it  was  seen 
that  at  the  bottom  of  the  organization — at  the  bottom  of  the 
whole  nation — was  a  sediment  of  indifference,  of  misunder- 
standing, even  of  selfishness,  which  must  be  stirred. 

The  public  press  was  doing  what  it  could,  but  many 
of  our  people  were  not  great  readers  of  the  editorials  in  news- 
papers and  magazines.  It  would  take  a  great  deal  of  such 
reading  to  find  a  clear  and  simple,  yet  complete  explanation 
of  just  why  America  was  in  the  war. 

What  was  needed,  our  executives  saw  clearly,  was  a  form 
of  clean,  .honest,  truthful  propaganda  through  which  the 
organization  would  be  taught  to  think  straight  and  to  act 
with  conviction.  What  was  needed  was  a  mental  and  spiritual 
awakening  to  the  grim  truth — not  a  hysterical  spasm  of  blind 
fanaticism.  Germany  had  her  mad  zealots.  We  wanted  cool 
thinkers. 

The  first  step,  then,  was  the  distribution  to  the  Society 
of  Nela,  of  which  the  National  managers  are  members,  of 
the  book  "Headquarters  Nights,"  by  Vernon  Kellogg,  a 
college  professor  of  pacifist  leanings  who  became  a  confirmed 
advocate  of  this  war  through  his  association  with  German 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  303 

commanders  while  serving  on  Hoover's  relief  commission 
in  Belgium  and  northern  France.  Of  this  book  Theodore 
Roosevelt  said,  "It  is  a  convincing  .  .  .  exposition  of 
the  shocking,  the  unspeakably  dreadful  moral  and  intellectual 
perversion  of  character  which  makes  Germany  a  menace 
to  the  whole  civilized  world." 

The  purpose  of  this  distribution  was  to  insure  that  the 
leading  men  in  the  National  organization  should  understand 
why  "this  war,  once  begun,  must  be  fought  to  a  finish,"  as 
Vernon  Kellogg,  the  converted  pacifist,  declared.  Let  us 
quote  the  letter  that  accompanied  the  book: 

To  The  Members  of  the  Society  of  Nela: 

We  doubt  if  anyone  who  fully  realizes  the  fact  that  we  are 
living  in  the  time  of  the  greatest  struggle  that  the  world  has  ever 
seen  will  be  willing  to  be  in  ignorance  of  just  what  is  at  stake.  One 
who  is  without  this  knowledge  is  not  in  position  to  determine  cor- 
rectly what  should  be  his  part. 

Nor  is  it  enough  that  one  learn  the  facts  for  himself.  He  should 
do  what  he  can  to  influence  others  to  know. 

We  have  found  this  little  book  unusually  illuminating  and  so 
we  are  sending  it  to  the  members  of  the  Society  of  Nela. 

Terry  and  Tremaine. 
January  i,  1918. 

The  next  step  in  the  pro-freedom  program  was  the  pub- 
lishing of  a  series  of  four  special  booklets,  as  follows  :— 

I.  What  is  Wrong  with  Germany. 

II.  How  Germany  Brought  About  the  World  War. 

III.  Democracy  versus  Pan-Germanism. 

IV.  What  America  is  Doing  to  Win  the  War. 

These  text-books  were  designed  as  the  motif  for  study 
clubs  which  were  scheduled  to  be  organized  in  every  factory- 
clubs  of  not  more  than  20  people  each,  under 
group  leaders  competent  to  direct  the  thought 
of  the  employees  into  positive  American  chan- 
nels, to  refute  the  sophistry  of  pro-German 
propaganda,  and  to  overcome  indifference. 
The  statement  in  the  group  leaders'  instruc- 
tions that  "winning  the  war  is  infinitely  more  important  than 
making  lamps"  became  almost  a  slogan  in  the  organization. 
Among  the  illustrations  accompanying  this  chapter,  will 
be  noticed  a  picture  of  one  of  the  booklets  just  mentioned;  also 


3°4 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


WHAT  IS  WRONG 
WITH  GERMANY 


a  reproduction  of  the  button  worn  by  members  of  the  War 
Work  Clubs  and  a  photograph  of  one  of  these  factory  clubs 
studying  the  booklets. 
This  particular  group 
was  at  the  Cleveland 
Miniature  Lamp  Divi- 
sion, East  45th  Street, 
Cleveland. 

Arrangements  were 
made  for  having  the 
famous  film,  "Wake 
Up,  America,"  exhib- 
ited at  each  factory, 
with  a  speaker  from  the 
National  Cash  Register 
Company  to  make  an 
accompanying  address. 

It  was  while  this  film 
was  on  the  National 
factory  "circuit"  that 
the  armistice  was 
signed.  The  balance  of 
the  educational  pro- 
gram was  therefore 
halted.  As  a  matter  of 
record,  and  to  show 
the  thoroughness  with 
program  is  appended. 


Cover  Design  of  First  Educational  Booklet 

which    the   work   was    planned,    this 


The  war  educational  work  of  the  National  Lamp  Works 
may  be  compared  with  that  of  munitions  manufacturers 
whose  shells  and  materials  were  largely  in  process  when  the 
war  ended,  or  of  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  troops  turned 
back  after  a  mere  taste  of  the  Great  Adventure,  by  the  col- 
lapse of  the  German  war  machine. 

The  work  started  when  the  need  for  it  became  evident: 
had  the  war  lasted  six  months  more,  this  work  would  have 
been  of  grave  importance;  had  it  lasted  another  year,  the 
work  would  have  b.een  vital. 

And  the  fact  that  this  work  had  hardly  more  than  got 
under  way  when  its  war  value  ceased,  cannot  be  charged  to 
dalliance.  Located  at  the  center  of  the  National  Lamp  organ- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  305 

ization,  the  Cleveland  General  Office  was  in  a  better  position 
than  most  folk  to  judge  beth  the  time  and  method  of 
applying  the  melting-pot  method  to  the  organization's  col- 
lective thought.  The  work  was  timed  accurately  to  our  needs, 
and  was  in  force  and  effective  at  the  time  when  as  a  nation  we 
touched  the  apex  of  our  contribution  to  the  cause  of  freedom. 

Worth  while?  -  -  we  go  further  and  contend  that  this 
work  is  even  yet  worth  while.  The  bestial  philosophy  known 
as  Neo-Darwinism  is  still  rampant  in  parts  of  Germany.  It 
was  this  mad  theory  of  "might  makes  right"  that  the  Pub- 
licity Department  was  called  upon  to  fight,  and  did  fight. 
We  were  not  concerned  with  keeping  at  heat  the  enthusiasm 
and  eagerness  of  those  in  whom  loyalty  and  patriotism  are 
instinct.  Our  job  was  to  help  keep  the  thought  of  the  organi- 
zation in  something  like  a  straight  line  of  Americanism,  to 
balance  intelligent  conviction  against  rabid  fanaticism. 

What  we  did  towards  winning  the  war  wasn't  much) 
when  the  aggregate  efforts  of  the  entire  country  are  con- 
sidered. (We  are  perhaps  the  only  outfit  on  record  not  claiming 
to  have  won  it  practically  single-handed!)  But  what  we  did 
do,  and  can  do,  to  win  and  hold  the  organization  to  American 
ideals  is — considerable. 

OUTLINE  OF  WAR  CLUB  ACTIVITIES  FOR  NATIONAL  FACTORIES 

(1)  Film,  "Wake  Up  America."  To  be  accompanied   by  a  speaker 
from  National  Cash  Register  Co.  It  is  suggested  that  factory  managers 
engage  a  moving-picture  house  for  the  presentation  of  this  film,  which  re- 
quires two  hours  to  run  off. 

Immediately  following  the  picture  should  be  scheduled  a  brief  talk 
outlining  complete  activities  of  the  War  Clubs.  This  talk  should  be  made  by 
factory  manager  or  someone  whom  he  shall  choose  and  instruct.  An  important 
feature  should  be  to  impress  on  employees  that  the  winning  of  the  war  is  in- 
finitely more  important  than  making  lamps. 

(2)  Within  the  next  few  days  the  factory  manager  should  call  to- 
gether foremen  and  forewomen  and  designate  them  as  group  leaders,  each 
to  be  responsible  for  the  organization  of  a  group  of  not  less  than  ten  nor 
more  than  twenty  factory  employees,  to  assure  the  reading  of  our  booklets 
and  attendance  of  employees  at  lectures  and  moving-picture  exhibitions. 
It  is  suggested  that  the  manager  assign  to  each  foreman  or  forelady  the 
employees  who  shall  constitute  his  or  her  group. 

In  some  cases  managers  may  wish  to  choose  group  leaders  from  volun- 
teer welfare  organizations  already  formed  among  our  employees,  or  may  wish 
to  call  employees  together  and  ask  for  volunteers  to  act  as  group  leaders. 

(3)  As  soon  as  organization  is  complete,  our  first  booklet,  "What  Is 
Wrong  With  Germany,"  and  the  Club  buttons,  should  be  distributed. 


306  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

(4)  During  the  third  week  may  be  scheduled  the  lecture,  "Conquest 
and  Kultur"  (based  on  a  booklet  of  the  same  name,  issued  by  the  Bureau 
of  Public  Information). 

The  speaker  for  the  occasion  may  be  obtained  without  expense  through 
the  local  Patriotic  Speakers'  Bureau.  These  Bureaus  are  located  in  all  of 
the  larger  cities.  The  Publicity  Department  will  make  arrangements  for  the 
speakers,  if  desired. 

The  lecture  may  be  given  at  noon  in  the  factory  cafeteria. 

(5)  Following   the   lecture,   our   second    booklet,    "How   Germany 
Brought  About  The  World  War,"  should  be  distributed. 

During  this  week  group  leaders  should  examine  each  member  of  their 
clubs  on  the  twelve  questions  contained  in  the  back  of  the  book,  "What  Is 
Wrong  With  Germany." 

Each  club  member  should  be  graded  on  this  examination. 

(6)  During  the  fifth  week  the  moving  picture,  "The  Man  Without 
A  Country ,"may  be  shown  at  some  local  motion-picture  theatre.  The  picture 
may  be  obtained  by  the  local  moving-picture  exhibitor.  If  there  is  a  sufficient 
number  of  National  Lamp  employees  to  fill  the  theatre,  it  is  suggested  that 
the  theatre  be  chartered  for  one  evening.  Otherwise  the  theatre  may  be 
open  to  the  public,  reservations  having  been  made  for  National  employees. 

(7)  During  the  sixth  week  may  be  scheduled  for  the  noon  hour  a 
lecture  ,"How  The  War  Came  to  America."  This  lecture  is  based  on  a  book 
of  same  title  issued  by  the  Committee  on  Public  Information,  and  the  speaker 
may  be  procured  in  the  same  manner  as  for  the  lecture  discussed  in  Item  4. 

(8)  During  the  sixth  week  may   be    scheduled  the  motion  picture, 
"The  Little  American."  The  arrangements  for  this  film  may  be  similar  to 
those  for  the  previous  film  as  explained  in  Item  6  of  this  outline. 

(9)  At  this  time  the    third    book   of  our  war  series,  "Democracy 
versus  Pan-Germanism,"  should  be    distributed  and  an     examination  on 
our  second  book,"How  Germany  Brought  About  the  World  War,"  should  be 
conducted  by  group  leaders,  using  the  slips  which  will  be  provided  to  keep 
a  record  of  grades  made  by  each  club  member. 

(10)  During  the  seventh  week  a  noon-hour  lecture,  "The  Nation  in 
Arms"  may  be  scheduled.  This  lecture  is  made  up  from  a  booklet  published 
by  the  Bureau  of  Public  Information.  Arrangements  may  be  made  as  out- 
lined in  Item  No.  4. 

(11)  Sometime  during  the  eighth  week  arrange  for  showing  the  film 
"The  Unbeliever,"  to  be  shown  under  the  same  conditions  as  outlined  for 
the  previous  films  in  this  series. 

(12)  Distribute  our  fourth  war  book,  "What  America  is  Doing  to 
Win  the  War,"  and  have  group  leaders  conduct  an  examination  on  the  pre- 
viously distributed  book  "Democracy  versus  Pan-Germanism." 

(13)  Two  weeks  later  have  group  leaders  conduct  an  examination  on 
fourth  book,  "What  America  is  Doing  to  Win  the  War." 

(14)  The  reports  of  four  examinations,  one  on  each  of  these  four 
books,  should  be  turned  in  by  group  leaders.  These  reports  will  show  that 
each  employee  stood  excellent,  good,  fair  or  poor  on  each  examination. 

To  each  employee  whose  total  standing  is  excellent  should  be  awarded 
a  diploma  with  honors.  To  all  who  obtain  an  average  of  "fair"  or  "good" 
should  be  awarded  a  diploma. 


One  of  the  Many  War-Study  Classes  Formed  within  the  National 

Lamp  Works 


Mr.  F.  S.  Terry  (on  his  1919  journey  in  France).       With   Mr.  Terry  are  shown 

two  of  the  French  children  to  whom  the  War  was  such  a  grim  reality,  and  whose 

misfortunes  he  and  his  friends  did  so  much  to  alleviate.  Mr.  Terry  and  Mr.  B.  G. 

Tremaine,  as  managers  of  the   National  Lamp  Works,  were  the  prime 

movers  behind  the  many  war  activities  undertaken  by  the  National 


"Socks  for  Soldiers." — Inset  shows  Mr.  B.  G.  Tremaine,  under  whose 
direction  thousands  of  pairs  of  socks  were  knit.  Mr.  Tremaine  and  Mr.  F.  S. 
Terry,  as  managers  of  the  National  Lamp  Works,  were  the  prime  movers 
behind  the  many  war  activities  undertaken  by  the  National. 

Large  photo  shows  Mrs.  J.  Cochrane,  Pitney  St.,  Cleveland,  and  one 
of  her  Sock-Knitting  Classes. 


Nela  Park  Red  Cross  Workers 


THE  SOCK  LEAGUE 

Not  by  any  means  the  least  among  the  hardships  of 
army,  life  was  the  long-drawn-out  exposure  to  cold  and  damp- 
ness, which  caused  great  suffering  during  the  winter  campaigns. 
It  was  in  order  to  alleviate  this  suffering  that  the  knitting 
of  helmets,  sweaters,  socks  and  other  garments  became  wide- 
spread in  the  United  States,  even  before  we  entered  the  war. 
In  the  following  pages  will  be  told  the  story  of  the  Sock 
League  formed  and  financed  by  Mr.  B.  G.  Tremaine,  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works  management. 

As  early  as  October,  1916,  Mrs.  Isabella  Caswell,  a 
member  of  the  Imperial  Order,  Daughters  of  the  British 
Empire,  called  to  see  Mr.  Tremaine  regarding  a  movement  to 
obtain  woolen  socks  for  the  British  soldiers.  Plans  were 
begun,  appeals  sent  out,  materials  purchased,  and  in  January, 
1917,  the  first  lot  of  socks  was  on  its  way  to  the  soldiers. 
Following  is  an  excerpt  from  Mr.  Tremaine's  letter  presenting 
the  need: 

"There  is  an  urgent  appeal  from  suffering 
Europe  for  comforts  in  the  form  of  socks,  etc.,  for 
those  brave  men  who  are  giving  their  lives  in  this  long 
and  disastrous  war. 

"I  feel  sure  that  there  are  many  who  are  willing 
and  anxious  to  take  part  in  alleviating  their  misery, 
and  who  would  become  active  if  they  knew  what  to  do. 
Therefore,  I  am  forming  a  Sock  League,  and  per- 
sonally will  pay  for  and  supply  yarn  and  needles  to 
these  willing  workers." 

The  Ready  So  numerous  were  the  responses  to  this  appeal 
Response  that  great  quantities  of  yarn  were  purchased 
and  stored  on  racks  made  specially  for  this  pur- 
pose in  the  Administration  Building.  With  the  idea  of  "Only 
the  Best"  for  the  allies,  an  excellent  quality  of  wool  was 
bought.  At  first  the  knitting  needles  were  purchased  (at 
twenty  cents  a  set),  but  after  a  while  it  became  impracticable 
to  buy  them.  From  that  time  on,  through  the  co-operation 
of  Mr.  Benbow,  Manager  of  the  Cleveland  Wire  Division, 
thousands  of  needles  were  made  at  the  National's  45th  Street 
plant  and  donated  to  the  Sock  League. 


308  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

How  the  Work  To  each  knitter  was  given  as  much  yarn  as 
Was  Handled  she  requested,  together  with  a  set  of  needles 
and  printed  instructions.  In  cases  where  it 
was  inconvenient  for  the  knitters  to  call  for  the  material, 
special  messengers  delivered  it  to  them,  and  whenever  nec- 
essary called  for  the  finished  socks.  The  enthusiasm  of  the 
knitters  became  most  infectious:  mothers,  wives,  sisters  and 
friends  of  the  National  Lamp  Works'  department-managers 
and  employees  became  interested,  they  interested  others, 
and  thus  an  endless  chain  was  started,  until  the  Sock  League 
could  boast  a  membership  of  eleven  hundred.  Miss  N.  L. 
Monroe  and  Miss  E.  A.  Wendel  assisted  Mr.  Tremaine  in 
handling  the  many  details  of  this  work.  It  may  be  said  of 
these  young  ladies  that  they  conducted  this  activity  as  a 
serious  and  determined  effort  on  their  part  towards  helping 
our  country  in  the  war.  As  the  socks  were  received,  postcard 
acknowledgments  were  sent  out,  and  the  socks  were  care- 
fully inspected  in  Mr.  Tremaine's  office.  They  were  later 
re-inspected  by  the  relief  organizations  to  which  they  were 
sent — at  first  by  the  Daughters  of  the  British  Empire,  and 
later  by  the  American  Red  Cross.  If  the  socks  were  not  up 
to  standard,  they  were  returned  to  the  knitters  for  repair, 
but  "grandmother's"  knitting  as  a  rule  was  found  to  be  a 
prize  specimen.  And,  too,  grandmother  sometimes  said  she 
could  not  follow  these  "new-fangled"  instructions — so  the 
same  style  of  heel  used  in  the  socks  her  husband  wore  during 
the  Civil  War  was  worn  by  some  of  the  boys  in  1914-1918. 
After  the  socks  were  inspected,  each  pair  was  pinned  together 
and  the  socks  packed  for  shipment,  one  hundred  pairs  to  a 
carton. 

The  Sock  League  From  January,  1917,  till  September  19, 
Becomes  a  Red  I9I7>  all  the  socks  were  sent  to  the 
Cross  Agency  Daughters  of  the  British  Empire,  but  by 

the  latter  date  the  United  States  was 
actively  in  the  war,  and  the  knitters  were  notified  that  their 
socks  would  be  turned  over  to  our  boys,  through  the  American 
Red  Cross. 

The  personnel  of  the  Sock  League  varied  from  the  debu- 
tantes who  were  "knitting  instead  of  dancing  this  year,"to  the 
nuns  behind  the  convent  walls.  And  the  ages  varied  from 
eight  to  eighty-two.  Boys  as  well  as  girls  were  knitting. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  309 

In  addition  to  National  Lamp  Works  employees  and  their 
relatives,  the  League  included  sewing  circles  of  several  churches 
and  schools.  A  number  of  ladies  who  were  interested  in  the 
Sock  League  volunteered  to  form  knitting  classes,  and  through 
the  efforts  of  these  earnest  teachers  thousands  of  socks  were 
knitted.  It  happened  more  than  once  that  local  branches  of 
the  Red  Cross  were  temporarily  unable  to  get  yarn  and  their 
workers  were  supplied  from  the  "warehouse"  of  the  Sock 
League. 

Knitters  in  The  fame  of  the  League  was  not  local — friends 
Many  Cities  in  other  cities  began  to  write  for  material.  And, 
literally,  that  yarn  of  the  Sock  League  traveled 
as  far  west  as  California,  and  as  far  east  as  Massachusetts. 
The  League  claimed  members  in  forty-one  cities  and  towns, 
and  in  thirteen  states. 

Two  members  of  the  League,  Miss  J.  R.  Gale  and  Miss 
L.  Behlen,  operated 'knitting  machines,  hundreds  of  pairs 
being  made  on  these  machines.  It  should  be  mentioned  that 
the  knitting  machines  did  not  turn  out  complete  socks, 
however,  as  it  was  necessary  to  add  the  foot  or  the  cuff  by 
hand. 

An  interesting  bit  of  knitting  news  came  to  Mr.  Tremaine 
from  Miss  Margaret  Rogers,  daughter  of  Mr.  H.  B.  Rogers  of 
the  Edison  Lamp  Works,  who  was  knitting  her  third  "double 
sock."  By  following  special  directions,  two  socks  are  knitted 
one  within  the  other.  Miss  Rogers  acquired  such  speed  with  this 
method  of  knitting  that  she  did  not  think  she  would  ever  knit 
the  single  sock  again.  The  original  directions  for  the  double 
sock  came  from  an  unknown  lady  in  Australia;  instructions 
were  sold  in  this  country  at  fifty  cents  a  copy,  the  proceeds 
being  given  to  the  American  Red  Cross. 

Some  unique  ideas  were  brought  out  in  knitting.  One 
lady  knitted  the  letters  "U.  S.  A."  into  the  cuffs  of  a  pair  of 
socks.  Some  ladies  would  work  a  row  or  two  of  fancy  colored 
yarn  into  the  cuffs.  This  was  done  so  as  to  insure  the  socks 
remaining  in  possession  of  their  rightful  owner.  Another 
knitter  patriotically,  purled  the  cuffs  in  red,  white,  and  blue. 


310  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

No  Age  Limit  One  of  the  interesting  and  interested  knitters 
for  Patriotic  was  Mrs.  Lovilla  Williams,  eighty-two  years 
Knitters  of  age,  who  lived  at  Madison,  Lake  County, 

Ohio.  In  spite  of  her  years  Mrs.  Williams 
knitted  twenty-five  pairs  of  socks  for  the  League.  One  of 
Mrs.  Williams'  neighbors,  Mrs.  Frank  Klasen,  although  a 
grandmother,  made  a  record  of  which  any  person  in  the 
prime  of  life  might  be  proud.  Besides  her  regular  work  of 
milking  six  cows  twice  a  day,  doing  all  her  own  housework  and 
much  outside  farm  work,  she  knitted  socks  for  our  boys  at  the 
truly  remarkable  rate  of  a  pair  in  four  hours  and  ten  minutes. 
Mrs.  M.  W.  Kirk  of  Fountain  Creek,  Tennessee,  was 
paralyzed  in  the  right  hand,  but  knitted  a  pair  of  socks  with 
her  left  hand. 

Rewards  Besides  the  satisfaction  that  comes  from  a 

of  Merit  knowledge  of  duty  performed,  some  members 

of  the  League  received  Red  Cross  Merit 
Badges,  based  on  the  number  of  hours  of  work.  There  were  four 
kinds  of  badges,  one  a  reward  for  four  hundred  hours,  one  for 
eight  hundred,  one  for  sixteen  hundred,  and  one  for  thirty-two 
hundred.  The  Red  Cross  allowed  eight  hours  for  one  pair  of 
socks,  in  making  its  awards.  Seventy-five  members  of  the  Sock 
League  became  the  proud  holders  of  badges,  seven  out  of  the 
seventy-five  receiving  the  thirty-two  hundred  hour-badge.  The 
cost  of  the  badges  was  defrayed  by  Mr.  Tremaine. 

The  Produc-  The  knitters  watched  with  interest  the  growth 
tion  Record  of  their  work  from  month  to  month.  Their 
maiden  effort  was  in  January,  1917,  when  six 
pairs  of  socks  were  knitted,  while  their  banner  month  was 
November,  1918 — "Armistice  Month" — when  one  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  forty-four  pairs  of  socks  were  turned  in. 
A  grand  total  of  seventeen  thousand  three  hundred  and 
seventy-seven  pairs  of  socks — enough  to  supply  a  whole 
combat  division  in  the  army — was  the  tangible  product  of 
Mr.  Tremaine's  Sock  League. 

In  April,  1919,  when  Mr.  Tremaine  discontinued  sending 
out  yarn,  he  had  on  hand  approximately  one  thousand  and 
forty-two  pounds,  valued  at  approximately  $3,127.  This 
yarn  was  turned  over  to  the  War  Relief  Headquarters  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works,  Cleveland,  to  be  knitted  into  under- 
garments for  the  Children  of  the  Frontier  (see  page  318). 


RED  CROSS  CENTERS 
IN   THE    NATIONAL 

MONUMENTAL  ACHIEVEMENTS  OF  OUR  GIRLS  IN  SEWING, 

KNITTING,  BANDAGE-MAKING  AND  OTHER  WORK 

FOR  THE  RED  CROSS  AND  CHILDREN 

OF  THE  FRONTIER 

Just  as  no  history  of  America's  part  in  the  World  War  would 
be  told  fully  without  setting  forth  the  "win-the-war"  work 
of  the  American  woman  in  Red  Cross  and  allied  lines,  so  no 
description  of  the  war  work  of  the  National  Lamp  Works 
would  be  complete  without  full  credit  being  given  to  the  girls 
and  women  in  the  organization  who  so  unselfishly,  and  en- 
tirely voluntarily,  devoted  their  time  to  sewing  or  knitting, 
cutting  and  rolling  bandages,  canteen  and  other  relief  activ- 
ities. 

From  the  very  beginning  this  work  was  put  on  a"business" 
basis,  real  production  methods  were  in  effect,  and  basing  these 
on  the  unflagging  interest  of  the  girls,  results  were  attained 
that  ever  since  have  been  referred  to  with  pride  by  the  leaders 
of  the  various  relief  organizations. 

NATIONAL  GIRLS  PRODUCE  TEN  PERCENT  OF  CLEVELAND'S 
RED  CROSS  OUTPUT 

First  in  importance  was  the  unselfish  willingness  on  the 
part  of  the  young  women  to  donate  their  labor;  second  was 
the  application  to  their  work  of  the  principles  of  organization. 
And  this  was  the  combination  that  enabled  the  National 
Lamp  Works  Chapter  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  located  at 
East  45th  Street,  Cleveland,  with  a  membership  of  about  900 
girls,  to  produce  ten  percent  of  the  total  Red  Cross  output 
of  the  City  of  Cleveland.  This  was  the  combination  that 
brought  forth  from  this  one  chapter  during  the  year  1918, 
6,029  sweaters,  9,924  pairs  of  socks,  79,939  gauze  dressings, 
8,154  muslin  dressings,  3,451  hospital  garments,  and  246 
refugee  garments,  beside  several  thousand  miscellaneous 
articles ! 

The  girls  who  accomplished  this  worked  five  and  one- 
half  days  a  week  making  lamps.  A  light  supper  after  their 
day's  work  in  the  factory  was  finished,  and  they  came,  cheer- 


312  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

fully  in  earnest,  to  give  three  hours  more  to  the  work  of 
aiding  "the  boys  over  there." 

The  National  Lamp  Works  spent  a  considerable  sum  of 
money  in  helping  its  girls  carry  on  the  work — and  the  girls 
returned  this  sum  to  the  Red  Cross,  in  value  of  production, 
eight  and  one-half  times! 

In  January,  1920,  when  many  other  groups  of  relief 
workers  had  disbanded,  the  young  women  of  the  National 
Lamp  Works  were  turning  out  nearly  one-half  of  the  garments 
which  were  being  sent  abroad  by  the  society  "Children  of  the 
Frontier"  for  the  needy  children  of  the  war-torn  countries. 

These  are  the  highlights  of  a  co-operative  endeavor  on 
the  part  of  the  employees  and  officials  of  the  National  Lamp 
Works  to  be  helpful  to  their  country  at  a  time  when  help  was 
needed.  But  the  details  of  the  story  are  no  less  interesting 
and  may  furnish  to  other  companies,  or  to  relief  organizations, 
some  material  which  may  be  of  service,  should  similar  activ- 
ities be  required  again,  either  in  war  or  in  peace.  For  the  girls 
themselves,  as  will  be  shown,  and  the  National  Lamp  Works 
also,  benefited  in  several  ways,  from  this  patriotic  work. 

There  were  scores  of  girls  in  the  Lamp  Works  after  the 
war  who  were  making  their  own  clothes,  girls  who  less  than 
a  year  before  practically  never  had  had  a  needle  in  their  hands; 
for  strange  as  it  may  seem,  it  was  found  that  only  a  very  small 
proportion  could  do  plain  sewing,  about  one  in  five,  as  nearly 
as  could  be  determined.  Nevertheless  their  instructors  found 
out  that  nearly  every  girl  could  crochet  or  knit,  in  spite  of 
ignorance  of  plain  sewing.  Few  there  were  at  first  who  could 
cut  a  garment,  following  a  pattern,  but  later  each  girl,  while 
perhaps  not  an  expert,  was  able  to  sew  enough  to  help  con- 
siderably in  the  care  or  the  making  of  her  own  garments. 
That  was  the  employees'  benefit. 

From  the  company  standpoint,  the  spirit  or  morale  of 
the  girls  as  a  whole  was  improved  greatly.  Working  side  by 
side  for  months,  they  became  bonded  together  through  the 
spirit  of  their  work  to  help  others.  One  of  the  factory  managers, 
discussing  the  time  when  the  need  for  this  work  would  pass, 
said,  "Well,  when  that  time  comes,  I  must  find  some  other 
similar  work  for  the  girls  to  do,  some  continuation  of  these 
classes,  for  I  have  found  that  they  have  built  up  a  spirit 
among  the  girls  of  the  organization  which  should  never  be 
allowed  to  lessen.  I  believe  the  fact  that  the  girls  were  working 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  313 

together  in  a  labor  of  kindness  towards  others,  has  brought 
about  results  which  never  could  have  been  attained 'were  they 
working  for  themselves  alone.  After  this  work  is  over,  I  hope 
I  can  find  some  local  charity  for  which  the  girls  can  keep  up 
their  efforts,  both  for  the  good  it  does  the  girls  themselves,  and 
the  good  it  does  their  morale." 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Red  Cross  and  Children 
of  the  Frontier  work  that  was  done  by  National  girls  showed 
three  results — their  production  helped  immeasurably  in  the 
work  of  relief  during  the  war,  and  after;  the  good  they  did 
for  others  was  discernibly  reflected  in  benefit  to  themselves; 
and  the  spirit  of  the  organization,  the  National  Lamp  Works, 
was  intensified. 

When  the  Red  Cross  work  of  the  National  was  started, 
nobody  foresaw  to  what  proportions  it  would  expand.  For- 
tunately, the  system  under  which  it  was  established  was  one 
which  permitted  it  to  grow  to  the  fullest  extent  with  the  mini- 
mum of  trouble.  The  cost  to  the  National  was  measured  in 
these  terms,-  as  they  were  expressed  early  in  the  endeavor 
by  Mr.  F.  S.  Terry,  manager  of  the  National  organization. 
He  said,  "I  do  not  know  how  much  money  we  should  spend 
in  this  work.  If  we  spend  a  certain  sum,  and  the  girls  will 
return  that  four  times  to  the  Red  Cross  in  production,  I 
will  consider  the  money,  well  spent,  and  that  the  girls  have 
done  their  share." 

Money,  and  more  money,  was  spent,  but  the  girls  doubled 
Mr.  Terry's  estimate  of  what  would  have  been  a  satisfactory 
output,  for  during  the  time  of  greatest  need,  the  year  1918, 
they  returned  the  money  in  output  eight  and  one-half  times. 

NELA  GIRLS  GET  UNDER  WAY 

The  Red  Cross  organization  throughout  the  United 
States  was  at  work  before  America  entered  the  war,  in  1917, 
but  it  was  from  April  of  that  year,  when  our  country  took 
up  arms,  that  the  enormous  value  of  this  "home  branch" 
of  the  service  really  became  apparent,  finally  doing  such  good 
work  that  it  brought  words  of  highest  praise  from  General 
Pershing  himself.  It  was  in  September,  1917,  that  the  National 
Lamp  Works,  as  an  organization  became  active  in  forming  Red 
Cross  classes  among  the  employees,  a  large  proportion  of 
whom  are  women. 


314  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

The  Red  Cross  work  in  question  was  an  activity  of  the 
National  Service  Department  (Mr.  A.  V.  Simis,  manager), 
and  was  put  under  the  direct  charge  of  Miss  Rose  Streifender, 
who  had  shown  considerable  ability  in  organization  work. 

The  first  classes  formed  were  at  Nela  Park.  Several 
hundred  girls  were  quick  to  register,  and  ready  to  receive 
training  in  making  surgical  dressings,  for  which  at  that  time 
there  was  urgent  need.  The  gymnasium  was  divided  into 
four  "surgical  dressing"  rooms,  made  entirely  sanitary,  and 
instructors  were  sent  out  from  the  teaching  center  of  the  Red 
Cross.  All  of  the  training  was  given  here,  under  the  direction 
of  Mrs.  Charles  A.  Otis.  Here  seventy-five  girls,  working 
four  hours  a  week  on  company  time,  trained  until  they  were 
qualified  as  instructors,  able  to  take  charge  of  classes  of  their 
own. 

From  that  time  on,  the  work  of  the  Nela  Park  girls 
was  done  at  "Taylorhurst,"  a  large  house  used  by  the  East 
Cleveland  chapter  of  the  Red  Cross.  Here  the  National 
classes,  composed  of  National  employees  only,  and  instructed 
by  National  employees,  met  three  nights  a  week,  the  Company 
paying  a  proportional  share  of  the  expenses  of  keeping  Taylor- 
hurst  open.  The  classes  averaged  forty-five  girls  a  night  in 
attendance,  and  operated  as  an  auxiliary  chapter  of  the 
Red  Cross,  turning  in  their  output  through  the  East  Cleveland 
chapter,  but  receiving  individual  credit. 

The  greater  part  of  this  work  was  in  making  surgical 
dressings,  for  which  there  was  urgent  need,  and  officials  of 
the  Red  Cross  Surgical  Dressing  Division  stated  that  the 
Nela  Park  girls  turned  in  the  best  dressings  made  in  the  city 
of  Cleveland.  There  was  never  a  case  where  a  dressing  made  by 
these  girls  failed  to  pass  the  inspection  officials. 

Later  came  the  call  for  influenza  masks,  and  these  the 
girls  turned  out  as  efficiently  as  they  had  the  surgical  dressings. 
Many  of  the  young  women,  in  addition  to  their  work  at 
Taylorhurst,  did  a  large  amount  of  knitting,  and  it  was  to 
this  line  of  work  that  nearly  all  turned  after  the  East  Cleve- 
land chapter  was  closed,  about  a  month  after  the  armistice 
was  signed.  The  Nela  Park  branch  stood  high  in  all  of  the 
knitting  contests  that  were  conducted,  two  hundred  and  three 
girls  knitting  regularly. 

As  the  work  enlarged,  the  National  furnished  a  light 
supper  to  the  girls  before  they  began  their  evening  work. 


Deaf-Mute   Red   Cross   Workers   of  the 

Cleveland  Mazda  Lamp  Division's 

Stem  Department 


A  Parade  of  National  Lamp  War  Workers  at  East  Forty-fifth  Street, 

Cleveland 


Red  Cross  Workers  at  East  152110!  St.  Properties,  Cleveland 


Red  Cross  Workers  at  the  Sterling  Electric  Lamp  Division 
Warren,  Ohio 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  315 

Later  on,  those  who  had  served  seventy-two  hours  were  given 
a  banquet  at  the  Winton  Hotel,  where  appreciation  of  their 
work  was  expressed  by  Miss  McCune,  a  Red  Cross  worker 
from  overseas,  Mr.  Joseph  E.  Kewley  of  the  Law  Department 
of  the  National,  and  Mr.  Albert  V.  Simis  of  the  National 
Service  Department.  It  was  found  that  a  dinner  where  the 
girls  could  all  be  together  and  hear  the  results  of  the  work 
they  were  doing,  or  see  a  few  prizes  given  to  the  best  workers, 
meant  much  in  keeping  their  spirit  at  highest  pitch.  Not 
that  they  would  consciously  have  let  down  in  their  work 
otherwise — they  would  not  have,  but  an  occasional  social 
gathering  certainly  made  their  work  seem  easier. 

For  the  year  1918  the  output  of  these  Nela  Park  girls  was: 

Gauze  dressings 62,350 

Muslin  dressings 445 

Refugee  garments 46 

Sweaters 617 

Socks 291 

Miscellaneous  knitted  goods 121 

(25%  of  the  knitted  goods  listed  above  were  produced  by 
girls  at  the  company's  East  1 5,2nd  Street  plant.) 

45TH  STREET  RED  CROSS  CHAPTER  BECOMES  LEADER 

While  this  work  was  going  on,  there  had  been  developing 
at  our  45th  Street  properties  a  Red  Cross  chapter  which 
eventually  became  our  largest  relief- work  center.  The  45th 
Street  properties  consisted  of  seven  manufacturing  divisions, 
employing  approximately  2,100  girls. 

In  October,  1917,  knitting  classes  were  formed  in  the 
various  divisions,-  meeting  after  working  hours  in  the  various 
rest  rooms  provided  for  the  girls.  1,700  people  signed  up  for 
the  work  at  the  start,  and  the  classes  were  held  five  nights 
a  week,  each  girl  reporting  once  a  week.  By  no  means  all  of 
the  knitting  was  done  in  the  rest  rooms,  however,  for  the 
girls  took  home  their  yarn  and  on  other  evenings  turned  out 
large  amounts  of  work.  Red  Cross  knitting  instructors  trained 
the  girls,  and  at  intervals  speakers  addressed  them  on  wartime 
subjects  and  in  that  way  they  could  understand  how  much 
real  good  their  work  was  doing. 

Later,  when  the  knitting  was  in  full  swing,  Mrs.  Homer 
McKeehan,  in  charge  of  all  Red  Cross  knitting  in  Cleveland, 
wrote  that  the  work  done  by  these  girls  was  the  best  in  the 
city  of  Cleveland. 


316  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

So  remarkable  was  the  quality  and  output  of  knitting, 
that  the  plan  was  suggested  that  surgical  dressings  work 
also  be  included.  Near  the  45th  Street  plant  was  a  sixteen-room 
frame  house  owned  by  the  National  Lamp  Works.  Half 
of  this  house  was  pressed  into  service,  made  sanitary  to  the 
extreme  degree  necessary  for  this  class  of  work,  and  here 
the  girls  started  on  muslin  dressings  and  hospital  garments. 
The  work  expanded  so  that  within  a  few  months  it  was 
necessary  to  take  the  whole  house. 

But  there  seemed  no  limit  to  the  amount  of  work  the 
girls  could  turn  out,  with  instructors  trained  from  their 
own  ranks,  and  working  in  nightly  shifts.  Long  before,  the 
attention  of  the  Red  Cross  officials  had  been  drawn  to  this  cen- 
ter of  relief,  and  it  was  not  strange,  therefore,  that  Mrs.  E.  S. 
Burke,  Jr.,  chairman  of  the  Cleveland  Chapter  of  the  Red 
Cross,  asked  if  the  girls  would  be  willing  to  have  a  quota 
assigned  to  them,  like  those  given  to  the  various  Red  Cross 
chapters  throughout  the  city.  This  meant  that  when  the  call 
for  a  certain  production  was  made  on  the  city  of  Cleveland, 
each  Red  Cross  chapter  would  be  assigned  its  proportion  of 
the  work,  and  would  be  practically  in  honor  bound  to  see 
that  it  was  accomplished. 

NATIONAL'S  RED  CROSS  HEADQUARTERS  SHOWS  ITS  METTLE 

The  plan  was  adopted,  and  in  February,  1918,  the  Red 
Cross  chapter  flag  was  raised  and  the  organization  of  National 
girls  became  indeed  a  part  of  the  Red  Cross  organization. 

At  that  time  an  urgent  call  for  sweaters  was  received  by 
the  Cleveland  district.  They  were  needed  within  two  months, 
and  quotas  were  given  with  that  time  limit  on  the  production. 
The  assignment  given  the  National  Lamp  Works  chapter  was 
1,000,  and  while  it  seemed  like  an  impossibility  to  turn  out 
this  number  in  the  time  allowed,  the  end  of  the  two  months 
saw  not  only  the  1,000  sweaters  asked,  but  400  additional. 

This  accomplishment  paved  the  way  for  even  heavier 
quotas,  but  not  once  did  the  girls  fail  to  meet  their  mark. 
In  fact  it  was  practically  a  fixed  plan  to  give  the  National  chapter 
a  quota  of  9.8%  of  the  whole  task  set  the  city  of  Cleveland,  and 
in  every  case  the  quota  was  not  only  met,  but  was  exceeded,  for 
the  usual  production  ran  between  10  and  n  per  cent  of  the  output 
of  the  whole  city.  Taking  the  knitting  alone,  the  figures  taken 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  317 

from  the  official  records  show  that  the  production  of  the 
National  girls,  and  the  friends  they  pressed  into  service, 
amounted  to  14  per  cent  of  the  city's  output. 

During  the  war,  the  chapter  roll-call  showed  900  active 
members.  Friends  and  relatives  who  showed  continued  interest 
in  helping  out  in  the  work  were  admitted  to  membership, 
and  during  the  day,  while  the  girls  were  at  their  lamp-making 
labors  in  the  regular  plants,  seven  sewing  clubs  of  women 
relatives  and  friends  met  at  the  chapter  house.  At  one  time 
there  were  no  less  than  800  persons  on  this  list  of  outside 
workers. 

At  this  chapter,  as  later  at  Nela  Park,  the  company 
provided  a  warm  and  substantial  meal  for  those  who  wished 
to  go  direct  from  their  regular  work  to  the  Red  Cross  head- 
quarters. 

When  the  call  for  gauze  dressings  was  at  its  height,  a  room 
was  specially  fitted  up  in  the  45th  Street  chapter  house  for 
this  work,  and  seven  surgical  dressings  classes  were  formed 
from  employees  of  the  45th  Street,  15 2nd  Street,  and  Nela 
Park  plants.  These  girls,  like  the  earlier  workers  in  this  line 
at  Nela  Park,  were  specially  trained  by  Red  Cross  instructors, 
and  they  continued  at  work  until  the  call  for  surgical  dressings 
was  at  an  end. 

ST.  Louis  WORKERS  MAINTAIN  THE  PACE 

So  successful  had  been  the  plan  at  the  Cleveland  plants 
of  the  National  that  it  was  decided  to  try  it  in  other  National 
Divisions,  and  early  in  1918  the  St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp 
Division  took  up  the  work,  concentrating  on  muslin  and 
gauze  dressings.  The  same  method  of  organization  was  used, 
the  girls  were  trained  under  the  same  system  and  300  joined 
the  classes.  Their  output  kept  up  to  the  standard  the  National 
had  set. 

The  Red  Cross  chapter  of  National  girls  in  Cleveland 
did  not  confine  itself  to  the  lines  of  endeavor  that  have  so 
far  been  described.  Miss  Streifender  and  Miss  Mary  A.  Corns, 
her  assistant,  who  later  was  a  victim  of  the  influenza  epidemic, 
took  the  course  in  Civilian  Relief,  and  established  a  branch 
of  that  activity  in  connection  with  the  chapter  work.  In  all, 
175  cases  were  handled,  nearly  all  of  the  work  naturally 
falling  among  families  where  a  boy  was  in  France.  A  general 


318  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

information  bureau  was  maintained  at  the  chapter  house. 
Some  of  the  other  activities  entered  into  by  the  girls  are 
listed  elsewhere  in  this  text. 


CLOTHING  CHILDREN  FROM  THE  FRONTIER  TOWNS 

After  the  armistice  was  signed,  but  before  the  Red 
Cross  gave  up  active  chapter  work,  request  was  made  that 
girls  help  out  in  making  garments  for  the  Children  of  the 
Frontier,  a  society  which  was  caring  for  thousands  of  unfor- 
tunate children  from  the  devastated  areas  in  France.  The 
girls  willingly  agreed  to  devote  to  this  purpose  all  of  the 
time  that  was  not  taken  up  by  the  Red  Cross  work.  Later, 
when  the  Red  Cross  drives  were  over,  practically  all  of  the 
time  was  given  to  the  Children  of  the  Frontier.  This  activity 
continued  into  1920. 

The  full  change  from  the  Red  Cross  to  the  Children 
of  the  Frontier  came  in  March,  1919,  the  St.  Louis  Division 
also  joining  in  the  new  work.  Moreover,  additional  plants 
were  interested,  and  in  March  the  Illinois  Miniature  Lamp 
Division  (Chicago)  joined,  while  in  the  following  month 
the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp  Division  (Minneapolis)  also 
formed  its  sewing  classes.  But  in  making  the  change  the 
Red  Cross  was  not  neglected,  for  in  the  first  six  months  of 
1919  more  than  8,000  garments  were  made  for  that  organi- 
zation. In  June,  however,  the  Red  Cross  calls  ended. 

In  the  Children  of  the  Frontier  work,  each  Lamp  Divi- 
sion specialized  on  one  type  of  garment.  Chicago  and  Minne- 
apolis girls  did  a  lighter  class,  while  at  St.  Louis  heavier 
types  were  made.  But  in  each  plant  every  girl  was  so  trained 
that  she  could  readily  make  any  type  assigned,  in  case  of 
emergency,  and  also  that  each  might  have  as  thorough  training 
as  possible. 

At  the  Cleveland  headquarters  two  power  buttonhole 
machines  and  two  button  machines  were  installed;  on  these 
one  girl  could  turn  out  approximately  fifty-five  buttonholes 
a  minute,  or  sew  on  forty  buttons. 

All  garments  made  in  the  outside  plants  were  therefore 
sent  to  Cleveland,  where  these  operations  were  completed 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  319 

and  the  garments  then  forwarded  to  New  York  for  shipment 
abroad.  In  the  latter  months  of  1919  from  twelve  to  seven- 
teen bags  of  garments  were  sent  out  of  Cleveland  each  week, 
and  each  bag  contained  no  less  than  78  garments.  In  November 
and  December  about  60%  of  the  garments  sent  to  Europe 
by  the  Society  for  Protecting  Children  of  the  Frontier,  were 
made  by  National  girls. 

But  even  through  the  time  devoted  to  work  for  the 
Children  of  the  Frontier,  knitting  did  not  cease,  for  this 
society  also  had  great  need  of  knitted  goods,  especially  stock- 
ings and  sweaters  of  various  sizes  for  children  under  the  age 
of  sixteen.  Not  only  did  the  National  girls  continue  in  this 
work,  but  the  outside  knitters  helped  also,  the  number  of 
workers  totalling  1,137.  This  list  included  many  persons 
who  had  been  knitting  socks  of  yarn  furnished  by  Mr.  B.  G. 
Tremaine  (see  page  307). 

An  organization  within  the  National  Lamp  Works 
chapter  of  the  Red  Cross,  known  as  the  Red  Cross  Club, 
did  much  toward  accomplishing  the  gratifying  results  already 
mentioned.  Membership  in  this  club  was  purely  an  honorary 
matter,  the  requirement  at  the  time  of  the  club's  formation 
being  the  completion  of  two  hundred  hours  of  Red  Cross 
work.  This  requirement  of  work  accomplished  was  made 
variable,  increasing  as  time  went  on,  so  that  at  the  date  this 
account  was  written,  a  girl  must  have  completed  five  hundred 
hours  to  be  eligible.  The  membership  as  of  January,  1920, 
averaged  about  eighty  girls.  There  was  also  a  branch  in  the 
St.  Louis  division,  but  the  requirement  in  hours  there  was 
not  so  high  as  at  Cleveland,  for  the  work  had  not  been  in 
progress  so  long. 

Club  rooms  were  fitted  up  for  the  members,  who  paid 
dues  of  twenty-five  cents  a  month  to  cover  the  cost  of  enter- 
tainments they  gave.  Meetings  were  held  every  two  weeks 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  suggestions  for  the  improvement 
of  the  work,  and  at  every  second  meeting  the  girls  were 
addressed  by  some  outside  speaker  of  prominence. 

In  helping  to  meet  the  heavy  quotas  that  were  given,  the 
club  was  of  the  greatest  assistance,  as  each  girl  was  pledged, 
in  addition  to  giving  three  and  one-half  hours  a  week  regu- 
larly to  the  workj  to  add  additional  time  enough  to  make  sure 


320  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

that  the  chapter  as  a  whole  met  whatever  quota  was  set  for  it. 

In  the  summer  of  1919,  the  club  members  were  given 
recognition  for  their  good  work  by  being  entertained  for  a 
week  at  Nela  Camp,  where  they  lived  in  tents  and  enjoyed  a 
real  outdoor  vacation.  This  camp  was  held  at  the  expense 
of  the  company,  and  the  girls  received  their  regular  pay  for  the 
time  they  spent  away  from  their  work. 

Some  of  the  accomplishments  of  the  individual  workers 
are  interesting.  Early  in  the  war  Miss  Mae  Cipra  received  a 
letter  from  her  brother  in  the  service  telling  her  of  the  val- 
uable work  the  Red  Cross  organization  was  doing  for  the 
soldiers.  As  a  result  Miss  Cipra  throughout  the  duration  of 
the  war  spent  five  nights  a  week  working  at  the  Red  Cross 
chapter  house,  in  addition  to  doing  a  large  amount  of  outside 
knitting.  Miss  Alma  Heinz,  another  chapter  member,  was 
probably  the  best  knitter  in  the  organization.  During  the 
time  hostilities  continued,  Miss  Heinz  specialized  on  knitting 
sweaters,  and  for  the  whole  period  of  the  war  her  output 
averaged  one  sweater  every  three  days.  Mrs.  A.  L.  Maddell, 
wife  of  one  of  the  National  employees  knit  a  pair  of  socks  a 
day  during  the  whole  period  of  the  war,  and  after  the  war 
ended  kept  up  her  splendid  work  for  the  Children  of  the 
Frontier.  Her  yarn  requirement  was  usually  a  bale  every 
three  weeks.  Mrs.  J.  L.  Dana,  also  wife  of  a  National  employee, 
could  knit  a  sweater  in  8^-2  hours.  The  list  of  girls  who  worked 
three  nights  a  week  during  the  war  was  a  long  one. 

HOW  YOUNGSTOWN  GlRLS  AlDED  THE  RED   CROSS 

Relief  activities  in  the  National  Plants  outside  of  Cleveland 
took  various  forms.  The  Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Division, 
at  Youngstown,  Ohio,  took  an  active  interest  in  Red  Cross 
work.  In  October,  1917,  the  girls  at  this  plant  formed  a  Red 
Cross  class  of  150  members  to  make  surgical  dressings.  The 
class  was  supervised  by  Miss  Sutherland,  Service  Secretary,  as- 
sisted by  twenty-five  girls  who  took  a  special  course  from  the 
local  chapter  of  the  Red  Cross.  These  girls  served  as  teachers 
and  inspectors,  and  through  their  efforts  the  surgical  dressings 
produced  by  the  class  were  of  the  very  best  workmanship, 
the  girls  receiving  many  compliments  from  the  local  chapter 
for  their  work. 


Parade  of  Miniature  Bulb  Division's  Red  Cross  Contingent 


Busy  on  Red  Cross  Work  at  the  Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Plant, 
Youngstown,  Ohio 


Miss  Alma  Heinz  One  Week's  Knitting  Output.    Made  by  the 

Champion  Knitter  of  the      National's  Red  Cross  workers  in  Cleveland 

National  during   the   summer  Knitting  Drive  of  1918 


The  "Red  Cross  Club." — At  the  Right  is  the  National  Lamp  Red 
Cross  Headquarters  House 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  321 

The  class  remained  in  active  service,  putting  in  two 
hours  of  evening  work  once  every  week  until  October  14,  1918, 
when  it  was  closed  by  order  of  the  Health  Board,  on  account 
of  the  influenza  epidemic.  When  this  ban  against  public 
meetings  was  lifted,  the  local  chapter  of  the  Red  Cross  an- 
nounced that  it  would  not  need  further  supplies. 

The  record  of  the  girls'  production  was: 

4  inch  x  4  inch  Compresses 100,000 

9  inch  x  9  inch  Compresses 28,000 

Sponges 5,000 

Heel  Rests 1,000 

Surgical  Pads i  ,000 

In  addition  there  was  formed  a  knitting  class,  with  fifty 
members.  These  girls  had  a  regular  schedule  for  evening 
work,  and  many  did  a  great  amount  of  knitting  at  home. 
They  produced  100  pairs  of  socks,  75  sweaters,  100  scarfs 
and  helmets,  and  25  pairs  of  wristlets. 

In  September,  1917,  the  girls  of  the  Youngstown  Di- 
vision held  a  dance,  and  the  proceeds,  $81,  were  turned  over 
to  the  Red  Cross.  In  December  a  bazaar  was  organized, 
running  for  two  days.  The  whole  Service  Department,  in- 
cluding cafeteria  and  rest  rooms,  was  utilized,  being  decorated 
and  set  with  booths.  The  affair  was  a  great  success,  bringing 
in  a  total  of  $656,  which  was  donated  to  the  local  chapter 
of  the  Red  Cross. 

Practically  every  girl  was  a  member  of  the  Red  Cross, 
paying  the  $>i.oo  membership  fee.  Nevertheless  when  in 
June,  1917,  a  special  Red  Cross  campaign  was  held,  the 
girls  subscribed  an  additional  amount  of  $700.  The  Red  Cross 
classes  participated  in  all  of  the  Youngstown  patriotic  parades. 
In  aFourth-of-July  parade, the  entire  unit,  about  200  in  number, 
was  in  full  Red  Cross  uniform,  and  divided  into  squads, 
which  had  been  coached  by  competent  instructors  in  for- 
mations and  marching.  This  lamp-factory  Red  Cross  unit 
was  awarded  first  prize  for  the  finest  showing  in  the  Red 
Cross  division  of  the  entire  parade. 

Some  of  the  work  at  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
has  been  described,  but  there  were  additional  ^activities 
that  should  not  be  omitted  from  notice.  WhenTthe  June, 
1918,  Red  Cross  campaign  for  funds  was  on,  practically 
every  employee  of  the  factory  worked  one  Saturday  afternoon, 


322  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

and  donated  their  earnings,  $477.63,  to  the  Red  Cross.  The 
employees'  committee,  which  this  Division  appointed  to 
keep  in  touch  with  those  who  entered  the  service,  has  been 
mentioned  on  page  144. 

WITH  RED  CROSS  GIRLS  AT  OTHER  NATIONAL  PLANTS 

At  Mahoning  Miniature  Lamp  Division,  Warren,  Ohio, 
about  twenty  girls  interested  themselves  in  Red  Cross  work, 
producing  50  sweaters,  8  scarfs,  8  helmets,  4  washcloths, 
7  pairs  of  wristlets,  and  40  pairs  of  socks.  The  girls  of  this 
Division  contributed  about  $250  to  various  relief  organiza- 
tions. At  Puritan  Refilled  Lamp  Division,  Providence,  R.  I., 
thirty  girls  attended  the  Red  Cross  surgical  dressings  class, 
devoting  one  evening  a  week  to  this  work;  at  the  sales  office 
of  the  Sterling  Electric  Lamp  Division,  Warren,  Ohio,  the 
girls  formed  the  local  surgical-dressings  division  of  the  Red 
Cross,  a  class  that  finally  reached  a  membership  of  200;  from 
the  sales  office  of  the  Banner  Electric  Division,  Youngstown, 
five  girls,  out  of  a  total  of  seven,  worked  in  the  Red  Cross 
class  at  the  Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Division,  whose  work 
has  already  been  described. 


ONE  YEAR'S  RELIEF  WORK.  OF  NATIONAL  LAMP 
GIRLS  IN  CLEVELAND 

1918  KNITTED  GOODS 

Sweaters 6,646 

Socks  (pairs) 10,215 

Miscellaneous 1,668 

1918  DRESSINGS 

Muslin  Dressings 8,599 

Hospital  Garments 3)45* 

Refugee  Garments 292 

Gauze  Dressings 142,289 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  323 


SUNDRY  WAR  WORK  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  GIRLS  FROM 
CLEVELAND  PLANTS  OF  THE  NATIONAL 

Collected  tinfoil  worth  $250. 

Lawn   fete   for  Victory   Chest  netted  $487. 

Carried  flag  for  Sousa's  band,  collecting  $1,700 
for  the  Victory  Chest. 

Sold  Thrift  Stamps  to  value  of  $1,000  at  Wade 
Park  Pageant. 

In  Third  Liberty  Loan  drive  manned  booth  and 
sold  $5,500  in  bonds. 

Gave  bazaar  for  Children  of  Frontier;  proceeds 
$1,300. 

Sold  Thrift  Stamps  at  Euclid  Beach. 

Collected  two  barrels  and  two  baskets  of  peach 
stones  for  gas  masks. 

Sent  two  barrels  of  clothing  to  Belgians. 

Attended  all  Red  Cross  and  Liberty  Loan 
parades. 

Established  Civilian  Relief  branch  and  inves- 
tigated 175  inquiries. 

At  Christmas,  1918,  filled  500  gift  boxes  for 
soldiers  from  Cleveland  who  were  without  relatives. 
The  company  donated  100  additional  boxes.  The 
needs  of  the  city  were  6,000  boxes,  so  that  the 
National  organization  furnished  10%  of  the  total. 


NELA  FUND 

Nela  Fund,  for  French  war  orphans,  widows  and  sol- 
diers, was  founded  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Terry  in  1917,  and  was  under 
his  personal  direction.  The  outstanding  feature  of  Nela  Fund, 
and  the  one  which  differentiated  it  from  most  other  insti- 
tutions of  relief,  was  the  touch  of  personal 
interest  which  it  injected  between  the  bene- 
factor and  recipient.  It  made  each  contributor 
realize  that  he  was  assisting  in  the  welfare  of 
a  human  being  who  stood  acutely  in  need  of 
an  interested  friend;  it  was  able  to  do 
this  because  it  investigated  thoroughly  the  recipient's  needs 
before  soliciting  a  subscription  for  his  or  her  maintenance. 


324  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Nela  Fund  not  only  raised  and  transmitted  the  funds, 
but  also  encouraged  frequent  correspondence  between 
the  orphan  and  the  donor;  furthermore,  it  provided 
the  services  of  expert  translators,  who  translated  from  French 
to  English  or  vice  versa,  the  letters  thus  exchanged.  All  such 
service  was  rendered  by  Nela  Fund  without  cost  to  the  sub- 
scribers. 

The  name  Nela  Fund  was  adopted  merely  for  conven- 
ience; the  Fund  had  no  official  connection  with  the  National 
Lamp  Works.  The  success  which  the  Fund  enjoyed,  how- 
ever, was  largely  the  result  of  the  financial  and  personal 
interest  which  managers  and  employees  of  the  National 
Lamp  Works  manifested  in  this  unusual  and  specialized 
method  of  direct  aid  to  widows,  orphans  and  soldiers.  It 
was  to  the  lamp  organization  that  Mr.  F.  S.  Terry  looked 
for  assistance  in  the  bountiful  work  he  had  instituted,  and, 
as  in  all  activities  of  war-time  importance,  their  services 
were  of  the  utmost  value  in  carrying  the  project  through 
to  success. 

When  France  was  called  upon  in  1914  to  defend  her 
land,  she  recognized  the  seriousness  of  the  problem  of  pro- 
viding for  the  multitude  of  war  orphans  and  widows  who 
would  be  left  in  utterly  stringent  circumstances,  and  the 
French  Government  immedia.tely  took  steps  to  aid  these 
innocent  victims.  But  in  time  of  war,  men  and  munitions 
are  the  crying  needs  of  a  nation,  and  so  France  was  compelled 
to  finance  her  fighting  program  more  liberally  than  her  relief 
program.  The  enormity  of  this  problem,  and  the  expense 
involved,  was  such  that  as  late  as  June,  1917,  the  French 
Government  was  allowing  but  eight  francs  a  month  for  the 
maintenance  of  orphans  deemed  needy,  regardless  of  the 
varying  needs  of  the  individual. 

The  intervention  of  the  French  and  American  chari- 
table organizations,  which  sprang  up  simultaneously  with 
the  first  sign  of  hostile  fire,  was  a  step  towards  solving  France's 
problem  of  caring  for  her  homeless  and  destitute.  But  these 
relief  agencies  were  for  the  greater  part  general  in  scope  and 
though  their  source  of  income  was  large,  their  field  of  endeavor 
was  so  extensive  that  to  render  aid  of  more  than  an  imper- 
sonal nature  was  beyond  their  power.  Further,  their  gifts, 
though  abundant,  were  in  no  measure  large  enough  to  supply 
all  the  needs  of  these  thousands  upon  thousands  of  innocent 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  325 

victims,  no  two  alike;  no  two  calling  for  the  same  measure 
of  relief  and  comfort. 

There  can  be  no  variance  of  opinion  as  to  the  class  of 
people  suffering  most  acutely  in  the  war.  It  was  the  families 
of  the  middle  cultured  class,  who  stood  for  the  best  ideals 
of  France,  and  who  in  many  cases  had  built  up  comfortable 
incomes  for  themselves,  that  were  compelled  to  make  the 
greatest  sacrifices.  Thousands  of  them  had  investments  in 
the  invaded  districts — utterly  destroyed.  With  the  breadwinner 
killed  in  battle,  and  the  family  income  cut  off,  many  a  delicate 
mother  found  herself  left  with  a  large  family  of  children  and  no 
means  of  supporting  them  save  by  manual  labor,  for  which 
she  was  utterly  unfitted.  The  war,  then,  in  many  cases  meant 
the  breaking  up  of  homes  and  lost  opportunities  for  the  chil- 
dren— the  very  "flower  of  France" — who  were  suddenly 
denied  the  education  which  was  important  to  insure  their 
success  in  later  life. 

As  early  as  March,  1916,  the  attention  of  Mr.  F.  S.  Terry 
was  directed  to  an  orphan,  twelve  years  of  age,  brought  by 
the  war  into  a  condition  similar  to  that  just  suggested.  This 
boy  had  been  securing  educational  advantages  and  every- 
thing pointed  to  a  prosperous  future  for  him.  Then  the  tragedy 
of  war  ensued  and,  like  thousands  of  the  best  manhood  of 
France,  his  soldier- father  fell.  There  arose  a  dark  cloud  on 
the  horizon,  for  suddenly  and  cruelly  the  prospects  of  the 
liberal  education  which  the  father  had  in  mind  for  his  son 
were  changed  to  faded  possibilities. 

HELPING  FRANCE  AND  ITS  ORPHANS 

Mr.  Terry  saw  here  a  chance  to  assist  both  a  deserving 
family  and  a  country  which  was  fighting  not  for  itself  alone 
but  for  the  freedom  of  all  mankind.  The  family  in  question, 
like  all  others  of  the  better  class,  deplored  charity  and  would 
have  refused  financial  assistance  had  it  not  been  given  in  an 
interested  spirit  and  for  the  good  of  France.  With  the  aid  of 
a  French  charitable  organization  which  vouched  for  its  needs, 
Mr.  Terry  wrote  to  this  orphan  and  members  of  his  family. 
He  learned  through  letters  to  the  boy's  mother  of  her  means 
and  needs  for  keeping  and  educating  her  son;  he  extended 
to  her  the  appreciation  of  the  American  people  for  the  hard- 
ships which  she  and  the  people  of  France  were  bearing  so 


326  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

heroically,  and  he  later  advised  her  of  the  plans  and  prepara- 
tions which  America  was  making  to  aid  the  allies.  As  these 
letters  were  circulated  and  read  by  others,  they  tended  to 
stimulate  the  morale  of  the  French  and  to  cement  the  spirit 
of  friendship  between  the  people  of  the  two  countries. 

The  widow,  in  reply,  wrote  of  her  family,  telling  of  her 
husband  who  had  died  for  France  and  freedom,  what  his 
death  meant  to  her  and  her  son,  and  how  her  family  might 
be  held  together  and  educated.  She  told  of  the  heroic  stand 
which  France  was  making  for  humanity,  of  conditions  in 
the  fighting  area,  and  expressed  joy  at  hearing  of  America's 
feeling  toward  France.  These  letters  were  valuable  to  their 
readers,  both  in  the  United  States  and  France,  for  they  gave 
first-hand  the  conditions  in  each  country. 

Thus  this  family,  through  the  gift  and  interest  which 
an  American  had  extended  to  them,  was  able  to  "carry  on" 
in  a  normal  way.  Each  letter  from  France  convinced  Mr. 
Terry  more  and  more  of  the  valuable  mutual  benefits  being 
derived  from  this  interested  form  of  relief.  Notes  from  the 
orphan  told  of  his  progress  at  school  and  of  the  happy  moments 
spent  with  his  mother,  who  was  keeping  from  his  mind  as 
best  she  could  the  sorrow  within  her  own  heart  and  the  heart 
of  France.  At  the  very  moment  when  the  manhood  of  France 
was  fighting  to  save  the  country  from  the  Teutons,  the  gift 
of  the  American  was  helping  to  build  up  the  mind  and  body 
of  this  future  citizen  who  otherwise  would  have  been  hand- 
icapped. The  picture  of  a  grateful  mother  and  a  happy  boy 
was  felt  by  Mr.  Terry  to  be  a  handsome  return  on  his  in- 
vestment, and  so  he  invested  more.  Family  upon  family  was 
added  to  his  list  until  thirty-four  orphans  in  seventeen  fam- 
ilies were  receiving  a  cheer  and  a  boost  which  otherwise  would 
have  been  impossible. 

FROM  A  WIDOW  OF  FRANCE 

The  following  letter  is  typical  of  those  written  by  French 
widows,  and  shows  something  of  the  profound  needs  of  these 
widows  and  their  gratitude  for  the  interest  taken  in  their  welfare. 

"I  have  received  through  the  agency  of  the  Saint  Cyrienne 
your  very  generous  gift.  I  am  touched  by  the  fact  that  you  are  so 
good  as  to  take  an  interest  in  my  children.  I  thank  you  very  much 
for  the  material  aid  which  you  bring  into  their  lives  and  to  their 
education.  Thanks  to  your  generous  devotion,  my  children  will 
again  find  some  of  the  comforts  which  they  had  lost  through  the 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  327 

death  of  their  father.  I  should  love  to  express  better  than  I  do  my 
very  deep  gratitude.  Know  only  that  you  have  been  the  cause  of  one 
of  the  rare  joys  I  have  experienced  these  three  years.  The  changed 
conditions  of  my  life  cause  me  little  uneasiness  for  myself;  but  I 
felt  wretched  at  the  thought  that  the  miseries  of  the  war  should 
reach  my  children,  not  only  in  their  affections,  but  in  upsetting  their 
whole  material  existence.  But  your  generosity  has  given  me  real 
happiness,  and  I  thank  you  not  only  for  them,  but  also  for  myself. 

"My  husband,  the  son  of  an  officer,  was  a  lieutenant  of  chas- 
seurs on  foot  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  He  had  been  admitted  to 
the  War  College  the  first  time  he  applied,  a  thing  rather  unusual. 
A  brilliant  officer  in  time  of  peace,  he  evinced  in  the  war  admirable 
qualities  of  heroism.  Being  wounded  on  August  24,  1914,  he  assumed 
command  of  the  company  which  the  captain  had  to  relinquish  on 
account  of  a  severe  wound.  He  had  the  willpower  to  remain  at  this 
post  for  days,  although  his  wounded  leg  troubled  him  much.  He 
was  appointed  Captain  on  the  3 1st  of  August.  On  September  6th 
following,  a  bullet  cut  off  part  of  a  finger  while  another  went  through 
his  jaw;  yet  he  refused  to  be  sent  to  the  rear.  On  September  8,  be- 
cause he  was  exhausted  by  these  various  wounds,  he  was  going  to 
retire  to  the  rear,  when  his  company  and  the  neighboring  one  were 
ordered  to  defend  an  important  position.  There  was  no  one  else 
except  a  very  young  second  lieutenant  to  assume  command.  Gather- 
ing once  more  his  strength,  my  husband  took  the  lead,  and  it  was 
during  this  night  of  September  8,  that  a  last  wound  overcame  his 
courage.  What  he  did  was  all  the  more  admirable,  because  he  was 
by  no  means  a  fanatic,  but  a  cool  nature,  reasoning  out  the  conse- 
quences of  his  deeds.  I  may  add  that  giving  up  his  life  was  an  im- 
mense sacrifice,  for  life  in  our  family  meant  happiness. 

"And  that  was  not  the  only  sorrow  that  befell  my  children. 
Their  grandfather,  my  father,  was  killed  at  the  Dardanelles,  he  being 
a  brigadier-general.  He  had  been  a  soldier  from  the  day  he  was  old 
enough  to  join  the  army.  A  volunteer  of  the  war  of  1870,  he  had 
since  made  several  campaigns  in  Tonkin,  at  Madagascar,  etc.  It 
was  by  accomplishing  bravely  his  duty  as  a  chief  and  by  exposing 
himself  in  order  to  save  the  lives  of  his  soldiers,  that  he  was  killed 
in  June,  1915. 

"Aside  from  these  losses,  the  war  has  wrought  its  ravages 
about  my  very  fireside  by  destroying  even  the  mementoes  of  a 
happy  life.  I  was  driven  out  of  St.  Mihiel,  where  my  husband  was 
garrisoned,  by  the  coming  of  the  Germans.  I  fled  with  my  little 
Ginette,  then  three  years  old.  My  son  was  born  four  months  later. 
I  learned  from  refugees  of  St.  Mihiel  that  the  home  I  occupied  had 
been  completely  burnt.  I  have  since  seen,  on  photographs  taken 
from  airplanes,  that  their  story  was  but  too  true. 

"You  see,  therefore,  that  in  three  years'  time,  my  children 
have  witnessed  many  tears  shed  about  them.  I  am  grateful  for  the 
renewed  faith  you  have  brought  them;  for  the  help  you  give  me  in 
making  their  childhood  more  happy." 


328  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

SOCIETY  OF  NELA  MUSTERED  INTO  ACTION 

In  1917,  after  promoting  this  work  alone  for  two  years, 
Mr.  Terry  realized  he  had  reached  the  apex  of  his  individual 
possibilities  for  carrying  on  correspondence.  Knowing  that 
thousands  of  widows  and  orphans  might  be  given  personal 
aid  and  thus  be  relieved  of  many  heavy  burdens,  Mr.  Terry 
decided  to  call  upon  his  associates.  Consequently,  at  the 
summer  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Nela  at  Association  Island 
in  June,  1917,  he  explained  in  detail  the  work  he  had  been 
engaged  in,  and  outlined  his  plans  for  futhering  it.  He  told 
the  history  of  some  of  the  children  whom  he  had  adopted, 
and  read  letters  illustrating  how  wonderful  the  benefits  were 
and  the  gratitude  of  these  children  and  mothers.  This  was 
sufficient  evidence  for  the  Nela  members,  who  immediately  sub- 
scribed in  "water-bottle  money"  and  I.  O.  U.'s  several  thousand 
dollars,  and  promised  their  active  support  in  a  campaign 
to  interest  others.  This  campaign  took  definite  form  at  the 
Christmas  season,  and  was  known  as  the  Christmas  Drive 
of  1917. 

So  was  born  the  Nela  Fund  for  handling  the  subscrip- 
tions and  acting  as  a  medium  between  the  benefactor  and 
the  orphan  he  "adopted."  Between  the  summer  conference 
of  1917  and  the  opening  of  the  Christmas  Drive,  Mr.  N.  H. 
Boynton,  then  manager  of  the  Publicity  Department,  was 
named  by  Mr.  Terry  as  active  head  of  the  extension  campaign. 

The  organization  of  the  Fund  and  the  method  of  soliciting 
and  transmitting  funds  are  worthy  of  note.  Headquarters 
were  established  in  Room  2044,  120  Broadway,  New  York. 
Mr.  Robert  L.  Stevenson  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Fund 
and  Professor  J.  L.  BorgerhofF  was  engaged  as  translator. 
It  is  to  be  kept  in  mind  that  a  big  factor  in  the  Nela  Fund 
relief  was  the  personal  correspondence  carried  on  between 
the  French  families  and  their  American  "godparents."  It 
is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  in  the  first  twenty- 
seven  months  of  its  operation  over  3500  letters  were  received 
and  translated  from  English  to  French  and  from  French  to 
English  by  Nela  Fund. 

The  needs  of  orphans  varied  with  age  and  educational 
requirements,  so  that  the  party  interested  could  subscribe 
for  the  maintenance  of  children  whose  expenses  for  a  year's 
keep,  either  with  their  mother  or  in  private  homes,  would 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  329 

vary  from  $36  to  $250.  The  usual  amounts  asked  were  $36 

to  $40,  $50  to  $60  or  $200  to  $250. 

BRINGING  CHEER  TO  "SOLDIER-GODSONS" 

The  cost  of  maintaining  a  soldier-godson  ranged  from  $20 
to  $30  a  year,  while  for  the  re-education  of  a  mutilated  soldier 
from  $80  to  $200  a  year  was  needed,  according  to  the  trade  he 
was  learning.  The  soldier-godson  movement  was  of  decided  im- 
portance because  the  French  soldier  received  but  five  cents  a 
day  for  his  military  services,  and  was  in  need  of  many  comforts 
which  would  enable  him  to  bear  his  trials  with  lighter  heart. 
The  following  letter  from  an  adopted  godson  shows  the  changed 
expression  which  was  made  possible  by  a  personal-interest 
contribution  from  a  Nela  Fund  subscriber: 

"For  the  present  I  feel  almost  happy,  for  I  know  that  a  good 
man  is  kind  enough  to  take  an  interest  in  me.  I  assure  you,  my  dear 
godfather,  that  I  am  proud  of  the  friendship  you  kindly  give  me. 
Being  entirely  without  news  from  my  parents  and  my  dear  little  boy, 
who  are  all  in  the  invaded  part  of  Belgium,  I  assure  you,  my  good 
godfather,  that  I  really  felt  too  lonely,  and  that  my  lonesomeness 
was  the  cause  of  my  discouragement,  which,  in  turn,  though  only 
temporary,  affected  my  health.  Now  that  I  am  sure  of 
having  found  a  good  friend,  I  am  entirely  different.  Your  letters 
have  cheered  me  up  to  such  an  extent  that  I  am  in  the  best  possible 
mood  to  finish,  as  I  ought  to,  the  task  I  have  voluntarily  assumed. 
Thanks  to  you,  my  dear  godfather,  I  shall  overcome  everything 
that  comes  along,  and  more  still,  for  I  tell  you  that  I  am  ready  for 
any  sacrifice." 

The  sum  subscribed  for  maintaining  an  orphan,  widow 
or  godson  could  be  paid  into  the  Nela  Fund  in  any  manner 
desired  by  the  donor,  so  long  as  the  entire  amount  was  for- 
warded within  a  year.  Unlike  the  ordinary  organization  of 
relief,  Nela  Fund  did  not  deduct  a  proportion  of  the  sub- 
scription to  meet  overhead  expense.  This  was  borne  partly 
by  Mr.  Terry  and  partly  by  contributions  made  especially 
for  that  purpose.  Another  essential  characteristic  of  the  Nela 
Fund  operation  was  the  promptness  with  which  money  was 
forwarded  to  the  beneficiary.  When  a  subscription  was  accepted 
for  an  orphan,  the  mother  or  guardian  was  immediately 
notified  and  told  that  a  semi-annual  payment  would  be 
placed  to  her  credit  at  some  bank  named  by  her,  or  a  French 
clearing  house,  on  a  specific  date.  This  was  done  even  though 


330  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

the  amount  for  the  support  of  the  orphan  had  not  been  re- 
ceived at  the  headquarters  of  Nela  Fund.  By  so  doing,  no 
burden  of  anxiety  was  ever  laid  upon  the  recipient. 

BECOMING  A  GODPARENT 

The  reader  may  wonder  how  the  godparent  chose  the 
orphan,  and  what  security  he  had  that  his  gift  was  doing  its 
share  for  good.  Nela  Fund  co-operated  with  certain  reliable 
French  charitable  institutions  with  which  Mr.  Terry,  through 
two  years'  personal  observation  and  dealings,  had  established 
relations.  These  agencies  were  interested  in  widows  and  or- 
phans of  the  middle  class.  They  had  on  file  pictures  and  his- 
tories of  thousands  of  deserving  unfortunates,  which  they 
willingly  placed  at  the  disposal  of  Nela  Fund.  Whenever  a 
subscription  was  entered  at  the  New  York  office,  the  picture 
and  history  of  two  or  more  orphans,  whose  requirements 
were  within  the  amount  subscribed,  were  forwarded  to  the 
interested  party,  who  made  his  choice  and  returned  the  un- 
accepted history.  The  donor  then  began  to  communicate 
with  his  godchild,  and  thus  started  an  interesting  and  helpful 
correspondence.  Corresponding  was  optional  with  the  giver 
and  would  be  taken  care  of,  upon  request,  by  the  Nela  Fund. 

Some  of  the  French  organizations  with  which  Nela 
Fund  worked  hand  in  hand  were  the  Saint  Cyrienne,  National 
French  Association,  Fatherless  Children  of  France,  Chil- 
dren of  the  Frontier,  La  Federation  Nationale  D'Assistance 
aux  Mutiles  des  Armees  de  Terre  et  de  Mer,  and  the  Asso- 
ciation Valentin  Hauy.  These  organizations  were  of  the 
highest  calibre;  a  few  words  concerning  their  activities  may 
be  of  value. 

The  Saint  Cyrienne  was  a  friendly  association  of  students 
and  former  students  of  the  military  academy  of  Saint  Cyr. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  its  able  members  were  called  to 
the  colors.  On  the  battlefields  many  made  the  supreme  sac- 
rifice, and  somewhere  back  of  the  lines  were  left  families 
which  the  widows  were  wholly  unprepared  to  support,  unaided. 
The  Saint  Cyrienne,  however,  did  not  forget  the  widows  and 
orphans  of  its  fallen  members.  It  made  inquiries  into  the 
needs  and  means  of  each  family,  gave  of  its  own  funds  what- 
ever was  available,  and  then  strove  in  other  ways  to  provide 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  331 

that  physical  and  educational  nourishment  which  neither 
the  government  nor  itself  was  fully  able  to  supply. 

Then  there  was  the  National  French  Association,  or- 
ganized for  protecting  the  families  of  those  who  died  for  their 
country.  This  association  aided  thousands  of  widows  and 
orphans  by  soliciting  through  its  many  offices  the  means 
necessary  to  support  and  educate  them.  There  were  the 
societies  of  the  "Fatherless  Children  of  France"  and  the 
"Children  of  the  Frontier,"  which  had  aims  similar  to  those 
of  the  National  Association;  their  accomplishments  were 
equally  noteworthy. 

La  Federation  Nationale  D'Assistance  aux  Mutiles  des 
Armees  de  Terre  et  de  Mer  was  a  society  having  for  its  purpose 
the  re-education  of  mutilated  soldiers.  This  body  under  the 
active  presidency  of  M.  Bartlow,  a  former  Prime  Minister  of 
France,  found  means  to  re-educate  thousands  of  mutilated 
soldiers  and  to  offer  them  remunerative  employment. 

The  Association  Valentin  Hauy  concerned  itself  with  the 
welfare  of  the  blinded  soldiers.  Founded  in  Paris  in  1784, 
by  Valentin  Hauy,  the  association  was  directed  principally 
by  the  blind.  In  its  museum  is  a  wonderful  collection  of  the 
work  of  those  it  aided,  and  of  the  machines  on  which  they 
worked. 

How  THE  NELA  FUND  WAS  ADVERTISED 

Interest  in  the  Nela  Fund  was  promoted  principally 
through  booklets,  general  and  personal  letters  and  to  a  limited 
extent  by  newspaper  articles.  Three  booklets  were  published 
concerning  the  Fund,  the  titles  being: 

1.  The  Purpose  of  Nela  Fund. 

2.  Interested  Charity. 

3.  Your  Debt  to  France. 

The  first  two  were  distributed  during  the  Christmas 
Drive  of  1917  and  "Your  Debt  to  France,"  during  the  1918 
drive. 

To  enlighten  National  employees  upon  the  things  which 
Nela  Fund  subscriptions  were  making  possible,  and  to  keep 
them  informed  of  developments  from  time  to  time,  general 
letters  were  used.  These  letters  were  largely  educational  in 
nature,  quoting  expressions  of  gratitude  from  the  French 
widows,  orphans  and  soldier-godsons.  Besides  their  importance 
as  conveyors  of  information,  such  letters  were  of  value  in 


332  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

keeping  aflame  throughout  the  year  the  aims  and  ideals 
of  Nela  Fund,  and  served  as  a  reminder  that  the  needs  which 
the  Fund  met  were  urgent  and  constant. 

In  addition  to  the  National  Lamp  people,  Nela  Fund 
had  as  contributors  and  sponsors  many  representative  business 
men  and  investigating  bureaus  of  this  country  and  abroad 
who  were  glad  at  all  times  to  give  information  concerning 
the  Fund's  organization  or  policies.  In  "Your  Debt  to  France" 
appeared  such  a  list;  it  included  Hon.  Myron  T.  Herrick  who, 
as  American  Ambassador  to  France  during  the  early  years 
of  the  war,  was  in  a  position  to  know  the  needs  of  the  people 
in  the  war-torn  regions. 

From  the  1917  summer  conference  to  the  opening  of 
the  Christmas  Drive,  213  subscriptions  were  obtained,  largely 
through  the  efforts  of  National  managers  and  employees. 
This  constituted  an  excellent  introduction  and  working  basis 
for  the  Christmas  Drive,  and  illustrated  better  than  words 
the  profound  need  which  Nela  Fund  was  meeting. 

THE  1917  CHRISTMAS  DRIVE 
DECEMBER  17  TO  DECEMBER  24 

The  plans  for  the  1917  Christmas  Drive  were  well  worked 
out  before  the  campaign  itself  opened.  The  responsibility  for 
success  rested  on  the  shoulders  of  the  members  of  Nela  who 
had  pledged  their  unreserved  support  at  the  summer  con- 
ference. The  goal  for  the  Drive  was  placed  at  $25,000,  which 
amount  would  provide  for  approximately  one  hundred  stricken 
families  during  the  year  1918.  A  quota  of  $250  was  allotted 
to  each  Nela  member  as  the  amount  he  was  to  raise. 

"!T  PAYS  TO  ADVERTISE" 

The  drive  opened  with  vigor  and  determination  on  the 
part  of  the  National  managers,  who  devised  and  promoted 
their  own  "sales"  campaigns.  A  few  subscribed  their  entire 
quota  personally,  but  the  majority  strove  to  interest  others 
over  and  above  making  their  own  subscriptions.  Department 
meetings  were  called,  "clubs"  were  formed,  managers  and 
employees  became  so  interested  as  to  approach  acquaintances 
and  strangers  with  equal  zeal.  Among  the  novel  advertising 
plans  was  one  concocted  by  Mr.  Fred  P.  Harris,  manager  of 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  333 

Purchasing  Department.  He  first  secured  a  photograph  and 
history  of  an  attractive  orphan,  whose  story  he  told  to  all 
those  approached  by  him  in  the  work  of  the  Fund.  Then,  to 
arouse  the  curiosity  of  people  entering  his  office,  Harris  had 
a  placard  printed — "Ask  Me  What  I  Know  About  a  French 
Girl."  This  was  prominently  displayed  and  served  its  purpose 
well.  Mr.  J.  T.  Fagan  conducted  an  "apple  raffle"  in  the 
Nela  Cafeteria,  Mr.  R.  E.  Scott  promoted  a  campaign  among 
the  members  of  the  Harvard  Club  of  Cleveland,  Mr.  W.  D. 
Frank  of  Nela  Press  "sold"  to  the  Ben  Franklin  Club,  while 
Mr.  J.  P.  Goggin  was  very  successful  in  interesting  the  Cane 
Glass  and  Tubing  Union. 

Factory  employees  entered  into  the  spirit  of  the  drive 
with  equal  determination.  The  employees  of  the  Puritan 
Refilled  Division  and  the  Boston-Economy  Lamp  Division 
voted  unanimously  to  work  two  Saturday  afternoons,  which 
they  would  otherwise  have  had  open,  and  to  contribute 
the  wages  thus  earned  to  the  Fund.  The  Oakland  factory 
set  a  Nela  Fund  Day  on  which  all  foremen  and  operators 
strove  for  extra  production  and  their  entire  day 'swages  were 
contributed  to  the  orphans.  These  were  a  few  of  the  many 
methods  used  in  the  campaign  to  interest  National  employees 
and  persons  outside  of  the  National  in  the  "grateful  invest- 
ment" Nela  Fund  had  to  offer.  Amounts  of  subscriptions 
written  up  were  announced  from  campaign  headquarters 
daily,  successful  plans  for  securing  subscriptions  were  ex- 
changed and  through  the  newspapers  and  in  many  other 
ways  interest  was  fostered  in  the  work  of  the  drive. 

The  harvest  of  subscriptions  was  gratifying.  To  families 
across  the  sea  it  meant  the  lightening  of  heavy  hearts,  to 
Nela  members  it  was  the  fulfillment  of  an  accepted  pledge, 
to  Mr.  Terry  it  was  the  pleasant  realization  that  the  Fund  was 
an  assured  success  and  to  every  subscriber  it  was  a  matter  of 
wholesome  satisfaction  to  know  that  Christmas  Day,  1917, 
was  more  than  ever  before  a  day  of  practical  giving.  Sub- 
scription acceptances  did  not  cease  with  December  24th, 
however,  for  January,  1918,  brought  in  contributions  totalling 
$3000.  When  Christmas  Drive  books  were  closed,  March  nth, 
1918,  it  was  announced  from  headquarters  that  $34,28  2. 91 
had  been  pledged. 

As  a  special  Christmas  activity,  Nela  Fund  encouraged 
the  sending  of  gifts  to  orphans  and  godsons.  Due  to  the  shipping 


334  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

space  required  for  ordnance  and  military  supplies,  it  was 
suggested  that  money,  rather  than  packages,  be  given.  Such 
a  request  was  also  made  in  1918  and  1919. 

Below  is  listed  the  number  of  persons  who  were  being 
cared  for  in  the  years  1917  and  1918  —  the  big  increases  in 
1918  being  largely  due  to  the  1917  Christmas  Drive. 


1918 
Orphans  ............................     72          414 

Widows  ...........................  .  2 

Godsons  ...........................     37  83 


Total 109          499 

In  addition  to  the  sums  forwarded  to  orphans,  widows 
and  soldier-godsons,  contributions  were  also  made  through 
Nela  Fund  to  the  American  Service  Fund,  Paris;  Mr.  Tre- 
maine's  "Sock  League"  and  to  miscellaneous  activities,  such  as 
the  Association  for  Supplying  Games  to  Soldiers,  and  packages 
for  soldiers. 

A  portion  of  the  amount  raised  in  1918  was  subscribed 
after  the  close  of  the  Christmas  Drive,  for  members  of  Nela 
were  at  all  times  on  the  search  for  buyers  of  this  wartime 
"investment."  During  1918,  a  total  of  236  new  subscriptions 
were  accepted. 

The  following  letters  from  French  children  are  typical 
of  those  received  by  godparents.  The  first  was  written  by 
a  girl  of  eleven  years,  the  orphan  of  a  French  officer  and 
eldest  of  nine  children: 

"I  know  a  little  English  and  can  write  well  enough  in  that 
language  to  thank  you  for  the  big  sum  you  sent  to  mother  for  us. 

"My  little  sister,  who  is  ill,  can  now  have  help  and  I  do  thank 
you  with  all  my  heart  for  that  joy." 

Her  brother,  a  boy  of  nine  years,  expressed  his  appre- 
ciation in  these  words: 

"With  all  my  heart,  thanks!  for  the  money  you  have  sent  to 
us.  I  should  like  to  be  as  kind  as  the  Americans  who  help  the  French 
so  much,  and  I  should  also  like  to  be  an  officer  so  as  to  be  able  to  go 
to  war  with  them.  Long  live  our  Allies!" 

Finally,  a  third  youth  of  the  family,  a  boy  of  eight, 
wrote: 

"I  thank  you  in  the  name  of  my  little  brother  and  sisters  for 
the  generous  gift  which  Mamma  received.  When  I  am  grown  up,  I 
shall  go  to  Nela  Park  to  see  you." 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  335 

At  the  1 91 8  summer  conference  at  Association  Island,  Nela 
Fund  was  again  a  prominent  topic  of  conversation  and, 
following  the  generous  example  set  at  the  1917  meeting, 
the  National  managers  once  more  contributed  liberally  to 
its  support.  The  sum  of  $1540  was  raised  as  a  contribution 
towards  the  expenses  of  the  Fund.  It  was  decided  to  conduct 
a  Christmas  Drive  along  lines  similar  to  those  on  which  the 
1917  campaign  was  run  and,  besides  securing  new  pledges, 
to  make  sure  that  old  subscriptions  were  renewed. 

1918  CHRISTMAS  DRIVE 
NOVEMBER  28  TO  DECEMBER  24 

In  a  letter  under  date  of  December  5th,  1918,  Mr.  Terry 
emphasized  that  we  in  America  could  ill  afford  to  desert 
the  French  people  at  this  time,  for  the  sacrifices  which  they 
made  for  us,  as  well  as  for  themselves,  had  dug  deeply  into 
the  roots  of  their  existence.  This  was  sufficient  justification 
for  renewing  once  more  the  efforts  of  1917.  A  general  letter 
of  January  23rd,  1919,  contained  the  thought  that  though 
the  Nela  Fund  was  no  longer  a  "winning  the  war"  activity, 
yet  the  conditions  and  needs,  of  the  French  were  such  they 
could  not  become  self-supporting  for  some  time.  Until  that 
day  was  at  hand  it  was  our  duty,  as  well  as  our  privilege,  to 
contribute  to  the  limit  of  our  means  for  the  support  and  edu- 
cation of  the  children  upon  whom  rested  the  regeneration 
of  France's  industrial  and  economic  life. 

The  organization  of  the  1918  Drive  was  practically 
the  same  as  that  of  1917.  Each  Nela  member  was  asked  to 
be  responsible  for  $200  in  subscriptions  in  addition  to  securing 
a  renewal  of  his  1917  pledges.  Members,  as  before,  conducted 
their  own  campaigns  for  funds,  working  diligently  to  meet 
their  quotas.  Due  to  the  fighting  being  over,  it  was  found 
difficult  to  interest  new  prospects,  but  old  subscribers  were 
readily  re-signed.  They  had  become  confirmed  supporters 
of  the  work  and  many  of  them  were  influential  in  securing 
new  subscriptions. 

In  the  1918  Drive,  new  subscriptions  totalling  $14,766.15 
were  received,  besides  the  renewal  of  a  majority  of  the  1917 
pledges.  The  entire  sum  raised  was  appropriated  for  the  care 
of  orphans  and  widows,  the  soldier-godson  movement  ending 


336  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

with  December  3ist.  The  special  Christmas  offering  amounted 
to  $518  which  was  distributed  among  66  orphans,  5  godsons 
and  one  widow. 

NELA  FUND  AFTER  THE  WAR 

Nela  Fund  "carried  on"  after  war  ceased.  It  was  decided 
that  so  long  as  a  distressing  need  existed  among  French 
families  it  would  be  unwise  to  discontinue  the  efforts  which 
had  meant  so  much  to  them  during  the  war.  Further,  a  majority 
of  those  who  had  "adopted"  orphans  had  become  so  inter- 
ested in  their  proteges  that  they  had  no  desire  to  cancel  their 
attentions  at  this  time,  or  in  the  very  near  future. 

In  the  spring  of  1919  Mr.  Terry  went  abroad  and  visited 
personally  many  of  the  orphans  "adopted"  through  the  Nela 
Fund.  This  trip  was  of  value  both  in  reviewing  the  field 
which  Nela  Fund  had  covered  during  the  war  and  as  a  canvass 
of  the  needs  which  still  existed  in  France  for  interested  relief 
work.  As  the  need  was  still  found  to  be  urgent,  a  third  Christ- 
mas Drive  was  held  in  1919. 


PART  IV 


MOBILIZING 
OUR  DOLLARS 


THE  NATIONAL  LAMP  WORKS' 

FINANCIAL   RECORD  IN    CONNECTION 

WITH  THE  WORLD  WAR 


MOBILIZING   OUR   DOLLARS 

THE  NATIONAL  LAMP  WORKS'  FINANCIAL 

RECORD  IN  CONNECTION  WITH 

THE  WORLD  WAR 

"Everyone  should  invest  what  he  can  reasonably  afford 
to  in  Liberty  Loan  Bonds.  We  should  do  this  even  if  we  can 
invest  our  money  in  something  else  with  a  higher  rate  of  return." 

The  foregoing  quotation  from  Terry  and  Tremaine's 
General  Letter  of  May  24th,  1917,  written  just  after  the 
First  Liberty  Loan  campaign  was  announced,  is  indicative 
of  the  attitude  taken  by  the  National  towards  the  many 
money-raising  campaigns  conducted  by  the  Government 
throughout  the  war — except  that,  as  the  war  progressed,  the 
appeals  of  the  management  for  whole-hearted  support,  even 
if  such  support  should  involve  real  financial  sacrifice  to  the 
contributor,  became  more  and  more  urgent.  This  fact  will  be 
evident  from  the  quotations  given  further  on  in  this  chapter, 
from  General  Letters  issued  on  the  occasions  of  the  Second, 
Third  and  Fourth  Liberty  Loans. 

The  employees  of  the  National  Lamp  organization 
responded  nobly  to  every  Government  appeal  for  funds,  as 
is  abundantly  proven  by  the  huge  financial  totals  given  below. 
National  people  would  have  responded  nobly,  beyond  a  doubt, 
even  without  the  encouragement  and  assistance  that  they 
received  from  their  leaders.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  obvious 
that  the  totals  would  have  been  very  much  less,  had  it  not 
been  for  the  organizing  genius  that  was  focused  on  getting 
everyone  to  do  his  or  her  part,  and  on  creating  a  spirit  of 
rivalry  among  the  different  Divisions  of  the  organization- 
each  striving  to  outdo  the  others  in  the  outpouring  of  its 
money  for  America  and  world  freedom. 

Figures — to  many  people  at  least — are  cold,  lifeless 
things,  and  statistics  are  certainly  not  "light  summer  reading." 
But  figures  become  endued  with  life  and  interest  when  they 
pertain  to  a  war,  for  the  winning  of  a  war,  when  all  is  said  and 
done,  is  largely  a  matter  of  which  side  can  raise  the  more  money. 

War  is  always  a  strain  on  the  financial  resources  of  a 
country — but  in  a  life-and-death  conflict  like  the  World 
War  of  1914-1918  it  is  more  than  an  ordinary  strain — it 
becomes  an  appalling  financial  drain. 


34°  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

How  the  National  and  its  people  mobilized  their  dollars 
in  addition  to  their  personal  work  and  material  resources, 
will  be  told  in  the  present  chapter.  The  subject  will  be  taken 
up  under  the  following  headings: 

I.     The  Liberty  Loans — First,  Second,  Third  and  Fourth. 
II.     War  Savings  Stamps. 

III.  The  Red  Cross  Campaigns. 

IV.  The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Campaign. 

V.  Miscellaneous  Nation- Wide  Relief  Campaigns. 

VI.  War  Chests. 

VII.  United  War  Work  Campaign. 

VIII.  Nela  Fund,  for  French  War  Orphans,  Widows  and  Soldiers. 

IX.  "Children  of  the  Frontier." 

X.  "Socks  for  Soldiers." 

XI.  Financial  Aspect  of  Red  Cross  Workers'  Activity. 

XII.  Financial  Support  of  War  Gardening. 

XIII.  Support    of   War    Activities    (Research    and    Development) 

Undertaken  by  Home  Office  Laboratories. 

XIV.  Miscellaneous  Financial  Contributions  towards  Winning  the 

War. 
XV.     Summary. 

I.    THE  LIBERTY  LOANS 

THE  FIRST  LIBERTY  LOAN 

June  i  to  75,  7977 

The  first  great  popular  bond  issue  floated  by  the  United 
States  Government  was  for  the  sum  of  two  billion  dollars, 
and  was  known  as  the  First  Liberty  Loan. 
It  was  the  first  time  that  United  States 
Gold  Bonds  were  ever  offered  to  the  public 
in  such  small  denomination  as  fifty  dollars— 
the  "baby  bonds,"  so  called.  Also,  it  was 
the  first  time  that  Uncle  Sam  had  ever 
resorted  to  a  whirlwind  campaign  of  ad- 
vertising and  salesmanship  in  order  to  market  his  securities. 
As  we  look  back  on  the  First  Loan,  remembering  that 
before  the  war  was  over  our  Government  raised  a  total  of 
between  twenty  and  thirty  billion  dollars  by  the  sale  of 
Liberty  Bonds  and  War  Savings  Stamps,  it  seems  almost 
amusing  to  consider  the  serious  doubts  that  were  entertained 
by  many  people  as  to  whether  we  could  raise  even  two  billion 
dollars  in  one  campaign. 

Suffice  it  to  say  that  instead  of  two  billion  dollars, 
nearly  three  billion  dollars  were  subscribed  to  the  First  Liberty 
Loan.  As  over-subscriptions  were  not  accepted,  there  were 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  341 

many  large  investors  who  were  disappointed  in  that  their 
subscriptions  were  not  taken. 

The  First  Liberty  Loan  Bonds,  as  originally  issued, 
bore  interest  at  the  rate  of  3^%,  and  were  tax-free  except 
for  inheritance  taxes.  The  bonds  mature  in  1947.  The  bond- 
selling  campaign  lasted  from  June  i  to  15,  1917. 

The  following  quotations  are  from  a  General  Letter 
dated  May  29,  1917,  and  sent  by  the  Managers  of  the  National 
Lamp  Works  to  all  Departments  and  Divisions: 

"The  General  Electric  Company  is  taking  an  interest 
in  inducing  its  employees  to  purchase  these  bonds  and  will 
assist  them  in  financing  their  purchase  where  necessary. 
The  General  Electric  Company  has,  for  its  own  account, 
agreed  to  purchase  $5,000,000  of  these  bonds. 

"We  would  like  to  make  the  General  Electric  subscrip- 
tion as  large  as  possible,  and  would  request,  therefore,  that 
subscriptions  be  turned  in  through  Mr.  See,  who,  in  turn, 
will  report  the  amount  to  the  General  Electric  Company, 
Schenectady,  to  be  included  with  the  subscriptions  from  the 
employees  of  the  other  branches  of  the  G.  E.  Company. 

"June  6th  has  been  made  the  day  on  which  a  canvass 
will  be  made  in  all  departments." 

The  various  departments  took  up  the  appointed  task 
energetically,  with  the  following  results: 

First  Liberty  Loan 

Number  of  Individual  Subscribers 33^9 

Amount  Subscribed $278,200 

The  Company's  Liberty  Loan  "machinery"  was  not  as 
thoroughly  organized  for  this  first  bond  issue  as  it  was  later. 
In  consequence,  many  individuals  subscribed  through  local 
banks  rather  than  through  the  company.  Such  subscriptions 
are  not  included  in  the  above  total.  On  the  other  hand,  many 
employees  persuaded  their  friends,  outside  of  the  National, 
to  subscribe  through  them,  so  that  on  the  whole  the  fore- 
going total  may  be  considered  a  fairly  accurate  representation 
of  the  amount  actually  invested  by  the  National  employees. 

A  word  should  be  said  in  recognition  of  the  extensive 
and  often  burdensome  work  so  faithfully  performed  by  the 
employees  of  the  Treasury  Department,  the  greatest  war 
activity  of  which  during  1917  and  1918  was  in  connection 
with  the  Liberty  Loans — assembling  subscriptions  and  placing 
with  banks,  crediting  collections  from  month  to  month,  and 
delivering  bonds  to  subscribers  as  paid  for.  Approximately 


342  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

seven    thousand   dollars   in   expenses   were   incurred   by    the 
Treasury  Department  in  handling  the  four  Liberty  Loans. 
Employees    were    given    their    choice    of   five    different 
plans  for  making  payments: 

(a)  the  weekly  plan   (2%  per  week  for  50  weeks); 

(b)  the  semi-monthly  plan   (each  payment  5%  of  the 
amount  subscribed); 

(c)  the  monthly  plan   (each  payment   10%); 

(d)  the  Government  terms; 

(e)  one  payment  in  cash. 

Plans  .(a),  (b),  and  (c)  were  much  more  liberal  than  the 
Government  terms,  and  gave  the  subscriber  practically  ten 
months  in  which  to  pay.  Under  these  "easy-payment"  plans, 
the  company  advanced  the  money  to  the  Government,  through 
the  banks,  and  carried  the  individuals'  accounts  until  they 
were  paid  up. 

The  ten-month  schedule  of  payment  applied  to  the  First, 
Second  and  Third  Loans  only.  When  the  Fourth  Loan  came 
along,  the  time  for  payment  had  to  be  reduce4  to  five  months, 
as  it  began  to  look  as  if  we  might  expect  new  Liberty  Loans 
regularly,  at  about  five-month  intervals. 

On  June  I2th  Miss  Ruth  Law,  then  the  foremost  aviatrix, 
made  an  exhibition  flight  over  Cleveland  under  the  auspices 
of  Henry  L.  Doherty  &  Co. 

Miss  Law  "took  off"  from  Nela  Park  and  on  her  flight 
dropped  "bombs"  advertising  the  Loan. 

THE  SECOND  LIBERTY  LOAN 
October  21  to  26,  1917 

In  the  fall  of  1917,  "we,  the  people,"  were  called  upon 
to  loan  three  billion  dollars  more  to  our  Government.  The 
Second  Liberty  Loan,  bearing  interest  at 
the  rate  of  4%,  maturing  in  1942,  and 
taxable  only  for  inheritance  taxes  and  for 
surtaxes  above  a  certain  exemption,  went 
"over  the  top"  in  a  whirlwind  campaign  of 
only  one  week.  It  was  over-subscribed  by 
$1,617,532,300,  but  only  half  of  this  over- 
subscription was  accepted  by  the  Government. 

The  following  extracts  from  General  Letters  issued  by 
the  National  management  just  prior  to  the  Second  Loan 
campaign  are  of  interest: 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  343 

"Keeping  Bonds  for  Employees:  Many  buyers  of  Liberty 
Loan  Bonds  have  never  before  handled  bonds  and  have  no 
safe  place  in  which  to  keep  them  and  will  not  understand 
how  to  handle  the  interest  coupons.  Where  desired,  we  will 
hold  the  bonds  and  look  out  for  these  matters  for  such  em- 
ployees. The  bonds  left  with  us  for  safe  keeping  will  be  held 
in  the  safety  deposit  vault  of  the  Cleveland  Trust  Company, 
and  upon  request  will  be  forwarded  for  delivery  to  the  in- 
dividual." 

"Liberty  Loan  Number  2:  We  are  again  called  upon 
for  action  —  we  can  call  it  patriotism  if  we  like — the 
Second  Liberty  Loan.  We  do  not  ourselves  term  it  patriotism 
because  our  motive  is  more  than  our  love  of  country;  it  is 
to  maintain  our  freedom  that  we  are  making  sacrifices  and 
our  soldiers  are  fighting.  It  is  that  we  may  have  what 
we  believe  to  be  our  inalienable  right  to  live  in  peace  and 
without  the  necessity  of  being  skilled  in  the  most  scientific 
means  of  destroying  others.  We  wish  our  progress  to  be 
the  result  of  constructive  work  and  helpfulness  to  others 
and  not  the  destruction  of  others  or  their  subjugation. 

"It  is  too  late  for  us  to  discuss  the  question  of  whether 
we  will  fight  or  take  the  chance  of  being  subjugated.  That 
question  has  already  been  decided  for  us,  and  we  know  that 
whatever  it  may  cost  in  lives  and  money  to  win,  a  greater 
loss  will  be  ours  if  we  fail  to  win.  The  situation  is  too  critical 
for  one  to  consider  that  his  part  is  less  than  all  that  he  can  do. 
There  is  little  danger  of  our  being  required  to  make  sacrifices 
as  great  as  those  which  the  people  of  Belgium,  France  and 
England  have  been  called  upon  to  make,  and  yet,  in  this 
common  cause,  it  would  be  but  just  if  as  much  were  required 
of  us. 

*  We  hope  to  have  reason,  again,  for  feeling  proud  of  our 
organization  because  of  the  way  our  employees  respond  to 
this  second  call  for  funds  with  which  to  carry  on  this  most 
just  and  necessary  fight  for  liberty." 

The  total  subscriptions  through  the  National  Lamp 
Works  were  as  follows: 

Second  Liberty  Loan 

Number  of  Individual  Subscribers 2961 

Amount  Subscribed $250,400 


344  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Voluntary  No  attempt  has  been,  or  can  be,  made  to 
Solicitation  compute  the  total  amount  of  time  put  in  by 
by  National  men  and  women  of  the  National  in  house- 
Employees  to-house  canvassing  and  other  "yeoman  service" 
in  connection  with  the  various  war-financing 
campaigns.  Some  of  this  work  was  done  Saturday  afternoons 
and  evenings,  but  much  of  it  was  done  on  the  Company's 
time — a  service  which  was  not  only  permitted,  but  freely 
encouraged  by  the  management. 

Just  as  an  instance:  Eleven  men  in  the  Nela  Specialties 
and  Commercial  Development  Departments  put  in  1609  hours 
—the  equivalent  of  214  working  days,  on  work  of  this  kind. 

Several  of  the  managers  were  members  of  City  or  County 
Sales  Committees  for  the  various  loans,  and  made  public 
appeals  for  subscriptions  or  acted  as  chairman  at  meetings 
where  such  appeals  were  made. 

The  manager  of  the  Nela  Operating  Department  assisted 
in  the  four  Liberty  Loans  by  conveying  Liberty  Loan  speakers 
to  their  assigned  localities  for  speeches. 

THE  THIRD  LIBERTY  LOAN 
April  6  to  May  14,  1918 

Th'e  Third  Loan  came  at  a  crucial  point  in  the  war— 
a  time  when  the  allies  were  being  pressed  back  by  the  Central 
Powers'  Spring  Drive  on  the  Western  Front. 
The  size  of  the  loan,  $3,000,000,000 — which 
was  nearly  40%  oversubscribed — was  in 
proportion  to  the  need.  This  loan  bore  in- 
terest at  4/4%,  matured  in  1928,  and  was 
tax-free  with  the  same  general  class  of  ex- 
ceptions as  noted  under  the  Second  Loan, 
above.  The  pressing  importance  of  the  Third  Loan  was  clearly 
brought  out  in  the  letter  sent  out  by  the  National  management 
on  March  29: 

"The  Third  Liberty  Loan  Drive  starts  April  6th. 
"We  shall  count  on  the  National  organization  doing  its 
full  part,  as  usual. 

"It  does  not  make  any  difference  how  much  we  have  done 
or  how  difficult  it  is  to  do  more,  each  one  of  us  must  do  his 


3rd  LIBERTY  LOAf 


•Xt-ST: 

ERYBODY  IN 


jrd  Liberty  Loan  Rally  at  Nela,  April  u,  1918 

Left — Mr.  L.  P.  Sawyer,  Chairman. 

Center — Lieut.  MacGregor  Mclntosh,  Speaker. 

Right — Mr.  Homer  H.  McKeehan,  Speaker. 


The  "Race  to  Berlin" — A  Bond-Raising  Stimulus  Used  by  the 
Engineering  Department 


HBP  sum  M  Km  am  JIOTT  «v 


CC/m  CQMHAHKR  INCHIIF 
<S&,BKH8IBI6  DIPT.  fOKB 

j».counut  5.-. »/  n,, 

KPWRROWS  y£MH\l.   "" 


Hopfusm 

CKIM  CWHAHMR  INOtKf 


"Plastering  the  Kaiser  with  Liberty  Bonds" 

A  Campaign  Progress  Chart  used  by  the  Engineering  Department  in 
the  Third  Loan  Campaign 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  345 

part,  and  undoubtedly  in  addition  to  this  demand  there  will 
be  many  more  before  the  war  comes  to  an  end. 

"No  one  has  the  right  to  complain  unless  he  is  required 
to  do  more  than  the  young  man  who  is  drafted  and  compelled 
to  give  up  his  position  and  prospects  here  and  live  the  trench 
life  of  a  soldier,  and  risk  his  life  and  health  in  addition. 

"The  French  people  have  been  required  to  make  real 
sacrifices.  All  that  we  have  so  far  been  asked  to  do  is  to  practice 
a  little  self-denial. 

"If  the  Germans  should  win,  we  need  not  continue  valuing 
either  our  lives  or  our  property.  We  are  better  off  to  give 
up  everything,  including  our  lives,  than  to  have  them  win. 

"Everyone's  part  is  all  that  he  can  do,  nothing  less.  Not 
many  of  us  will  do  our  full  part. 

"The  plan  of  taking  subscriptions,  and  forms,  will  be 
sent  out  later." 

The  Third  Loan  subscriptions  placed  through  the  National 
Lamp  Works  totalled  as  follows: 

Third  Liberty  Loan 

Number  of  Individual  Subscribers 6196 

Amount  Subscribed $446,800 

How  Enthu-  Much  of  the  success  of  the  several  Liberty 
siasm  Was  Loan  campaigns,  so  far  as  the  National  was 
Aroused  concerned,  was  due  to  the  rivalry  fostered 

among  the  different  Departments  and  Divisions 
by  the  Publicity  Department,  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
N.  H.  Boynton.  In  fact,  war  work  campaigns  were  made  the 
principal  business  of  this  Department  up  to  the  time  that  the 
armistice  was  signed. 

During  the  Loan  campaigns,  a  vigorous  follow-up  cam- 
paign was  conducted  both  by  mail  and  by  telegraph  to  the 
various  Divisions,  all  of  which  were  placed  on  a  quota  basis. 
Speakers  were  secured  to  address  meetings  of  the  employees. 
Some  of  these  speakers  were  from  outside  of  the  National 
organization;  others,  such  as  J.  M.  Smith  and  "Billy"  Evans, 
were  from  the  organization  itself. 

Lively  three-cornered  contests  were  staged  among  the 
three  Cleveland  properties — Nela  Park,  East  45th  St.,  and 
East  1 5 2nd  St.  Large  charts  posted  in  each  of  the  three 
cafeterias  were  used  to  post  the  comparative  showings  from 


346  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

day  to  day,  and  thus  stimulate  rivalry.  Special  charts  in  the 
Nela  cafeteria  showed  the  relative  progress  of  the  various 
departments  at  Nela  Park  in  securing  subscriptions  to  the 
Loans. 

During  the  Second  and  Third  Loan  Campaigns,  re- 
spectively, two  novel  methods  were  used  by  the  Engineering 
Department  to  stimulate  greater  subscriptions  within  its 
ranks.  A  "Race  to  Berlin" — across  the  Atlantic  Ocean- 
was  represented  by  a  large  painting  near  the  Department 
entrance  during  the  Second  Loan  Campaign,  two  Engi- 
neering Department  teams  competing  to  see  which  would 
"reach  Berlin  first,"  by  securing  more  subscriptions  than  the 
other.  For  the  Third  Loan  Campaign,  this  painting  was 
replaced  by  one  representing  the  Kaiser's  face  (see  illus- 
trations), the  game  being  to  "Plaster  the  Kaiser's  face  with 
Liberty  Bonds,"  thereby  transforming  it  into  a  picture  of 
the  Goddess  of  Liberty. 

THE  FOURTH  LIBERTY  LOAN 
September  28  to  October  /<?,  1918 

"Let's  finish  the  job"  was  the  appeal  that  won  sub- 
scriptions to  the  fourth  and  final  loan  floated  by  the  Gov- 
ernment before  the  Central  Powers  surrendered. 
The  "Huns"  -were  already  on  the  retreat; 
casualty  lists  were  pouring  in  every  day,  telling 
the  number  of  American  boys  killed  and 
wounded;  and  it  is  therefore  not  strange  that 
the  outpouring  of  funds  came  from  a  greater 
number  of  individual  subscribers  than  for  any  previous  loan. 
The  bond  offering  was  for  $6,000,000,000  at  4^4%, 
with  all  oversubscriptions  accepted.  Practically  $7,000,000,000 
was  actually  subscribed.  The  loan  matured  in  1938,  and  was 
subject  to  the  same  general  tax  conditions  as  noted  under  the 
Second  Loan  above. 

Terry  and  Tremaine's  General  Letter  of  September  25th 
sounded  the  keynote: 

"We  know  that  the  National  organization  will  do  its 
best,  as  before.  It  is  unnecessary  to  reiterate  the  reasons 
why  each  one  of  us  must  do  his  part. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  347 

"Just  now,  when  everything  seems  to  be  coming  our 
way,  there  is  a  greater  necessity  for  our  helping  to  pull  the 
load  to  the  last  ounce  of  our  strength.  Everything  that  we  do 
in  the  right  direction  will  have  its  influence  in  bringing  the 
war  to  an  early  end." 

The  National  rolled  up  a  total  more  than  40%  greater 
than  for  any  preceding  loan,  as  shown  by  the  following: 

Fourth  Liberty  Loan 

Number  of  Individual  Subscriptions 7270 

Amount  Subscribed $760,850 


THE  VICTORY  LOAN 
April  21  to  May  j, 


The  last  of  the  Liberty  Loans  came  several  months  after 
the  armistice  was  signed.  The  slogan  was  "Bring  the  Boys 
Back  Home."  We  include  mention  of  the  Fifth  Liberty  Loan 
merely  for  the  sake  of  completeness,  as  it  was 
not  a  "war  activity"  strictly  speaking,  and 
the  National  kept  no  consolidated  record  of 
its  employees'  subscriptions,  handsome  as  the 
total  undoubtedly  was. 

Many  of  the  lamp  people  put  in  just  as  long 
hours  working  for  the  Victory  Loan  as  they  had  for  the 
previous  offerings,  and  their  efforts  helped  in  putting  the 
campaign  "over  the  top."  Just  as  one  instance  we  cite  the 
work  of  Mr.  Geary,  Manager  of  the  Fostoria  Incandescent 
Lamp  Division.  Let  him  tell  his  own  story: 

"The  quota  for  the  City  of  Fostoria  was  1292,000,  and 
I  had  an  inspiration  to  secure  pledges  for  $100,000  of  this 
personally,  without  letting  anyone  know  except  the  sub- 
scribers; then,  when  the  campaign  workers  were  within 
$100,000  of  their  goal,  let  the  cat  out  of  the  bag  and  break 
up  their  party. 

"I  succeeded  in  getting  23  subscriptions  of  $5000  each, 
in  about  thirty-six  hours,  and  could  not  work  on  this  any 
longer  because  I  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee  to  secure 
subscriptions  from  all  of  the  manufacturing  plants  in  Fostoria, 


348  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

and  it  would  have  looked  as  though  I  was  neglecting  the  latter 
job.  Otherwise,  I  could  probably  have  sold  about  half  a  dozen 
more  $5000  subscriptions. 

"On  the  third  night  of  the  campaign,  a  big  rally  was  held 
with  a  band,  speakers,  etc.,  and  since  the  workers  were  stren- 
uously pressing  those  who  had  given  me  their  subscriptions, 
I  decided  not  to  keep  my  secret  any  longer,  as  it  would  add 
enthusiasm  to  the  campaign  if  I  announced  the  twenty-three 
$5000  subscriptions  then  and  there.  This  was  done. 

"As  there  was  only  $20,000  left  to  be  subscribed  after 
the  rally,  the  next  morning  Fostoria  went  over  the  top." 

II.    WAR  SAVINGS  STAMPS 

In  order  to  encourage  systematic  saving  of  money  for 
war  purposes,  and  to  make  it  possible  for  everyone  to  loan 
to  the  Government  the  small  sums  that  are  so  easily  wasted 
on  trifles,  the  War  Savings  Stamp  plan  was 
put  into  effect  by  the  U.  S.  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, commencing  as  of  January  i,  1918. 

"Thrift  Stamps"  were  sold  at  25  cents 
each,  and  were  pasted  on  to  "Thrift  Cards" 
holding  sixteen  stamps  ($4  worth).  Each 
Thrift  Card,  when  full,  was  exchangeable  for 
a  "War  Savings  Stamp"  (upon  payment  of  an  additional 
amount  varying  from  12  cents  to  24  cents,  depending  upon 
the  month  in  which  the  exchange  was  made).  These  War 
Savings  Stamps — "W.  S.  S.,"  they  were  commonly  called— 
costing  the  purchaser  from  $4.12  to  $4.24,  attained  in  five 
years  a  maturity  value  of  $5.00  cash  --  equivalent  to  4.27% 
interest  on  the  money  invested. 

Throughout  the  National  Lamp  Works,  the  stamps 
were  placed  on  sale  by  the  Cashiers  of  all  Divisions  and  De- 
partments, as  well  as  by  the  Savings  and  Investment  Section 
at  Nela  Park.  At  the  same  time  all  aggressive  efforts  at  selling 
"Nela  Alpha"  Savings  Stamps  were  suspended,  so  that 
employees  would  not  be  deterred  from  putting  their  savings 
into  W.  S.  S. 

The  National  Lamp  Works  went  a  step  further.  It  in- 
stituted a  plan  whereby  employees  of  more  than  five  years' 
standing,  who  were  receiving  a  semiannual  bonus  of  5% 
on  their  earnings,  were  urged  to  accept  this  bonus  in  the 


HAVE 

PLEDGED 

WS.S. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  349 

form  of  War  Savings  Stamps  rather  than  cash.  A  General 
Letter  dated  Jan.  10,  1918,  relates  to  this  subject: 

"Paying  Supplementary  Compensation  in  War  Savings  Stamps 

"It  is  highly  important  that  all  managers  of  departments  and    . 
others  encourage  the  sale  of  War  Savings  Stamps  wherever  and 

whenever  possible One  definite  means  of  encouraging  the  sale 

of  War  Savings  Stamps  is  to  secure  the  consent  of  our  employees 
who  are  entitled  to  the  Supplementary  Compensation,  December  31, 
1917. 

"Please  discuss  this  matter  with  each  employee.  You  will 
probably  be  successful  in  disposing  of  a  large  number  of  these  stamps 
and  certificates. 

"An  effort  should  be  made  to  have  the  entire  bonus  paid  in 
certificates  or  stamps. 

TERRY  AND  TREMAINE 

Managers" 

Mr.  J.  Robert  Grouse,  former  Manager  of  Sales  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works,  was  appointed  Director  of  Sales  for 
the  Cuyahoga  War  Savings  Committee.  He  suspended  all  of 
his  personal  business  activities  in  order  to  give  his  entire  time 
"to  this  formidable  patriotic  task,  which  was  rendered  all  the 
more  difficult  by  the  fact  that  the  War  Savings  Drives  had 
to  be  subordinated  to  the  Liberty  Loan  Drives  whenever  the 
latter  were  in  progress.  The  Cuyahoga  County  quota  of  W.  S  S. 
for  1918  was  $16,000,000.  The  services  of  the  National  were 
placed  at  Mr.  Grouse's  disposal,  and  were  helpful  to  him 
in  many  instances  during  the  campaign.  The  employees  of 
the  National  in  Cleveland  subscribed  a  total  of  $90,597 
in  War  Savings  Stamps. 

At  the  Summer  Meeting  of  the  National  Managers  at 
Association  Island,  in  1918,  individual  W.  S.  S.  pledges 
aggregating  several  thousand  dollars  were  secured  by  Mr. 
Grouse  from  the  managers. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  Cuyahoga  County  attained 
91  per  cent  of  its  W.  S.  S.  quota — a  higher  percentage  than 
was  reached  by  any  other  of  the  counties  in  which  the  ten 
largest  cities  of  the  United  States  were  located.  Cleveland 
also  ranked  highest  in  per  capita  sales. 

Total  National  Lamp  Works  W..  S.  S.  Sales  (1918} 

Since  the  War  Savings  Stamps  were  on  sale  through 
so  many  different  agencies — postoffices,  retail  stores,  Boy 


350  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Scouts,  school  children,  etc. — it  is  impossible  to  compile  a 
complete  total  of  purchases  by  National  Lamp  people.  The 
following  minimum  figures,  however,  are  at  hand,  and  are 
impressive  even  in  their  incompleteness. 

Number  of  War  Savings  Stamp  Buyers.  .  .  .         5445 
Amount  Purchased  (at  Purchase  Value). .  .  .  1141,260 

The  St.  Louis  Mazda  employees  subscribed  $42.45  to 
the  John  Ring,  Jr.  State  Statue  Fund — a  fund  for  the  erection 
of  a  mammoth  statue  with  booth  for  the  sale  of  Thrift  Stamps 
and  W.  S.  S.,  on  Twelfth  Street,  St.  Louis. 

SUMMARY 

GOVERNMENT  SECURITIES  PURCHASED  THROUGH  NATIONAL 
LAMP  WORKS  DURING  THE  WAR 

Liberty  Loan  No.  i %  278,20x3 

Liberty  Loan  No.  2 250,400 

Liberty  Loan  No.  3 446,800 

Liberty  Loan  No.  4 760,850 

Liberty  Loan,  Total $i, 736,250 

War  Savings  Stamps $    141,260 

GRAND  TOTAL $1,877,510 

III.    THE  RED  .CROSS  CAMPAIGNS 

In  June,  1917,  the  American  Red  Cross  conducted  a 
nation-wide  drive  to  raise  $100,000,000  with  which  to  carry 
on  its  work  of  caring  for  the  sick  and  wounded, 
its  canteens  at  the  various  camps  and  railroad 
stations,  and  so  forth.  In  December  of  the 
same  year  there  was  a  big  Red  Cross  Membership 
Campaign  for  the  purpose  of  enrolling  millions 
of  new  members  in  the  Red  Cross  at  one  dollar 
each,  and  for  securing  subscriptions  to  the  Red  Cross  Magazine. 
In  the  year  1918  campaigns  of  the  Red  Cross  were  merged 
with  the  campaigns  of  six  other  large  war-relief  organiza- 
tions, the  combined  drive  being  known  as  the  "United  War 
Work  Campaign."  In  Cleveland  and  many  other  cities  the 
funds  were  raised  in  1918  through  the  medium  of  the  city's 
'  'Community  War  Chest."  The  only  "independent"  cam- 
paigns of  the  Red  Cross,  therefore,  were  in  1917  and  it  is 
these  that  are  referred  to  below. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  351 

THE  FIRST  RED  CROSS  DRIVE 
June  18  to  25,  1917 

A  canvass  of  the  National  managers,  resulting  in  pledges 
for  several  thousand  dollars,  was  made  en  route  to  the  man- 
agers' summer  meeting  at  Association  Island. 

The  record  made  by  the  National  Lamp  Works  in  this 
campaign  was  as  follows: 

Amount  Pledged $17,618.82 

Number  of  Givers Over  5 1  oo 

Number  of  Givers  in  Cleveland  Departments 324° 

$11,033.60  of  the  amount  donated  to  the  Red  Cross 
was  subscribed  through,  and  paid  over  by,  the  National 
Lamp  Works'  Treasury  Department,  Cleveland. 

Mr.  F.  S.  Terry  was  Captain  of  Team  26,  appointed 
to  secure  Red  Cross  subscriptions  from  business  men  and 
others  in  the  Cleveland  district.  This  team  reported 
$213,874.59,  from  20,662  subscribers.  The  flag  for  the  largest 
number  of  subscribers  of  any  of  the  50  competing  teams  was 
awarded  to  Mr.  Terry. 

1917  RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  CAMPAIGN 
December  //  to  24^  1917 

The  campaign  to  secure  Red  Cross  memberships,  and 
subscriptions  to  the  Red  Cross  Magazine,  was  generally 
conducted  by  the  local  Red  Cross  Chapters  in  a  house-to- 
house  canvass  without  official  solicitation.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  total  number  of  dollar  memberships  taken  out  by 
National  employees  was  approximately  6,000. 

The  National  Service  Department  canvassed  the  Cleve- 
land Divisions  and  obtained  2,552  memberships — 897  from 
Nela  Park  and  1655  from  the  other  local  Divisions. 

For  the  Red  Cross  Membership  Campaign,  Mr.  N.  H. 
Boynton  directed  the  Advertising  and  Sales  Promotion 
activities  in  the  "Lake  Division,"  consisting  of  Ohio,  Indiana 
and  Kentucky.  In  this  work  he  was  one  of  the  principal 
aides  of  Mr.  James  R.  Garfield,  Director  of  the  Lake  Division. 
Under  Mr.  Boyn ton's  supervision  464  full-page  advertise- 
ments were  financed  in  the  newspapers  of  the  three  states. 
The  Lake  Division  ranked  first  among  all  the  Divisions  in 
total  number  of  members  secured  (2,300,000),  and  it  greatly 
exceeded  all  other  Divisions  in  percentage  of  quota  realized. 


352  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

IV.    THE  Y.  M.  C.  A.  CAMPAIGN 

November  12  to  //,  /<?// 

Greater  efforts  were  made  by  the  Government  to  build 
up  the  morale  and  look  after  the  general  well-being  of  its 
troops  in  the  World  War  than  in  any  previous  conflict.  One 
of  the  first  organizations  called  upon 
for  this  service  was  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  it  was  thoroughly  organized 
on  a  national  scale  for  the  purpose  of 
ministering  to  the  needs  of  young  men, 
and  could  readily  throw  its  machinery 
over  to  war  purposes.  The  "Y  Hut" 
soon  became  a  feature  of  every  U.  S.  military  camp, 
and  the  activities  even  extended  to  the  armies  of  our  allies. 
The  1917  Y.  M.  C.  A.  campaign  had  for  its  object  the 
raising  of  $35,000,000  to  carry  on  the  "Y"  work  here  and 
abroad.  The  campaign  was  non-partisan,  being  supported 
by  Jews,  Catholics  and  Protestants,  as  well  as  by  men  of 
no  religious  profession. 

As  in  all  the  other  war-work  campaigns,  an  untold  amount 
of  volunteer  canvassing  was  done  by  individuals  in  the  Na- 
tional Lamp  organization.  Mr.  N.  H.  Boynton  directed  the 
advertising  of  the  campaign  in  Northern  Ohio,  including 
Cuyahoga  County,  besides  serving  on  a  team  captained  by 
Mr.  J.  Robert  Crouse. 

Fifty  of  the  76  Divisions  and  Departments  of  the  National 
turned  in  reports  showing  the  amounts  donated  by  their 
employees  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  drive.  It  is  estimated  that 
1 00%  of  the  Divisions  participated,  although  only  50  kept 
a  permanent  record  of  the  amount  given.  The  total  from 
the  reporting  Divisions  was  as  follows: 

Number  of  Individual  Donations 3284 

Amount  Donated $8068 

V.    MISCELLANEOUS  NATION-WIDE  RELIEF 
CAMPAIGNS 

As  the  war  proceeded,  the  various  clearing-houses  for 
war  relief,  such  as  the  city  War  Chests,  became  better  organ- 
ized and  there  were  consequently  fewer  organizations,  perhaps, 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  353 

appealing  directly  to  the  citizens  for  funds  in  1918  than  in 
1917. 

In  1917  the  relief  organizations  had  not  fully  realized 
the  tremendous  saving  in  expense  and  effort  that  could  be 
secured  by  pooling  their  "sales"  efforts. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  secure  figures  from  the  various 
branches  of  the  National  as  to  the  amounts  donated  by 
their  people  to  miscellaneous  war-relief  agencies,  but  the 
information  secured  is  only  fragmentary,  as  might  be  expected 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  no  official  records  of  such  campaigns 
were  kept  by  the  Company.  The  reader  is  therefore  at  liberty 
to  multiply  the  following  figures  by  any  factor  which  he  may 
think  necessary  to  make  them  include  the  entire  National: 

MISCELLANEOUS  CONTRIBUTIONS  REPORTED 

No.  of  No.  of      Amounts 

Nature  of  Contribution                    Divisions  persons 

Reporting      Contributing 

Knights  of  Columbus 7  216  $425.00 

"Smileage"    (A    nation-wide    fund  for 

providing  movies  and  other  clean 

entertainment  for  soldiers  in  camp) ..             2  188  415.00 

Armenian,  Belgian  and  Syrian  Relief ...             2  650  190.75 

Salvation  Army i  ...  100.00 

Jewish  Relief i  8  4. 10 

Cleveland  War  Industries  Committee.  .  Home  Office  .  .  .  250.00 

Trumbull  County  Finance  Association .  Home  Office  ...  375 .00 

Detroit  Patriotic  Fund Home  Office  .  .  .  350.00 

Navy  League  of  Canada Home  Office  .  .  .  500.00 

Cleveland  Naval  Auxiliary  Bank Home  Office  ...  50.00 

American  Allies  Co-operative  CommitteeHome  Office  ...  5.00 

Christmas  Boxes  for  Sofdiers Home  Office  .  .  .  430.00 

Salvation  Army Home  Office  .  .  .  100.00 

Not  Specified 3  17  664. oo 


Total $3,858. 85 

VI.    WAR  CHESTS 

In  1918  hundreds  of  city  and  county  "War  Chests" 
sprang  up  spontaneously  over  a  large  portion  of  the  United 
States.  Their  purpose  was  to  protect  the  contributing  public 
from  constant  miscellaneous  appeals — particularly  irrespon- 
sible and  questionable  appeals — and  to  stimulate  giving  by 
assigning  "grateful  quotas"  to  the  citizens  according  to  their 


354  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

ability  to  pay,  and  urging  them  to  "give  only  once,  but  give 
enough  for  a  whole  year."  The  War  Chests  had  the  added 
advantage  of  being  able  to  finance  and  collect  contributions 
on  the  "installment  plan."  Committees  of  representative 
citizens  handled  the  funds  and  decided  what  percentage 
should  be  given  to  the  various  War  Relief  agencies,  such  as 
the  Red  Cross,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  Salvation  Army,  etc.,  etc.  In 
order  to  make  wise  selections  of  the  relief  work  to  be  supported, 
several  of  the  War  Chests  formed  an  association,  known  as 
the  "National  Investigation  Bureau,"  with  headquarters  in 
New  York. 

The  following  list  shows  in  what  cities  War  Chest  cam- 
paigns were  conducted,  considering  only  those  places  in 
which  the  National  Lamp  Works  had  Divisions  or  Depart- 
ments: 

Cleveland  ....................  "Victory  Chest"  (Campaign  May  20- 


Minneapolis  ..................  "War     Chest     of    Minneapolis     and 

Hennepin      County"      (Campaign 
Dec.  2-7,  1918). 
Shelby  ........  .....  ..........  "Richland  County  War  Chest." 

Niles  ........................  "Trumbull  County  War  Chest." 

Warren  ......................  "Trumbull  County  War  Chest." 

Youngstown  .............  ......  "Mahoning  County  War  Chest." 

Fostoria  ........  ..............  "Fostoria  War  Chest." 

The  National  management  heartily  endorsed  the  War 
Chest  idea,  as  is  proven  by  the  following  extract  from  a 
General  Letter  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Terry,  dated  November  9,  1919: 

"We  believe  in  war  chests  as  the  most  economical  and 
efficient  way  of  handling  funds  for  war  relief  work.  This 
relief  work  should  not  be  considered  a  charity,  for  what  one 
will  do  for  charity  is  a  matter  for  individual  decision.  It  is 
more  like  taxes,  but  each  one  is  under  even  more  obligation 
to  do  his  part.  We  are  interested  in  what  others  do,  for  what 
they  neglect  to  do  must  be  done  by  us  or  by  someone  else. 
Separate  campaigns  for  the  different  war  relief  activities 
not  only  duplicate  work  and  expense  and  are  uneconomical, 
but  they  make  it  more  difficult  for  each  one  of  us  to  determine 
his  fair  proportion.  The  war  chest  is  a  protection  to  all  con- 
tributors. Our  experience  in  Cleveland  fully  justifies  our 
belief  in  this  method  of  handling  funds  for  war  relief  activ- 
ities." 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  355 

CLEVELAND  "VICTORY  CHEST"  CAMPAIGN 
May  20  to  27,  1918 

Six  million  dollars  was  the  goal  aimed  for  in  the  Cleveland 
campaign.  It  was  an  overwhelming  success,  approximately 
v  eleven  million  dollars  being  actually  subscribed. 

Business  Men's  Team  No.  16   was   captained 
by     Mr.   F.  S.   Terry,  and  reported   $328,578.61. 
Many  of    the   National   Lamp   Works  managers 
in  Cleveland   turned  in    their  personal    subscrip- 
tions through  Mr.  Terry's   team. 
Mr.   N.  H.   Boynton   acted  as  Advertising  Manager  of 
the  Cleveland  campaign. 

The  employees  of  the  various  industrial  plants,  including 
the  Cleveland  branches  of  the  National,  were  asked  to  give 
to  the  fund  half-a-day's  pay  per  month  for  seven  months. 
The  total  subscription  of  the  National  Lamp  Works,  including 
that  of  the  employees  in  the  46  Cleveland  departments, 
amounted  to  $157,542.30,  nearly  4000  employees  taking  part. 
$30,892.59  of  this  amount,  taken  on  the  installment  plan, 
was  paid  through  the  Treasury  Department  at  Nela  Park, 
to  Mr.  Myron  T.  Herrick,  Treasurer  of  the  Cleveland  War 
Council. 

MINNEAPOLIS  WAR  CHEST  CAMPAIGN 
December  2  to  7,  1918 

419  employees  of  the  Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp  Division 
subscribed  $4152.36. 

RICHLAND  COUNTY  WAR  CHEST  OF  1918 

Eight  employees  of  the  Shelby  Lamp  (Sales)  Division 
subscribed  $1066.00. 

TRUMBULL  COUNTY  WAR  CHEST  OF  1918 

Division                                   No.  of  Subscribers  Amt.  Subscribed 

Mahoning  Miniature 238  $  2,094.00 

Trumbulf  Mazda 195  M75-5° 

Ohio  Division 516  4,050.00 

Peerless  (Sales) 1 8  |  ,900.00 


356 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


TRUMBULL  COUNTY  WAR  CHEST — Continued 

Division  No.  of  Subscribers  Amt.  Subscribed 

Colonial  (Sales) 7  108.00 

Packard  (Sales) 9  285.00 

Sterling  (Sales) 22  803.00 

Niles  Glass 367  4,566.04 

Home  Office ...  10,000.00 

Totals 1372  $24,281. 54 

il8 

Division  No.  of  Subscribers          Amt.  Subscribed 

Fostoria  (Sales)  (including  a  com- 
pany subscription) 22  ?I>355-39 

Loudon  Glass  (including  a  com- 
pany subscription) 215  2,810.47 

Totals 237  $4,165.86 

MAHONING  COUNTY  WAR  CHEST  OF  1918 

Division  No.  of  Subscribers          Amt.  Subscribed 

Youngstown  Mazda  (including  a 

company  subscription 506  $4,792.50 

Banner  (Sales)  (including  a  com- 
pany subscription) 12  1,259.00 

Totals 518  $6,051.50 

GRAND  TOTAL,  ALL  WAR  CHESTS 

Place  Amt.  Subscribed 

Cleveland $157,542.30 

Minneapolis 4,1 52.36 

Richland  County 1,066.00 

Trumbull  County 24,281.54 

Mahoning  County 6,051.50 

Fostoria 4,165.86 

GRAND  TOTAL $197,259.56 

The  vast  amount  of  volunteer  canvassing  done  by  National 
employees  in  the  various  money-raising  drives  has  already 
been  mentioned,  and  the  War  Chests  were  no  exception.  As 
an  instance  of  these  efforts,  may  be  mentioned  the  spectacular 
result  achieved  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Geary,  Manager  of  the  Fostoria 
Incandescent  Lamp  Division,  who  had  charge  of  the  War 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  357 

Chest  solicitation  among  the  factory  workers  in  the  city  of 
Fostoria.  He  succeeded  in  getting  pledges  from  every  industrial 
worker  in  the  city,  except  two — both  of  them  old  men  above 
seventy,  from  whom  he  considered  it  an  imposition  to  demand 
subscriptions.  Later,  however,  the  local  Committee  got 
even  these  two  to  pledge  five  cents  per  week,  just  for  the  sake 
of  making  Fostoria  a  "One  Hundred  Percent  City." 

VII.    UNITED  WAR  WORK  CAMPAIGN 

November  u  to  18,  1918 

National   Lamp   Works   people   in    the   following   cities, 
where  there  were  no  War  Chests,  were  called  upon  to  subscribe 
to  the  $170,500,000  War  Work  Fund: 

St.  Louis  Chicago 

Central  Falls  Providence 

Oakland  New  York 
Detroit 

Seven  great  co-operating  war-work  agencies,  each  of 
them  operating  under  an  Executive  Order  from  President 
Wilson,  participated  in  the  drive.  These  were  the  organizations: 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
National  Catholic  War  Council  (K.  of  C.) 
Jewish  Welfare  Board 
War  Camp  Community  Service 
American  Library  Association 
Salvation  Army 

The  long  arm  of  these  great  agencies  extended  all  the 
way  from  the  500  clubs  operated  by  the  War  Camp  Community 
Service  "over  here,"  to  the  front  line  trenches  where  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  Knights  of  Columbus  and  Jewish  Welfare 
Board  distributed  chocolate  and  cigarettes  to  the  tired  fighters, 
and  where  the  Salvation  Army  passed  out  pies  and  doughnuts, 
did  sewing  and  mending  for  the  fighters,  and  manned  ambu- 
lances. Through  the  American  Library  Association,  it  fur- 
nished books.  It  reached  into  the  factories,  through  the 
Y.  W.  C.  A.,  to  protect  the  girls  who  made  equipment  for 
our  troops,  and  into  the  shipyards  and  munition  plants. 

The  fact  that  the  armistice  was  signed  on  the  very  opening 
day  of  the  United  War  Work  campaign,  did  not  prevent 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


the  National   Divisions   in   the  above-mentioned  cities  from 
giving  abundantly  to  the  fund,  as  these  figures  will  indicate: 

Total   number  of  employees  subscribing   (approx.)  ............  2100 

Total   amount  of  subscriptions  reported  ................  $17,463.65 

Largest  number  of  employees  subscribing  from  any  one  Division 

(Oakland)  ......................................................   425 

Largest  amount  subscribed  by  employees  of  any  one  Division 

(St.  Louis)  .........  „  .................  .............  '  ..........   $2,895 

VIII.    NELA  FUND,  FOR  FRENCH  WAR  ORPHANS, 
WIDOWS  AND  SOLDIERS 

The  story  of  Nela  Fund  has  been  told  in  Part  III.  To 
one  who  is  aware  of  the  manifold  comforts  which  came  to 
orphaned  children,  burdened  mothers  and  suffering  French 
soldiers   through  the   kindness  of  Nela  Fund 
subscribers,    the    statistics    set     forth    below 
cannot   be  read  with   any   feeling  other  than 
of  pride  and  satisfaction.      This  is  especially 
true  because  every  dollar    subscribed    by  an 
individual    was  applied    in   the    maintenance 
of  an    orphan  or  godson  of  his  own    choice, 
with  whom  he  had  the  expressed  privilege  of  communicating 
directly,  or   through   channels   provided   by  Nela  Fund. 

This  accounts  in  large  part  for  the  liberal  support  accorded 
the  Fund  in  the  "Christmas  Drives"  of  1917  and  1918.  Mr. 
N.  H.  Boynton,  when  asked  by  Mr.  Terry  to  conduct  the 
1918  Christmas  Drive,  answered  him,  in  part:  "No  cam- 
paign plan  is  necessary,  other  than  your  suggestion  that  we 
all  apply  ourselves  to  the  'work  and  accomplish  it  in  the 
shortest  possible  time."  His  words  expressed  the  sentiment 
of  every  member  of  Nela  and  of  all  others  who  were  interested 
in  securing  funds  for  this  personal-interest  work.  Below  are 
the  salient  figures  for  the  years  1917  and  1918. 

YEAR  1917 

259  subscriptions  raised  in  1917-18  Christmas  drive  .........    $34,282.91 

(Part  of  these  came  in  in  January  and  February,  1918) 
213  total  subscriptions  secured  up  to  Dec.  31,  1917  .........      16,922.50 

These    subscriptions    were   distributed    as    follows: 
About  48%  were  for  soldier-godsons. 
About  52%  were  for  orphans. 


National  Lamp  Girls  Collected  $1,700  for  the  Victory  Chest  in  this  Flag. 
Scene:   Public  Square,  Cleveland 


A  Noon  Meeting  at  "Ivanhoe"  during  the  Red  Cross  Campaign  of  1917. 


French   Refugee   Children,   cared  for  by  the  "Society  for  Protecting 

Children  of  the  Frontier."     The  girls  in  the  upper  picture  are  weaving 

baskets.     National  men  raised  $165,000  for  this  Society,  and 

National  women  made  hundreds  of  garments  for  it 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  359 

YEAR  1918 

144   subscriptions  received  in    1918-19   Christmas  Drive $14,766.15 

(Part  of  these  came  in  in  January  and  February,  1919) 
236    total   new  subscriptions  raised  up   to  Dec.  3ist,   1918.  ...  129,639.93 

These  were  distributed  as  follows: 

About  6%  were  for  soldier-godsons. 
About  94%  were  for  orphans. 

SUM  OF  NELA  FUND  SUBSCRIPTION  FOR  Two  YEARS 
1917-1918 

Total  number  subscriptions 449 

(For  certain  of  these  subscriptions,  several  subscribers  clubbed 
together) 

TOTAL  AMOUNT  SUBSCRIPTIONS $146,562.43 

IX.     "CHILDREN  OF  THE  FRONTIER" 

The  motives  which  impelled  the  National  Lamp  organ- 
ization to  proffer  its  services  in  financing  the  budget  of  the 
Society,"Children  of  the  Frontier,"  for  the  year  1919  may  be 
summed  up  in  Mr.  Terry's  General  Letter  No.  1 133,  of  August 
2ist,  1918. 

"We  have  offered  the  services  of  our  organization  in 
raising  the  amount  required  by  the  Society,  'Children  of  the 
Frontier.' 

"We  have  placed  this  work  in  charge  of  Mr.  Boynton, 
who  will  assign  parts  of  it  to  our  different  managers,  and  who, 
in  turn,  may  further  subdivide  the  work  by  assigning  the 
smaller  cities  to  their  salesmen,  office  employees  and  others, 
reserving  the  large  cities  for  themselves.  In  this  way  a  great 
burden  will  not  be  placed  on  any  one. 

"But  speaking  of  burdens,  no  one  will  be  asked  to  under- 
take so  great  a  task  as  is  undertaken  by  every  one  of  our 
soldiers.  In  winning  the  war  it  is  necessary  to  use  the  united 
force  of  business  organizations.  Those  in  charge  must  select 
war  work  for  such  organizations  to  undertake.  The  war  will 
not  be  won  by  our  waiting  for  things  to  come  to  us. 

"Mr.  Boynton  is  preparing  printed  matter  which  will 
describe  the  work  of  the  'Children  of  the  Frontier'  and  will 
show  by  endorsements  the  esteem  in  which  the  work  is  held. 

"The  work  that  the  society,'Children  of  the  Frontier/ 
is  engaged  in  is  not  the  same  as  the  other  French  orphan 


360  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

work  that  I  have  been  interested  in.  The  Nela  Fund  work 
has  been  to  provide  the  means  of  keeping  children  in  their 
homes.  For  this  work  war  contributions  are  obtained  from 
individuals. 

"The  Society,  'Children  of  the  Frontier,'  takes  French 
children  who  cannot  be  kept  in  their  homes.  Many  are  from 
the  invaded  districts  and  have  been  in  the  hands  of  the  Ger- 
mans. They  are  kept  by  the  Society  in  large  homes  and  are 
educated  and  trades  taught  them  and  everything  else  done 
necessary  to  make  them  future  useful  citizens  of  France. 
It  is  more  an  economic  work  than  one  of  charity.  Heretofore, 
most  of  the  money  has  been  raised  by  Mrs.  Joseph  Lindon 
Smith,  the  Field  Secretary,  and  her  method  has  been  to  give 
talks  in  the  large  cities,  and  in  that  way  she  obtained  her 
contributions.  The  establishment  of  War  Chests  makes  it 
impossible  to  obtain  contributions  in  the  large  cities  where 
the  War  Chests  are  located,  and  it  is  necessary,  therefore, 
to  obtain  funds  from  the  War  Chests.  There  are  already 
nearly  five  hundred  of  them  and  the  burden  of  any  one  visiting 
all  of  them  is  too  great.  Then,  too,  the  obtaining  of  funds 
from  War  Chests  is  a  selling  proposition  and  can  best  be  han- 
dled by  a  business  organization  such  as  ours. 

"War  Chests  are  desirous  of  using  their  money  where 
it  will  do  the  most  good.  I  feel  that  we  can  perform  a  valuable 
service  in  bringing  to  their  attention  the  work  of  the  'Children 
of  the  Frontier.'  I  have  had  an  intimate  acquaintance  with 
this  work  extending  over  a  period  of  more  than  a  year  and 
during  that  time  have  personally  contributed  toward  the  work. 
It  was  first  called  to  my  attention  by  Mr.  C.  A.  Coffin,  Chair- 
man of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  General  Electric  Com- 
pany, and  it  has  his  highest  endorsement. 

"It  has  been  endorsed  by  the  Government  of  France, 
the  American  Red  Cross,  and  many  others.  The  more  com- 
pletely it  is  investigated,  the  more  generously  it  will  be  sup- 
ported. 

F.  S.  TERRY." 

The  history  of  the  Society  for  Protecting  Frontier  Children 
dates  from  August,  1914,  when  Mr.  Frederic  R.  Coudert, 
an  American  lawyer  who  was  in  Paris  when  war  broke  out, 
gathered  from  the  roadsides  of  invaded  Alsace  over  two 
hundred  homeless  and  hungry  children.  These  he  brought 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  361 

to  Paris  and  provided  with  temporary  shelter  until  provision 
could  be  made  for  permanent  quarters. 

Permanent  quarters  took  the  form  of  farms  or  "colonies" 
in  Southern  France,  where  these  frightened  and  delicate 
waifs,  usually  underclothed,  were  given  medical  care  and 
nursed  back  to  health.  The  Red  Cross  provided  the  medical 
attention,  volunteer  workers  instructed  the  children,  and 
philanthropic  persons  and  organizations  subscribed  the  means 
of  maintaining  the  colonies. 

The  growth  of  the  society," Children  of  the  Frontier," 
is  a  tribute  to  the  founder  and  the  zealous  efforts  of  those 
who  gave  abundantly  of  their  time  and  support  to  the  welfare 
of  these  unfortunate  children.  From  a  society  of  one  colony 
it  grew  to  an  institution  numbering  38  colonies,  harboring, 
on  January  i,  1919,  nearly  1800  waifs.  In  the  four  and  one- 
half  years  of  its  operation  it  had  provided  shelter  and  educa- 
tion for  2800  children  from  the  frontier  lines  of  Belgium, 
France  and  Alsace-Lorraine. 

Plan  of  It   was    to    assist    in    this    enterprise    that    the 

Campaign  "National,"  in  August,  1918,  offered  its  serv- 
ices in  raising  the  annual  budget,  which  for 
1919  amounted  to  $300,000.  To  raise  this  sum  quickly  and 
efficiently,  it  was  necessary  to  approach  the  various  city  and 
county  war-chest  committees,  which  at  this  late  period  of 
the  war  were  rapidly  displacing  all  local  campaigns  for  war 
relief.  The  $300,000  quota  amounted  to  $72  for  each  thousand 
population  in  the  war-chest  cities.  This  sum  would  provide 
for  the  maintenance  and  education  of  one  child  for  a  year. 

Approaching  To  facilitate  the  work  of  the  National  Lamp 
the  War  Chest  men  who  had  to  approach  the  war  chest 
Committees  committees,  an  illustrated  booklet  of  in- 

formation and  endorsement,  "Special  Survey 
of  the  Society  for  Protecting  Frontier  Children,"  was  pub- 
lished and  distributed  to  all  war  chests  with  a  letter  of  appli- 
cation for  a  definite  appropriation.  It  was  the  part  of  those 
assigned  to  this  work  to  attend  the  meeting  of  the  committee 
and  to  insure  that  the  society's  needs  were  given  due  consider- 
ation. 

Even  though  the  war  ended  shortly  after  the"National" 
had  taken  over  this  important  work  and  it  was  found  in- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


creasingly  difficult  in  many  small  cities  to  secure  the  appro- 
priation requested,  the  campaign  more  than  met  its  goal. 
A  total  of  ^164,904  was  secured  through  war  chests  in  59 
towns.  This  includes  subscriptions  received  to  July  10,  1919. 
Below  are  listed  places  from  which  financial  assistance  was 
forthcoming,  with  the  amount  of  their  contributions. 


Cleveland,  O $  30,000 

Columbus,  O 22,700 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 20,000 

Rochester,  N.  Y 12,000 

Youngstown,  O 10,000 

Beaver  Falls,  Pa 7,200 

Albany,  N.  Y .'....  6,000 

Cincinnati,  O 5,000 

Lynn,  Mass 5,000 

New  Bedford,  Mass 5,000 

Indianapolis,  Ind 3)6oo 

Utica,  N.  Y 3>ooo 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 2,500 

Dayton,  O 2,500 

Toledo,  O 2,500 

Pittsfield,  Mass 2,500 

Brockton,  Mass 2,000 

Springfield,  O 2,000 

Akron,  O 1 ,440 

Newark,  O 1,200 

Tonawanda,  N.  Y 1,200 

Colorado  Springs,  Colo.  ...  1,100 

Amsterdam,  N.  Y. 1,000 

Auburn,  N.  Y 1,000 

Rome,  N.  Y 1,000 

Troy,  N.  Y i  ,000 

Warren,  O 1,000 

Virginia,  Minn 720 

Elmira,  N.  Y 600 

Waltham,  Mass 600 

Ashtabula,  O 500 


Belvidere  Patriots  Associa- 
ciation,  111 

Corning,  N.  Y 

Escanaba  Co.,  Mich 

Kenosha,  Wis 

Lancaster,  O 

Logan,  Hocking  Co.,  O.  . . . 

McKee'sport,  Pa 

Newark,  N.  Y...: 

Racine,  Wis 

Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y 

Westbrook,  Me 

Athens,  O 

Ilion,  N.  Y 

Mechanicsville,  N.  Y 

Troy,  N.  Y 

Kirkland  War  Chest, 
Clinton,  N.  Y 

Melrose,  Mass 

Cortland,  N.  Y 

Lowville,  N.  Y 

Sheboygan,  Wis 

Shortsville,  N.  Y 

Springfield,  Vt 

Wellington,  O 

Williamsburg,  O 

Batavia,  O 

Clifton  Springs,  N.  Y.  .  ... 

Dover,  O 

Batavia,  111 


•  500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
400 

350 
300 
300 

250 
250 
200 

200 
2OO 
2OO 
20O 
I50 
150 
I44 
IOO 
100 

50 


Total $164,904 


In  securing  the  War  Chest  contributions  for  the  "Children 
of  the  Frontier/'direct  expense  to  the  amount  of  over  $2,000 
was  incurred  by  the  National  organization. 

To  the  above  list  should  be  added  the  following  appro- 
priations which  the  Society  had  for  its  1919  operation. 

Refugees  Relief  Fund $  1 2,000 

Refugees  Relief  Fund  (special) 5,000 

National  Allied  Committee 5,000 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  363 

Piping  Rock  Horse  Show.  . 7,000 

Private  Colonies 60,000 

Adoption  Fund 75,000 

Refugees  Relief  Fund 5,000 

$169,000 

War  Chest  Subscriptions 1 64,904 

TOTAL $333>9°4 

In  addition  to  the  efforts  given  in  securing  financial 
aid  for  the  "Children  of  the  Frontier,"  employees  of  the 
National  Lamp  Works,  .under  the  supervision  of  Miss  R.  S. 
Streifender,  donated  considerable  time  to  the  making  of 
garments  for  the  "frontier  children.'  Reference  to  this  activity 
is  made  on  page  318.  Expert  personal  assistance  was  also 
rendered  the  society  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Terry,  who  aided  in  organ- 
izing its  accounting  in  both  New  York  and  Paris. 

X.     "SOCKS  FOR  SOLDIERS" 
(See  pages  jo?  to  j/0) 

17,347  pairs  of  first-class  woolen  socks,  value  during  the  war  at 

least  $4.00  per  pair $69,388 

XI.     FINANCIAL  ASPECT  OF  RED  CROSS 
WORKERS'   ACTIVITY 

This  refers  to  the  work  done  by  the  girls  in  the  Red 
Cross  Unit  at  45th  Street,  Cleveland,  and  in  the  National 
plants  in  other  cities,  in  making  garments,  surgical  dressings, 
etc.,  for  the  Red  Cross.  The  story  of  the  work  has  been  told 
on  pages  311  to  323. 

Estimated  Value  of  Finished  Supplies  Made  for  Donation  to  Red 

Cross  at  45th  St.,  in  1917  and  1918 $192,000 

Estimated  Value  of  Similar  Supplies  made  by  employees  in  other 

National  plants 90,000 

TOTAL $282,000 

XII.     FINANCIAL  SUPPORT  OF  WAR  GARDENING 

Expense  of  Fencing,  Plowing,  Harrowing,   Fertilizing,  etc.,  for 

War  Gardens  in  1917  and  1918 $3>79°-75 

XIII.     SUPPORT  OF  WAR  ACTIVITIES  (RESEARCH  AND  DEVEL- 
OPMENT) UNDERTAKEN  BY  HOME  OFFICE  LABORATORIES 

This  item,  representing  expense  incurred  by  the  National  in  con- 
nection with  the  activities  described  in  Part  II  of  this  book, 
amounted  to  over $  82,000 


364  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

XIV.     MISCELLANEOUS  CONTRIBUTIONS 
TOWARDS  WINNING  THE  WAR 

It  is,  of  course,  impractical  to  enumerate  all  of  the  many 
miscellaneous  items  of  financial  outgo  in  connection  with 
the  war  activities.  Among  these  miscellaneous  items  were 
the  following: 

Payment  of  four  weeks'  wages  to  employees  of  6  months'  standing,  upon 

their  entering  military  service. 
Special  watchmen,  to  safeguard  war  work  being  done  in  the  Company's 

plants. 

Overhead  Expense  of  Liberty  Loan  and  other  Campaigns. 
War  Study  Clubs  (see  page  301). 
The  above  items,  together  with  dozens  of  others  of  a  miscellaneous 

nature,  amounted  to  over $48,100 

XV.     SUMMARY 

The  following  minimum  totals,  taken  from  the  preceding 
pages  of  this  Part,  are  here  brought  together  in  order  to  show 
at  a  glance  just  what  "mobilizing  our  dollars"  meant  to  the 
National  Lamp  Works  and  its  people. 

WAR  INVESTMENTS 

Liberty  Bonds  (excluding  Victory  Loan)  and  War  Savings  Stamps 

Purchased $1,877,510. 

WAR  CONTRIBUTIONS 

First  Red  Cross  Drive. %  17,618.82 

1917  Red  Cross  Membership  Campaign 6,000.00 

1917  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Campaign 8,068.00 

Miscellaneous  Nation- Wide  Relief  Campaigns 3,858.85 

War  Chests 197,259.56 

United  War  Work  Campaign 17,463.65 

Nela  Fund — Subscriptions  secured  in  1917  and  1918 146,562.43 

Children  of  the  Frontier — Expense  of  Fund-Raising  Campaign .  .       2,000.00 

Sock  League — Value  of  Product 69,388.00 

Red  Cross  Garments  and  Surgical  Dressings,  Value  of. 282,000.00 

War,  Gardening — Expense  of  Installing  and  Operating 3>79°-75 

Support   of  War   Research   and   Development   at   Home   Office 

Laboratories 82,000.00 

Miscellaneous  Contributions  towards  Winning  the   War 48,100.00 

TOTAL $884.110,06 

If,  to  the  "War  Contributions,"  we  add  the  $1,877,510 
of  "War  Investments,"  the  total  outpouring  of  money  for 
war  relief  purposes,  through  the  National  Lamp  Works,  is 
seen  to  be  more  than  two  and  three-quarters  millions  of  dollars. 


PART  V 


WAR  GARDENS;  SELECTIVE  SERVICE  BOARD 

WORK;  CO-OPERATION  WITH    FUEL,  FOOD 

AND    RAILROAD   ADMINISTRATIONS;    OTHER 

ACTIVITIES. 


VARIED  FORMS  OF  WAR  SERVICE 

Our  history  of  National  Lamp  Works'  activities  in  the 
war  would  not  be  complete  without  some  reference  to  the 
many  miscellaneous  forms  of  war  service  which  cannot  be 
classified  under  any  of  the  preceding  chapters.  Among  these 
hitherto  unconsidered  activities  are  the  following: 

War  Gardens. 

Selective-Service  Board  Work. 

American  Protective  League. 

Magazines •,  Books  and  Tobacco  for  Soldiers. 

Co-operation  with  Food  Administration  Program. 

Co-operation   with   Fuel  and   Railroad  Administration. 

Special  Statistical  Reports. 

Publicity  for  War  Causes. 

Intensive  Production   of  Lamps  for  War  Industries. 

War  Exposition. 

WAR  GARDEN  ACTIVITIES 

"Our  managers  in  charge  of  all  vacant  land  belonging 
to  the  National  will  make  arrangements  to  have  it  planted." 

In  so  many  words,  on  April  24,  1917,  the  management 
of  the  National  Lamp  Works  summed  up  its  conclusions  in 
regard  to  the  war  garden  activities  which  the  National  would 
undertake  in  harmony  with  the  nation-wide  movement  to 
alleviate  the  food  shortage  in  this  country  and  in  the  countries 
of  our  allies. 

It  was  fully  understood  that  this  undertaking  would 
require  the  expenditure  of  a  large  amount  of  money,  and  that 
the  money  value  of  the  product  raised  might  not  be  appre- 
ciably greater  than  the  expenditure,  but  it  was  realized  that 
the  question  of  dollars  was  not  the  vital  one.  As  Mr.  Terry 
expressed  it,  "It  is  not  a  case  of  cost  or  of  difficulty — it  is 
simply  a  question  now  of  planting  so  as  to  produce  the  largest 
quantity  of  food  of  a  kind  that  is  likely  to  be  needed." 

War  Gardening  Under  imperative  instructions  of  this  nature, 
Starts  in  Many  war  gardening  went  ahead  as  rapidly  as 
Cities  possible.  Four  and  six-tenths  acres  of  ground 

at  Nela,  bounded  by  Nela  Avenue,  Kirk 
Street,  Hillside  Avenue  and  Nela  Park,  were  plowed,  har- 
rowed, limed,  and  staked  off  into  over  one  hundred  gardens, 


368  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

each  measuring  35  by  40  feet.  These  plots  were  soon  as- 
signed to  the  employees,  men  and  women,  who  eagerly  sought 
them.  Paths  provided  easy  access  to  any  plot.  A  store- 
house was  erected  in  the  center  of  the  garden  where  tools, 
fertilizer,  seeds,  etc.,  could  be  kept  ready  for  use. 

National  Divisions  in  other  cities  in  various  parts  of 
the  country,  likewise  utilized  such  space  as  was  available; 
some  who  had  no  space  of  their  own  rented  land  for  their 
employees.  In  all  cases  the  expense  of  preparing  the  soil, 
of  fencing  in  the  garden,  and,  in  some  cases,  of  providing 
seed  was  borne  by  the  National.  So  important  was  this  work 
felt  to  be  that  seed  for  the  home  gardens  of  employees  was 
also  provided. 

Responsibility  for  results  was  placed  upon  Mr.  A.  V. 
Simis,  manager  of  the  Service  Department,  who  was  assisted 
by  Mr.  J.  R.  Colville  of  the  Engineering  Department.  The 
aim  was  to  co-operate  in  every  way  with  the  gardeners  to 
insure  effective  results.  Many  of  the  women,  and  not  a  few 
of  the  men,  who  undertook  gardening  had  had  no  previous 
experience.  Pamphlets,  planting  charts,  talks  by  experienced 
gardeners,  and  consultation  facilities  were  provided.  Those 
gardeners  who  were  familiar  with  the  work  co-operated  with 
the  inexperienced.  Frequent  inspection  of  the  plots  provided 
opportunity  for  personal  suggestions.  Letters  were  used  to 
notify  the  gardeners  when  different  crops  could  safely  be 
planted.  In  this  way,  the  gardens  were  kept  working  through- 
out the  entire  season. 

Prizes  for  The  announcement  that  prizes  would  be  awarded 
Best  Gardens  for  the  best  plots  stimulated  gardeners  and  added 
interest  to  the  work.  By  successive  planting 
and  a  careful  arrangement  of  crops,  some  of  the  35~by-4O-foot 
gardens  produced  in  excess  of  fifty  dollars  worth  of  vegetables. 
Books  on  the  canning  and  storage  of  vegetables  were  dis- 
tributed to  all  of  our  "farmers"  and  "farmerettes."  In  most 
cases  the  benefits  of  the  gardens  lasted  well  into,  or  through, 
the  winter  season. 

Although  no  attempt  was  made  to  obtain  accurate 
records  of  the  quantities  of  vegetables  produced  during  the 
1917  gardening  season,  the  interest  of  the  employees  in  the 
work,  the  care  with  which  gardens  were  kept,  the  evident 
success  of  the  scheme,  and  the  insistent  requests  of  the  gar- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  369 

deners  for  next  season's  space,  furnished  ample  justification 
for  going  ahead  with  the  activity  throughout  the  1918  season. 
And  in  the  1918  season,  the  experience  gained  the  year  before, 
the  good  growing  weather,  and  the  better  condition  of  the 
soil — which  in  addition  to  the  natural  improvement  through 
being  worked  had  been  improved  by  a  generous  supply  of 
fertilizer,  combined  to  make  really  successful  gardens.  Ac- 
curate records  of  crops  were  kept,  and  these  showed,  what 
was  hardly  to  be  expected,  a  cash  value  considerably  in  excess 
of  the  cost. 

1918  Gardens  From  the  Nela  garden  alone  were  taken  in 
Show  Good  the  one  season  over  a  ton  of  green  beans, 
Profit  nearly  a  ton  of  beets,  more  than  a  ton  and 

one-half  of  cabbage,  over  a  ton  of  carrots, 
750  dozen  ears  of  sweet  corn,  over  500  quarts  of  peas,  close 
to  half  a  ton  of  potatoes,  over  6  tons  of  ripe  tomatoes,  2  tons 
of  green  tomatoes,  and  many  less  important  vegetables  in 
large  quantities.  In  every  sense  the  1918  season  was  a  decided 
success. 

From  an  historical  standpoint,  it  is  regrettable  that 
accurate  records  were  not  kept  of  all  the  war  gardens  which 
the  National  operated.  At  the  time,  the  importance  of  pro- 
ducing food  completely  overshadowed  all  thought  of  the 
value  of  records  in  the  minds  of  the  Divisions.  For  this  reason 
it  is  impossible  to  give  a  report  of  the  total  amount  of  vege- 
tables gathered.  An  idea  of  the  results  can  be  obtained,  how- 
ever, from  the  following  record,  which  is  for  the  Nela  garden 
alone  during  the  1918  season: 

Vegetables  Quantity 

String  Beans 234°  Ibs. 

Lima  Beans 24  Ibs.  (Shelled) 

Dry  Beans .47  Ibs. 

Beets 1860  Ibs. 

Cabbage 3340  Ibs. 

Carrots 2 1 20  Ibs. 

Cauliflower . . . 28  heads 

Celery 250  stalks 

Swiss  Chard 230  Ibs. 

Sweet  Corn 750  dozen 

Cucumbers 1 1 50 

Eggplant 40 

Endive 90  heads 

Kohl  Rabi '. .  .     70  Ibs. 


37°  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Vegetables  Quantity 

Leaf  Lettuce 210  Ibs. 

Head  Lettuce 55  heads 

Green  Onions 280  bunches 

Dry  Onions 190  Ibs. 

Parsnips 150  Ibs. 

Peppers 930 

Peas 560  quarts 

Pickles 1 100    . 

Potatoes 865  Ibs. 

Pumpkins 44 

Radishes 1600  bunches 

Rutabagas 100  Ibs. 

Salsify 118  Ibs. 

Spinach 7  Ibs. 

Squash 117  Ibs. 

Ripe  Tomatoes 12,300  Ibs. 

Green  Tomatoes 4800  Ibs. 

Turnips 490  Ibs. 

Although  the  signing  of  the  armistice  reduced  in  some 
measure  the  importance  of  war  gardening,  and  removed  much 
of  the  stimulus  that  had  made  the  hard  work  a  pleasure, 
the  interest  of  the  employees  in  certain  Divisions  of  the 
National  was  sufficient  to  cause  the  continuance  of  this 
activity  in  1919  and  1920.  Aside  from  the  fact  that  food  was 
produced  when  it  was  urgently  needed;  and  aside  from  all 
considerations  of  the  money  value  of  the  crops,  there  remained 
the  element  of  healthy,  enjoyable  recreation,  all  of  which  con- 
duced towards  making  the  expenditure  eminently  worth  while. 

SELECTIVE  SERVICE 

The  Legal  Advisory  Boards  formed  an  important  cog 
in  the  machinery  of  the  Selective  Service,  or  "draft."  The 
United  States  was  divided  up  into  Selective  Service  districts, 
and  in  each  of  these  districts  there  was  a  Selective  Service 
Board,  charged  with  the  responsibility  of  examining  the 
registered  men  and  selecting  those  who  should  be  inducted 
into  military  service.  Each  Selective  Service  Board  was 
assisted  by  a  "Legal  Advisory  Board,"  whose  duty  was  to 
assist  the  registered  men  in  properly  filling  out  the  very 
detailed  questionnaires  which  they  were  required  to  turn  in, 
and  upon  which  their  classification  largely  depended.  The 
Advisory  Boards  were  composed  of  men  of  high  standing 
in  their  communities,  who  volunteered  their  services  and 


Bird's-Eye  View  of  the  Nela  War  Gardens 


Close-up  View  of  One  of  the  Gardens.     Looking  towards  Nela  Avenue. 


Protective  Lighting  at  the  East  Forty-fifth  Street  Plant 


How  the  Armistice  was  celebrated  at  Nela  Park 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


were  granted  the  authority  of  administering  the  oath  to  the 
registrants.  The  "full  members"  of  the  Legal  Advisory  Boards 
were  lawyers,  but  much  of  the  work  was  done  by  "associate 
members"  who  were  not  members  of  the  legal  profession. 
Dozens  of  men  from  the  National  Lamp  Works  patriot- 
ically contributed  their  services  on  the  Legal  Advisory  Boards 
and  spent  evening  after  evening  assisting  registered  men, 

of  all  shades  and  degrees 
of  intelligence,  in  filling 
out  the  Government  ques- 
tionnaire. Many  of  the 
registrants  could  not  read, 
write  or  speak  English, 
and  had  to  be  interviewed 
through  interpreters.  One 
of  the  Board  Members, 
from  the  National's  Pub- 
licity Department,  assist- 
ed a  Southern  negro  who, 
upon  being  asked  the  ques- 
tion "Were  you  born  in 

this  country?"  replied  "Laws,  no,  sah — Ah  wasn't  bawn  in  this 
country — Ah  was  bawn  in  Tennessee!" 

AMERICAN  PROTECTIVE  LEAGUE 

The  American  Protective  League  was  a  volunteer  organ- 
ization which,  in  the  words  of  Manager  W.  D.  Frank  of 
Nela  Press,  one  of  its  members,  "took  an  active  part  in  fol- 
lowing up  slackers,  pro-Germans,  deserters  and  I.  W.  W. 
cranks."  In  Cleveland  alone,  the  A.  P.  L.  had  a  membership 
of  about  six  hundred. 

While  we  have  no  record  of  the  total  number  of  men 
from  the  National  Lamp  organization  who  worked  with  the 
A.  P.  L.,  the  number  was  considerable,  and  some  of  the 
Divisions  were  particularly  active  in  this  work.  J.  F.  Donovan, 
manager  of  the  Equipment  Development  Department,  was 
a  member.  The  Federal  Miniature  Division,  Chicago,  fur- 
nished two  members.  The  Buckeye  Division  furnished  one- 
Harry  E.  Huff. 

The  record  of  the  Bryan-Marsh  Division,  Chicago, 
may  be  noted  in  detail,  as  it  was  extensive.  J.  S.  Corby, 
Sales  Manager,  was  a  captain  in  the  A.  P.  L.  when  it  was 


372  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

organized,  upon  the  United  States'  entry  into  the  war.  Later, 
when  the  League  was  reorganized,  Corby  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Inspector  No.  I,  in  charge  of  the  Southwestern 
Division  (Chicago  District),  and  had  command  of  14  captains, 
84  lieutenants  and  700  men.  A.  H.  Meyer,  General  Manager, 
was  a  lieutenant  in  the  A.  P.  L.,  and  later  relieved  Mr.  Corby 
on  his  work  as  Inspector.  A.  B.  Ewing  and  J.  L.  Barnard 
were  both  members,  and  Sam  Furst  was  successively  operative, 
lieutenant  and  captain. 

MAGAZINES,  BOOKS  AND  TOBACCO 

About  one  thousand  books  were  donated  to  soldiers 
and  sailors  through  the  National  Service  Department,  as  the 
result  of  a  canvass  of  the  employees  at  Nela  Park.  The  Service 
Department  "also  organized  the  sending  of  Christmas  gifts  to 
soldiers,  four  hundred  Christmas  packages  being  filled  by  Na- 
tional Lamp  people  in  Cleveland  in  1918  as  a  result  of  this 
activity. 

Employees  of  the  Statistical  Department  report  sending 
thirty-two  magazines  to  soldiers.  This,  of  course,  was  a  common 
practice  among  magazine  subscribers  during  the  war,  and 
presumably  hundreds  of  magazines  were  contributed  by 
National  people  as  a  whole — although  none  but  the  Statis- 
tical Department  went  to  the  extent  of  recording  their  gifts 
statistically. 

Men  in  the  Commercial  Development  Department  raised 
$75  for  the  Belgian  Soldiers' Tobacco  Fund;  another  "tobac- 
co fund"  collection,  among  the  men  of  Rhode  Island  Glass 
Division,  netted  about  one  hundred  dollars. 

CO-OPERATION  WITH  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION  PROGRAM 

"Food  Will  Win  the  War." 

Everyone  who  was  old  enough  to  "know  beans"  in  1917 
and  1918  remembers  vividly  the  "meatless  days"  and  "wheat- 
less  days"  that  the  American  people  were  asked  to  observe, 
in  order  to  conserve  food  for  our  soldiers  and  allies.  Herbert 
Hoover,  as  Food  Administrator,  secured  voluntary  pledges 
of  co-operation  from  a  large  percentage  of  the  housewives 
and  restaurant  proprietors  of  the  country.  As  the  war  pro- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


373 


gressed,   the  food  restrictions  were  of  necessity  rigidly  and 
more  rigidly  enforced. 

The  National  Lamp  Works,  because  of  the  dozen  or 
more  dining-rooms  operated  in  its  various  plants,  might  be 
said  to  be  in  the  restaurant  business  on  a  wholesale  scale. 
The  dining-room  at  Nela  Park  and  those  in  the  other  Lamp 
Works  properties  were  duly  enrolled  as  members  of  the  U.  S. 
Food  Administration.  Certificates  of  membership,  and  sets 
of  Food  Administration  rules,  were  posted  conspicuously 
in  our  cafeterias,  and  the  "wheatless,"  "meatless"  and  "pork- 
less"  days  were  observed  as  requested. 


EAT  MORE  FI/H 


Through  the  Goodwill  Placard  Service  maintained  by 
the  Publicity  Department,  efforts  were  made  to  educate 
employees  to  the  necessity  for  co-operating  with  the  Food 
Administration  in  their  own  homes.  A  series  of  cards  was 
designed,  and  displayed  in  card-stands  on  the  cafeteria  tables; 
a  few  of  these  cards  are  reproduced  in  the  accompanying 
illustration. 

CO-OPERATION  WITH  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION  AND 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION 

Food,  fuel  and  money — these  were  the  three  lines  along 
which  the  greatest  efforts  at  saving  must  be  made  in  time 
of  war.  How  the  National  helped  save  money  and  food  has 
already  been  related.  Fuel-saving,  as  will  be  manifest  from  the 


374  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

following  paragraphs,  also  played  a  big  part  in  our  program. 

The  "Heatless  Mondays"  of  the  early  spring  of  1918, 
and  the  "Autoless  Sundays"  of  the  same  year,  were  two 
long-to-be-remembered  landmarks  in  the  fuel-saving  cam- 
paign. In  order  to  conserve  coal  for  bunkering  our  troop-ships 
as  well  as  for  other  war  purposes,  it  was  forbidden,  for  several 
Mondays  in  succession,  to  heat  business  offices  or  factories 
except  those  engaged  on  the  most  urgent  forms  of  munitions 
manufacture.  This  order  of  the  Fuel  Administration  affected 
practically  all  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  people,  many 
of  whom  put  in  their  time  on  "Heatless  Mondays"  in  spading 
up  their  war-gardens. 

The  principal  reason  for  having  the  "Autoless  Sundays," 
on  which  automobile  owners  east  of  the  Mississippi  were 
requested  not  to  drive  their  cars,  was  to  save  gasoline  for 
airplanes.  It  was  an  odd  experience  to  see  the  main  thorough- 
fares of  our  cities,  as  for  example  Euclid  Avenue  in  Cleveland, 
absolutely  devoid  of  automobiles  during  some  of  the  finest 
motoring  weather.  For  a  few  Sundays,  the  time-honored  "horse 
and  buggy"  enjoyed  the  popularity  of  a  bygone  generation. 
The  order  against  automobile  driving  was  more  in  the  nature 
of  a  request  than  a  law,  but  woe  betide  the  motorist  who 
transgressed!  Not  only  did  he  invite  public  scorn,  but  he  was 
quite  likely  to  attract  more  tangible  objects,  such  as  tacks 
in  his  tires,  and  the  well-aimed  missiles  of  patriotic  small  boys. 

Recognizing  that  millions  of  tons  of  fuel  are  burned 
in  generating  electricity  for  electric  lighting,  and  that  much 
fuel  could  be  saved  by  cutting  out  wastefulness  in  electric 
illumination,  a  committee  of  men  prominent  in  the  electrical 
and  incandescent  lamp  industries  was  appointed  by  the 
Fuel  Administrator. 

The  purpose  of  this  committee,  of  which  Mr.  John  W. 
Lieb  was  chairman,  and  Messrs.  J.  M.  Woodward  and  L.  P. 
Sawyer  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  were  two  of  the  members, 
was  to  formulate  a  program  whereby  the  lighting  interests 
could  so  regulate  their  business  as  to  co-operate  with  the  Fuel 
Administration.  Other  executives  from  the  National  attended 
several  of  the  committee's  meetings. 

PROGRAM  OF  FUEL  CONSERVATION  ADOPTED 

The  work  of  the  committee  just  mentioned  resulted  in 
certain  recommendations,  which  were  given  wide  publicity  as  a 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  375 

war    measure.    Briefly    stated,    the    recommendations    were: 

(a)  Use  of  carbon  lamps  to  be  discouraged,  except  where 
MAZDA   lamps   cannot   be   used    to   replace   the   carbon.    Certain 
types  of  carbon  lamps  eliminated  entirely.  All  orders  for  carbon 
lamps  to  be  accompanied  by  signed  statement  showing  that  the 
purchaser  fully  understands  the  Fuel  Administration's  program. 

(b)  No  more  GEM  lamps  to  be  consigned  to  agents'  stocks. 
Central  Stations  to  discontinue  free  renewals  of  GEM  and  carbon 
lamps. 

(c)  The  employment  -of  single  large  MAZDA  lamps  rather 
than  a  number  of  smaller  lamps  of  lower  efficiency.  (Larger  lamps 
produce  more  light  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  coal  consumed.) 

(d)  Curtailment  of  all  useless  or  wasteful  lighting;  lamps, 
when  not  in  use,  always  to  be  turned  off. 

(e)  The  use  of  MAZDA  B  lamps  of  100  watts  or  larger  is 
not  recommended,  MAZDA  C  lamps  being  more  economical  from 
the  fuel  standpoint. 

The  use  of  electric  signs,  outline  lighting  and  outdoor 
ornamental  and  display  lighting  of  all  sorts  was  greatly 
curtailed  during  the  latter  part  of  the  war.  New  York's  "Great 
White  Way"  became  only  a  "shadow"  of  its  former  self. 
Don  H.  Wyre,  Chicago  manager  for  the  Buckeye  Electric 
Division,  was  connected  with  the  U.  S.  Fuel  Administration 
in  Chicago  and,  during  part  of  1918,  gave  two  hours  a  day 
to  the  supervision  of  the  "Lightless  Night"  order. 

Ward  Harrison,  Engineering  Department,  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Central  Committee  for  Northeastern  Ohio 
of  the  Conservation  Division,  U.  S.  Fuel  Administration,  as 
Supervising  Engineer  of  Conservation  for  Mahoning  and 
Trumbull  Counties.  He  personally  inspected  a  large  number 
of  the  industrial  plants  in  this  district. 

H.  T.  Spaulding,  another  of  our  engineers,  served  on  a 
sub-committee  which  made  a  report  to  the  Fuel  Adminis- 
tration on  Electric  Lighting  of  Coal  Mines  to  Accelerate 
Production. 

PRIORITY  CERTIFICATES 

The  demand  for  raw  material  for  war  purposes  became 
so  great  that  the  Government  issued  regulations  enumerating 
a  large  list  of  materials  which  were  to  be  used  for  essential 
purposes  only,  the  "essential  purposes"  including  the  direct 
and  indirect  war  needs  of  the  Government  and  work  of  national 
or  exceptional  importance,  and  an  elaborate  system  was 


376  .  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

established  whereby  each  industry  had  to  make  its  application 
tor  place  on  the  Preference  List.  Based  on  the  showing  made 
in  its  application,  each  industry  was  given  a  classification 
stating  the  comparative  order  in  which  its  requirements 
of  raw  materials  would  be  supplied.  The  incandescent  lamp 
industry  was  placed  on  this  Preference  List,  but  in  the  lowest 
class,  and  when  the  automatic  priority  to  which  the  lamp 
industry  was  entitled,  as  shown  by  that  list,  was  not  sufficient 
to  enable  us  to  obtain  our  needed  .supplies,  it  was  necessary 
to  file  individual  priority  application  to  obtain  specific  per- 
mission to  purchase  a  given  quantity  of  the  material  in  ques- 
tion. Our  Law  Department  and  Purchasing  Department 
filed  a  large  number  of  these  applications  for  the  National 
and  Edison  Lamp  Works,  as  well  as  for  outside  companies, 
such  as  the  Corning  Glass  Works,  Buckeye  Clay  Pot  Company 
and  others,  upon  whom  we  were  dependent  for  essential 
material.  While  there  were  times  of  stress,  when  it  seemed 
that  our  supply  of  certain  raw  materials  would  be  exhausted 
before  new  supplies  were  obtained,  there  was  no  case  in 
which  any  of  our  factories  had  to  close  through  failure  to 
obtain  raw  materials. 

The  brass  situation  became  more  acute  as  the  war  pro- 
gressed. Brass  is  the  principal  material  used  in  lamp  bases. 
For  a  long  time  we  were  obtaining  our  supplies  only  on  indi- 
vidual priority  applications,  followed  by  a  special  permit 
which  had  to  be  obtained  on  top  of  the  priority  certificate. 
Later  on  we  were  called  upon  to  curtail  our  use  of  brass  by 
using  substitute  materials,  which  were  less  needed  for  war 
purposes.  We  thereupon  made  elaborate  plans  for  "turning 
old  bases  into  new" — that  is  to  say,  collecting  the  bases 
from  old  burned-out  lamps  and  making  them  over  into  new 
bases.  The  aid  of  school-children,  Boy  Scouts,  Red  Cross 
depots  and  other  agencies  would  no  doubt  have  been  necessary 
in  order  to  have  collected  enough  old  bases  to  make  this 
plan  feasible.  The  signing  of  the  armistice  came  just  in  time 
to  make  it  unnecessary  to  carry  out  our  base-reclaiming 
program. 

In  addition  to  obtaining  raw  materials  for  lamp-making, 
through  priority  certificates,  it  devolved  upon  the  Law  De- 
partment to  request  necessary  transportation  facilities  from 
the  U.  S.  Railroad  Administration,  through  the  medium  of 
special  permits. 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  377 

SPECIAL  STATISTICAL  REPORTS 

As  a  means  of  mobilizing  and  conserving  the  country's 
resources  for  war  purposes,  the  Government  required  a  mass 
of  reports  dealing  with  raw  materials,  labor,  manufacturing 
facilities,  etc.  At  first  the  Law  Department  undertook  to 
prepare  these  reports,  but  shortly  surrendered  the  work  to 
the  Statistical  Department,  which  being  well  equipped  for  it, 
rendered  very  prompt  and  efficient  service.  Reports  were 
prepared  by  our  Statistical  Department  for  the  Edison  Lamp 
Works  as  well  as  for  the  National;  assistance  was  also  given 
to  the  Westinghouse  Lamp  Company  and  to  the  manufac- 
turers of  Franklin  lamps  in  the  preparation  of  their  reports. 
Among  the  many  reports  requested  and  supplied  were: 

American  Registration  Card. 

Conservation  of  Paper  and  Printers'  Supplies. 

Glass  'Committee  Elected  to  Represent  Glass  Manufacturing 
Industry  in  Relations  with  Government. 

Bid  for  Furnishing  Supplies  to  Medical  Department,  U.  S. 
Army. 

Report  of  Fuel  Conditions,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Molybdenum  Concentrates  Report. 

Malleable  Tungsten  Report. 

Labor  Requirements,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Report  on  Tungsten  Ore. 

Report  on  Molybdenum  Ore. 

Monthly  Report  to  Priorities  Committee,  War  Industries 
Board. 

Tungsten   Consumption  Report  for  War  Industries   Board. 

Tungsten  Consumption  Report  for  Bureau  of  Mines,  De- 
partment of  the  Interior. 

PUBLICITY  FOR  WAR  CAUSES 

The  large  amount  of  work  done  by  the  Publicity  Depart- 
ment, Nela  Park,  in  promoting  the  various  money-raising 
and  relief  campaigns,  has  been  referred  to  in  Parts  III 
and  IV.  It  is  worth  mentioning  at  this  point,  however, 
that  our  publicity  efforts  for  war  causes  were  not  confined 
to  specific  campaigns.  Articles  of  a  patriotic  nature  were  pub- 
lished at  frequent  intervals  in  the  National  Mazda  Stimulator 
(our  monthly  magazine  for  lamp  agents),  and  by  the  National 
Service  Department  in  the  National  Lamp  News  (the  magazine 
for  our  own  employees). 

Both  magazines,  for  example,  published  an  article  on 
stamping  out  venereal  disease,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Social 


378  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Hygiene  Division  of  the  War  Department  Commission  on 
Training  Camp  Activities. 

150,000  copies  of  the  Stimulator ,  as  they  went  through 
the  mails  at  the  rate  of  15,000  copies  per  month  in  1918, 
featured  the  following  slogan  in  large  type  on  the  outside 
of  each  envelope:  'THE  FIRST  BUSINESS  OF  EVERY 
BUSINESS  MAN  IS  TO  HELP  WIN  THIS  WAR."  The 
libraries  of  a  great  many  military  training  camps  were  placed 
on  the  Stimulator  mailing  list. 

Two  large  Honor  Rolls,  giving  the  names  of  National 
Lamp  men  and  women  in  Government  service,  were  published 
by  the  Stimulator. 

In  November,  1918,  in  accordance  with  a  request  of  the 
Paper  and  Pulp  Section,  War  Industries  Board,  complete 
arrangements  were  made  by  the  Stimulator  for  cutting  down 
its  paper  requirements  by  25%  for  the  ensuing  year,  and  a 
voluntary  pledge  was  signed  to  that  effect. 

Hundreds  of  thousands  of  sheets  of  regular  correspond- 
ence stationery  of  the  National  Lamp  Works  were  imprinted 
with  slogans  boosting  various  patriotic  drives. 

PROTECTIVE  LIGHTING 

Not  only  did  the  National  Lamp  Works  thoroughly 
equip  the  exteriors  of  its  own  buildings,  where  advisable,  with 
Protective  Lighting  systems,  in  order  to  guard  against  sabo- 
tists,  but  its  engineers  also  developed  the  entire  subject  of 
Protective  Lighting  for  buildings,  bridges,  etc.,  very  thor- 
oughly. A  5o-page  manuscript,  prepared  largely  by  Mr. 
Magdsick  of  the  Engineering  Department,  was  published  early 
in  1918  by  the  War  Department  as  Document  No.  800  and 
was  distributed  by  the  Divisional  Militia  and  the  Military 
Intelligence. 

An  illustrated  lecture  on  Protective  Lighting  was  worked 
up  for  the  Illuminating  Engineering  Society  and  was  used 
on  a  number  of  occasions  by  Mr.  Edmund  Leigh,  Chief  of 
Plant  Protection,  Section  of  Military  Intelligence,  United 
States  Government. 

LIGHTING  TO  ADVERTISE  FINANCIAL  DRIVES 

The  Cleveland  Liberty  Loan  Committee  placed  upon  the 
Illuminating  Engineering  Section  of  our  Engineering  Depart- 
ment the  responsibility  for  all  lighting  equipment,  arrange- 


THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  379 

ments  and  stunts  in  connection  with  the  several  Loan  cam- 
paigns. Similar  demands  were  met  in  the  War  Chest  Campaign 
and  the  Allied  War  Exposition.  With  the  co-operation  of 
Mr.  Hanley  of  the  Cleveland  General  Electric  Office,  three 
500,000,000  candlepower  searchlights  were  secured  for  the 
Fourth  Liberty  Loan.  These  were  mounted  on  high  buildings, 
where  they  could  sweep  over  a  wide  area.  The  Liberty  Loan 
Publicity  Committee  asserted  that  these  searchlights  were 
talked  of  the  most  of  any  of  their  attractions. 

LIGHTING  OF  WORKMEN'S  COTTAGES 

Mr.  E.  J.  Edwards  was  chairman  of  the  sub-committee 
on  Lighting  of  Workmen's  Cottages  of  the  I.  E.  S.,  and  dis- 
cussed this  subject  before  a  meeting  of  the  War  Industries  Board 
at  Washington. 

INTENSIVE  PRODUCTION  OF  LAMPS  FOR  WAR  INDUSTRIES 

The  G.  E.  Review,  in  its  issue  of  October,  1919,  pays  the 
following  tribute  to  the  efforts  of  the  incandescent  lamp 
factories  in  maintaining  essential  production  throughout  the 
war  period: 

"Of  course  all  of  the  Company's  Lamp  Works  were  busy 
turning  out  their  standard  products  as  well  as  helping  wherever 
they  could  by  doing  special  work  for  war  purposes.  In  fact, 
this  is  a  most  striking  example  of  how  the  Company's  manu- 
facturing activities  were  all  the  time  helping  others  to  do 
their  bit.  During  the  first  nine  months  of  1918  they  made 
103,000,000  incandescent  lamps  of  the  larger  sizes.  If  we 
include  all  sizes  the  production  of  these  nine  months  amounts 
to  148,000,000  lamps.  Who  can  estimate  what  this  contribution 
did  toward  helping  the  whole  country  speed  up  its  war  work? 
The  Company  was  employing  more  than  16,000  people  in 
helping  to  light  the  work  shops,  offices,  camps,  homes,  etc., 
of  America  during  all  this  period." 

The  foregoing  statements  apply  with  equal  force  to  the 
efforts  of  our  Ivanhoe  Division  in  maintaining  essential 
reflector  production  and  distribution  during  the  war.  Thou- 
sands of  marine  globes  were  supplied  for  use  on  battleships 
and  other  ships;  thousands  of  steel  and  glass  reflectors  were 
furnished  for  cantonments  in  the  United  States,  and  for  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces. 


380  THE  NATIONAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

WAR  EXPOSITION 

In  November,  1918,  a  great  War  Exposition  was  held 
on  the  lake  front  and  in  Central  Armory,  Cleveland.  One  of 
its  objects  was  to  bring  the  war  cause  more  strongly  to  the 
attention  of  industrial  workers,  thus  stimulating  production 
of  war  material.  The  signing  of  the  armistice  converted  the 
War  Exposition  into  a  Victory  Exposition,  and  as  such  it  was 
indeed  successful,  over  575,000  people  attending.  The  Na- 
tional Publicity  Department  had  charge  of  the  feature  adver- 
tising of  the  Exposition.  The  National  management  purchased 
several  thousand  tickets,  presenting  one  to  every  employee 
who  wished  to  attend. 


Our  tale  is  now  ended.  The  story  of  Nela's  part  in  the 
greatest  military  convulsion  of  all  time  has  been  told — so 
far  as  the  mere  printed  record  can  tell  it.  With  a  new  spirit 
of  co-operation  among  the  nations — with  that  spirit  of 
harmony  which  we  have  always  stood  for  in  business — we 
pray  and  believe  that  similar  sacrifices,  a  similar  outpouring 
of  human  life  and  blood,  will  never  again  be  required.  But 
whether  the  destructive  work  of  war,  or  the  constructive 
work  of  peace,  shall  be  the  future  great  need  of  our  country, 
the  National  stands  ready,  as  in  I9i7-'i8>to  do  its  best. 


112  131-.WO 


The  Glory  of  War 


INDEX 


A  Page 

Abrams,  Harold  M 121,147 

Acker,  William  A 147 

Adams  (Fort) 84 

Administration  Department 

10,27,124, 129,307 

Ahern,  Jerry  J 120 

Aisne-Marne  .  .  18,31,45,47,67,80,83 
Aldis  Daylight  Signal  Units  .  .  281-286 
Allen,  John  Stewart  ....  15,25,147 

Allen,  Louis  B 25>I47 

Alps 18 

Allsopp,  William 22,147 

Alsace-Lorraine  .  .  .  46,54,56,360,361 
American  Allies  Co-operative  Committee  353 
American  Encaustic  Tiling  Co  ...  200 
American  Eveready  Works  .  .  .  .281 

American  Legion 145,146 

American  Library  Association    .      .      .     357 

American  Service  Fund 333 

Amiens 57187,91 

Anderson,  E.  A 108,147 

Anderson,  E.  M 202 

Anderson,  George 147 

Anderton,  Herbert  L 86, 147 

Andrae,  Julius  &  Sons 285 

Annapolis 108,109 

Apremont 55>86 

Argonne      .      .      .       24,41,46,47,52,55-64 

67,68,70,74,75,81,83,87,88,90 

Armenian,  Belgium  and  Syrian  Relief  .     353 

Armentiers •  .   175,257 

Arras 30,87,91 

Arrinda,  A 147 

Ashdown,  Gerald  J 147 

Ashford,  Miss  Frances  Marie     .         139,147 

Askue,  Russell  P 40,145,147 

Association  Island  .  .  328,335,349,351 
Association  Valentin  Hauy  .  .  .  330,331 
Astoria,  L.I.  .  33.35.9s.  !92.  '95. 197 

Atchley,  Shird  P 118,147 

Atlantian  (S.  S.) 64 

Atwell,  Master  Engineer       ....     199 

Aubigny 70 

Auburn  (U.  S.  S.) in 

Auditing  Department       .      .      .      .       35i37 

Aultman,  Dwight  E 45 

Austin,  Frank 147 

Avocourt 21 ,  57 

B 

Baccarat     ....       21,30,56,57,63,88 

Baeckler,  Walter 67,147 

Bain,   Edgar  C 99 

Baker,  Newton  D. 259 

Baker,  Robert  F 21,147 


Page 

Baldauf,  Harry  E i6;6o,i47 

Ballicourt 70 

Ballou,  Lance  C 39>'47 

Banner  Electric  Division 322 

Bard,  Rudolph  T 27,147 

Barker,  Altamond  S 27,147 

Barnard,  J.  F 372 

Barnebey,   O.  L 194-196 

Baron  Field 125 

Barry,  Ovide  L 84,147 

Barstow,  E.  0 209 

Bartlett  (Camp) 39 

Bartlow,  M 331 

Bassens 82 

Bateman,  Ernest 198 

Bauder,  P.  F 281 

Bauman,  Philip  J 43 

Bayard  (Fort) 99 

Beake,  Gower  L 70, 147 

Beals,  Gillson  W 125,147 

Beatty,  Thos.  E 68 

Beaume 122 

Beauregarde,  Louis 147 

Bechhold,  Myron  J.          ....     32,147 
Beck,  Horace  W.,  Jr.        .      .      .     17,54,147 

Beckett,  Sergeant 188 

Beckman,  Elmer  H 34,147 

Behlen,  Miss  F 309 

Bedaka,  Andrew 147 

Belford,  John 38,147 

Belgium       .      .      56,65,66,303,323,329,361 

Benbow,  B.  L I93>3O7 

Benoit,  Dona 148 

Berry,  Clarence  J 127,148 

Beutel,  Frederick 112,148 

Bezzenberger,  Dr.  F.  K.        ...   204,208 
Binocular  Field  Glasses    ....   260-268 

Billington,  Joseph 148 

Billiter,  Lewis 148 

Birster,  Charles  M 148 

Bittner,  Lieut 238 

Black,  W.  M 277 

Bliss  (Fort) 72,92 

Blum,  Julius  M 206 

Boehning,  William  C 62,148 

Boggis,  H.  P 148 

Boiles,  Frank  H 123,148 

Bois  de  la  Grande  Montaigne     ...       32 

Bois-la-ville 25 

Bellinger,  C.  H 208 

Bomb  Tracing  Lamps 297 

Booker,  W.  H 283 

Booster  Casing      ....       183,224,225 

Borgerhoff,  Prof.  J.  F 328 

Borrelli,  Ernest 82 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


Page 

Boruff,  Glen  F 35 

Boston  Economy  Lamp  Division     .      .     333 

Boston  Navy  Yard 108 

Boucher,  Edward 148 

Boulton,  Harold  C 25 

Bourbon  Woods 30 

Bourdons 21 

Bouvier,  Albert  E 67,148 

Bova,  Thomas 148 

Bown,  Lieut 233 

Boynton,  N.  H.     .      .      .     328,345,350-358 

Branch,  Frank 148 

Brancourt 71 

Brennan,  Edward  P 58,148 

Brest 21,28,59,89,104,119 

Brewster,  J.  F 204 

Brickman,  Dr.  M.  J 206 

Briggs,  Walter  E 148 

Britton,  Wm.  M 287 

Broadbent,  William  H 84,148 

Brooklyn  Barracks 123 

Brooks,  Enoch  Edward    .      .      .      15,73,148 

Brooks,  George  H 78,148 

Brown,  Andrew  J 43,148 

Brown,  Edward 148 

Brown,  L.  C 148 

Brown,  Norman  A 148 

Brown,  Roland  S 82,148 

Brown,  William  D 133,148 

Browning,  Parker 148 

Brundage,  Arthur 148 

Brunner,  O.  F 146 

Bryan-Marsh  Division 

39,41,44,46,52,131,371 
Buckeye  Clay  Pottery  Co.  .  .  .  228,376 
Buckeye  Lamp  Division  .  .  46,53,371,375 

Buel,  Edward  A 125,148 

Bulb  and  Tubing  Department    ...       36 

Bulk,  Oscar  M 148 

Bunnell,  C.  M 281 

Burdette,  Donald 38,148 

Burdick,  Lewis  E 59,148 

Burgess  Battery  Co 281,296 

Burke,  Mrs.  E.  S.,  Jr 314 

Burns,  James  B 16,73,148 

Burns,  John  J 119,148 

Burrows,  W.  R 231 

Busigny 70 

Butler,  Clifford  L 95,148 


C 


Cadle,  Ivor  H 121,148 

Caldwell,  J.  T .281,287 

Callahan,  Ernest  L 119,148 

Call  Field 126 

Cambrai 30,48,87,91 

Cameron,  Lieut 238 

Cameron,  Stanley  G 98,148 

Camouflage 272,289 

Campbell,  D.  G 103 

Campbell,  E.  R.         227 


Page 

Canadian  Army 18,22,87 

Cannon,  John  F 148 

Caproni  Bombing  Plane  .      .      .      .   282,284 

Cardinale,  Joseph 148 

Carleton,  R.  K 200 

Carlson,  Albert  B 118,148 

Carlton,  Miss  Anne  M 141,148 

Carmania  (English  S.  S.)  ....  23 
Carmichael,  Major  and  Mrs.  .  .  .  215 

Carroll  Electric  Co 288 

Carroll,  James 148 

Carsten,  Andrew 191 

Carter,  George  L 83 

Carter,  John 148 

Casey,  Edward  P 120,149 

Castle,  Commander 283 

Castrovillari,  Cosmo         ....     64, 149 

Caswell,  Sidney 28,42,149 

Caswell,  Mrs.  Isabelle 307 

Catano,  Paul 27,149 

Catatto,  Nick 72,149 

Gather,  Arthur 188 

Catugno,  Antonio 149 

Central  Falls  Mazda  Lamp  Division 

59,67,82, 100,101,102,120,123 
Central  Infantry  Officers  Training  School    27 

Chadwick,  Theo.  G 102,149 

Chalons-sur-Marne 45 

Champagne 133 

Champagne-Marne 69,83 

Chanute  Field 132 

Chapman,  George  J 127,149 

Charleston  Navy  Yards no 

Chasson,  Emil 149 

Chateau-Thierry 

17,24,39,41,72,73,77,83,86 

Cheever,  John  P.  .      .    193,196,197,198,201 

Chemical  Laboratory     26,34,35,37,165,297 

Chemical  Warfare  Service     14,  17,  39,  53>  98 

99,  '33,  !35,  J45>  '66,  167,  189,  193- 

195,202,    206,    210,    213,224-226,296 

Chemin-des-Dames     .      .     39,41,82,86,133 

Chemire 21 

Cheney,  M.  B. 196,201 

Cherbourg 25 

Chiconi,  Arthur  H 95.H9 

Children  of  the  Frontier 

3 io. 3I3-3I9.323.33I- 340, 359-364 

Cipra,  Miss  Mae 32° 

Clancy,  George  Charles   .      .      .     1^,76, 149 

Clark,  Clarence *49 

Clark,  W.  M 184,228 

deal,  Ray H9 

Cleveland  Carbon  Filament  Division  .  97 
Cleveland  Carbon  Lamp  Division  .  .  115 
Cleveland  Mazda  Lamp  Division  .  .  80 
Cleveland  Miniature  Lamp  Division 

60,90,115,303 

Cleveland  Naval  Auxiliary  Bank  .  .  353 
Cleveland  Naval  Training  Station  .  .  112 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


111 


Page 

Cleveland  Trust  Co 343 

Cleveland  War  Industries  Committee  .     353 

Cleveland  Wire  Division       64,  71,  73,  76-78 

86,   87,  90,  98-104,  118,    119,    121 

193.307 

Coates,  Lawrence 149 

Cobb,  Dr.  Percy  W.   .      .       36,149,261,278 

Coburn,  Charles 149 

Cody  (Camp)  ........     103 

Coetquidon  (Camp) 80,82 

Cogger,  T.  L.         .      .      .     233,236,237,249 

Colcord,  Fred 149 

Cole,  D.  S 288 

Coleman,  Gerald  H 38 

Colonial  Electric  Division     .      .      .    113,356 
Colquhoun,  Emily  M-     ....    140,149 

Colt  (Camp) 94 

Colthart,  Robert  L 135 

Columbia  Lamp  Division      .     40,43,54,113 

Columbus  Barracks 73 ,92 

Colville,  J.  R 367 

Coman,  Lucien  D.,  Jr.     .      .       124,149,278 
Comiskey,  Lewis  Mark    .      .      .      16,52,149 

Commack  Field 132 

Commercial  Development  Dept. 

111,125,344,372 
Commery,  Eugene  W.      .      .      .  38,149 

Compton,  Ralph  0 129,149 

Conant,  James  B.       .      .      .       182,214-218 

Connor,  John  F 78 

Conte,  C 149 

Conway,  T.  C 149 

Cook,  Howard  M 114,149 

Cook,  William  W 149 

Coolidge,  Dr 247 

Coolidge  X-Ray  Tube      ....   247,252 

Cooper,  C.  E .      .     202 

Cooper,  Marion  D.     .      .      .        127,146,149 

Corby,  J.  S. 371 

Corcoran  Victor  Co.         285 

Corning  Glass  Works 376 

Corns,  Miss  Mary  A 318  . 

Coudert,  Frederic  R 360 

Coughlin,  Robert  Temple      .      .      15,76,149 
Cousineau,  Arthur  A.       .      .      .          102,149 

Cover,  Leo  G 99,149,226,227 

Cowan,  Guy          ....       195,196,218 

Cowley,  A.  T 198 

Coy,  Ralph  W 149 

Cramer,  Bertrand  A 136 

Crane  (Camp) 37 

Credit  Dept 27,32,122 

Cress,  Phil  J 149 

Crew,  Bert 149 

Croix  de  Guerre     .      .      .      .      .      .        17,55 

Crossland,  Elmer  R 123,149 

Crouse,  J.  Robert        ....          349 ,352 

Crowell,  Benedict 1 66 

Cunningham,  Albert 149 

Cunningham,  Thomas  J 149 

Curth,  Ralph 38,149,278 

Custer  (Camp)      ....     46,53,78,210 


D  Page 

Daniels,  Josephus 244 

Dana,  Junius   .      . 149 

Dana,  Mrs.  J.  L 320 

Dardanelles 18,117,327 

Dare,  Richard  E 64 

Davies,  James  L 109,149 

Davis,  Robert  W 108,150 

Davis,  W.  G 150 

Dawson,  Carl  H 150 

Day,  Dr.  A.  H 228 

Dearborn,  William 150 

Dearing,  Duncan  M 221 

Debasky,  Anthony 150 

Decatur  (Camp) 121 

Defense  Department  (C.  W.  S.)  133,170-202 

Delco  Lighting  System 283 

Delta  Elec.  Co 283,286 

Derry,  Ernest  Neale 82,150 

De  Souge  (Camp) 43 

Detroit  Miniature  Lamp  Div.    .      .      .75,94 

Detroit  Patriotic  Fund 352 

Devaney,  Arthur 150 

Devens  (Camp)      .     43,59,67,78,82,87,101 

"Devil  Dogs" 14,122 

Devlin,  Robert IJQ 

Dewey,  Bradley     .....       174,190-191 

Dideot  Camp 92 

Dick  (Camp)    ....     127,128,131,134 

Dick,  Paul 150 

Dieckow,  Walter  W.         .      .      .      .     63 , 1 50 

Diehl.W 150 

Dipietro,  Cormine 26,150 

Distinguished  Service  Cross  .       17,24,69,83 

Dix  (Camp) 47,68,78,82 

Doane,  Leroy  C 16,41,150 

Doane,  S.  E 166,280 

Dobe,  Frank 186,191,195 

Dodge  (Camp) 40,  57, 103 

Doherty,  Henry  L 189 

Doll,  James  Wilbur     .      .      .      .      15,63,150 

Doniphan  (Camp) 58,131 

Donovan,  J.  F.      .      .     33,146,150,226,371 

Doran,  Edward  L 101,150 

Dorr  Field 128 

Dorsey,  Frank  M.     17,  32,  99,  145,  150,  166 

170,  172,  174-178,  180,  181,  185-191,  193 

210,  214,  224 

Dorsh,  William  D 128 

Doty,  Charles  C 46,150 

Douglas  (Camp) 93 

Dow  Chemical  Co.      .      .      177,179,180,186 

Dows,  C.  L 287 

Doyle,  John  M 76,150 

Drew,  John  F 69 

Dromont,  Miss  T.  A 185 

Dubinsky,  John  H 150 

Duff,  J.Roy    ....       33,150,186,187 

Duff,  Nicholas  V 17,24,150 

Du  Gar,  Fred  W 110,150 

Dunbar,  Edward  V 150 

Dunbar,  J.  Watson     .      .      .        128,146,150 
Duncan,  Robert  N 90,150 


IV 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


Dunn,  James  H  
Dunnigan,  Raymond  A.  ... 
Dunwoody  Training  Station 
Duplex  Lighting  Works  . 
Durst.  Paul  H. 

Page 
92,150 
.     78,150 

.       120 
KO. 

Eaton,  W.  M 204,209 

Eberts   Field 54 

Eddy,  John  L 26,150 

Edgewood  Arsenal  (Cleveland) 

34,35,176,177-179 
Edgewood  Arsenal  (Edgewood,  Md.) 

34,98,99,176-178 
Edison  Lamp  Works        .     281,309,376,377 

Edmonds,  Fred  R 85 

Edwards,  E.  J 377 

Edwards,  Edward  S 150 

Egeler,  Carl  E 107,150 

Elden,  Clarence  A 206 

Ellington  Field      ....       125,127,129 

Ellis,  Herbert  W 3I,I5° 

Emery,  L.  D 206 

Endress,  Clarence  H 150 

Engineering  Department 

14,   15,  21,  22,  26,  27,  29-32,  35-38,  105 
107-112,    124-130,    165,   279,   280,   346 

368,378 

Ensign,  Leland  R 58,150 

Equipment  Development  Dept. 

22,  26,  29,  33,  37,  109,  in,  124,  128,  226 

371 

Etter,  Rolland 191,202 

Euclid  Glass  Division 

15-17,  60-64,  66,  72,  74-78,  81,  83,84,85 

87,  97,  99,  ioi,  135,  136 

Eustis  (Camp) 45 

Evans,  Arthur  F 96 

Evans, "Billy" 345 

Evans,  George  A. 150 

Evans,  Roy  E 16,23,150 

Ewing,  A.  B 370 

Exall,  John 150 

Exide  Battery        ....       284,285,286 


Fahernthold,  Leon  T 133 

Fahy,  Miss  Beatrice  A.    .      .       137,139,150 

Fahy,  Raymond 150 

Falge,  Robert  N 130,150 

Fatica,  John 1 50 

Fatigo,  Mike 150 

Feder,  Milton  S 1 50 

Federal  Miniature  Lamp  Div.    .      .      53,371 

Fee,  Francis  T 96,150 

Felsing,  W.  A 203 

Felske,  Elmer  F.    ......     90,150 

Ferguson,  H.  G 47 

Field  Glasses 260-268,278 

Filament  Laboratory in 

Finnigan,  Frank  R 83,150 


Page 

Finnigan,  Harry 151 

Firm,  David  0 74 

Firman,  Harry 151 

Fisher,  Fred  T 151 

Fisher,  Grover  L 1 5 1 

Flanders      .  57i74>133 

Fleming,  Dr 231 

Foley,  Dennis  D 87,151 

Folger,  R.  C 216 

Ford  Motor  Co *  .         282,294 

Forman,  P.  R 287 

Forrer,  Sgt 202 

Forrest,  Alphonse  W 151 

Forrest  (Camp) •     .       71 

Forsythe,  W  E 268,278,287 

Foster,  Charles 97,151 

Fostoria  Incandescent  Lamp  Division 

43,53,347-356 

Fotte,  Carmelo 72,151 

Fournier,  Joseph  R 120,151 

Frank,  Walter  D 333,37! 

Frappell 71 

Frear,  Perry  M 43,151 

Fries  (France) 258 

Fremont  (Camp)         96 

Freer,  Clyde  P 1 23 , 1 5 1 

Frett,  Charles 136 

Fricke,  Walter  C 113,151 

Fried,  Monroe  J 30,151 

Fuel  Administration 288 

Fulks,  Lieut 186 

Fullerton,  Richard 151 

Funston  (Camp) 34,40,43 

Furst,  Sam 372 


Gage,  John  H 43,151 

Gair,  A 191 

Gaiser,  Erick 151 

Gatchel,  T.  L 283,286 

Gale,  Miss  J.  R .      .     309 

Gardner,  Jesse  Sales   .      .      .      .      15,58,151 

Garfield,  James  R 351 

Garrison,  Ralph  H 131,151 

Garthwait,  Charles 227 

Gauchot,  Paul  C 101 

General  Illumination 289 

Geary,  H.  H.    .      .  ....   347,356 

"George  Washington"  (S.  S.)      .      .    244,245 

Gerardmer 102 

Gerlach,  Irving  H 151 

Gerstner  Field 126-131 

Getson,  Harry 117,151 

Ghent 88 

Gibbs,  Arthur  D 17,71,151 

Gilbert,  John  R 78 

Gilbert,  Herschel  R 151 

Gilmour,  Fred 151 

Giovanucci,  Savior 82,151 

Glasser,  Jos 38,151 

Glass-lined  Shell 226 

Glass  Technology  Dept.    26,34,165,184,228 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


Page 

Glave,  Herman 78,151 

Goetz,  Joe 151 

Goggin,  J.  P 333 

Gohlke,  Arthur  C 102 

Gordon  (Camp)    22,23,25,27,36,41,  62,  63 
66,68,71,74-79,87,98,136 

Gormly,  George  C in,  151 

Gorton,  Daniel 151 

Gracey,  W.  G 191,196,216 

Grant  (Camp)       41,45,47,52,63,81,96,133 

Graves,  G.  S 151 

Gray,  G.  F 285 

Great  Lakes  Training  School 

107, 108,  in,  114, 117-121 

Greble  (Fort) 84 

Green,  William 204,207 

Greene  (Camp)      ....     52,68,77,136 

Greenleaf  (Camp) 37,101,102 

Gregory,  Fred  S 17,56,151 

Greisen,  Anthony  S S7tl5l 

Grieves  (France) 59 

Griffin,  Patrick      .      .      .      .      .      .      69,151 

Griffing,  Ray  B 29 

Griffiths,  Ernest  J 72,151 

Griswold,  Thomas,  Jr 209 

Grooms,  William 151 

Grossberg,  Maurice 151 

Gunderson,  Loring  E 221 

Gun  Sights .   287,296 

Guntner,  Frank  G.      .....    133,151 

Guntner,  Jay  A 133,151 

Gustafson,  Evald 87,151 


H 

Haefeli,  E.  J 

Hagan,  John  H 

Hagensen,  Theodore  O.    . 

Hall,  Walter 

Halvorson,  C.  A.  B.    .      .      . 

Hamel,  Louis  A 

Hamey,  Joseph  V.       ... 
Hamilton  (Fort)    .... 
Hammell,  Clarence  H. 
Hammond,  John  Hays,  Jr.    . 
Hampton  Roads    .... 
Hamrick,  Paul  R.        .      .      . 
Hancock  (Camp)  .... 
Handel,  Albert      .      .      .      . 
Handrigan,  Joseph  L. 
Hankison,  George  E. 
Hannemann,  Joseph  J.     . 
Hanneman,  William  F.    . 
Hardin,  Lorraine  G.    .      .      . 
Harlowe,  Ivan       .... 
Harmon,  Orville  A.     ... 

Harris,  Fred  P 

Harris,  Walter  L.  ... 
Harris,  William  .... 
Harrison,  Benjamin  (Fort) 

31,40,43,72,86, 


15,61, 


33-i5I-I97 
..     151 

•  95>I5I 

•  44,  I51 
.  282,287 
.  101,152 
.  62,152 

29 
,152 
246 

"3.  "9 
.  152 

36,37 
67,152 
67,152 

122,152 
52,152 
.  41 
.  125 

209,212 
.  96 


...     152 
...     152 

92,98,115,131 


Page 

Harrison,  M.  M 218 

Harrison,  Ward 375 

Hartley,  William  E 188 

Hartman,  Edward  Franklin        .      15,94,152 

Hartman,  Roger  F 17,86,152 

Harvard  Club  of  Cleveland         .      .      .      333 

Harwood,  John  W 134,152 

Hastings-on-Hudson  Laboratory      .    177,204 
Hathaway,  George  E.       .      .         22,152,278 

Hauth,  L.  H 202 

Hawkes  Philip  T 120 

Hawkins,  L.  A 233,251 

Hawley,  L.  F 198 

Hayman,  George  B 17,59,152 

Hayward,  W.  M 213 

Hazelhurst  Field 125,129 

Heinz,  Miss  Alma 320 

Henderson,  Wayne  G 37,152 

Hennecke,  Robert  C.        .      .      .      .     53,152 

Hennessey,  John  F 152 

Hering,  Edward     ....       186,196,201 

Herkner,  Walter  F 115,152 

Herman,  Charles 118,152 

Herpst,  Charles  H 223 

Herrick,  De  Witt  C 109,146,152 

Herrick,  Myron  T 332,355 

Herrmann,  Henry 32,152 

Hertzog,  Thomas 152 

Hild,  Frederick  W.     .      .      .       121,146,152 

Hill  (Camp) 38 

Hill,  Selden  G 103,152 

Hilling,  William  G 17,73,152 

Hilton,  J 152 

Himeon,  Everett  W 67,152 

Hindenburg  Line        70 

Hirschauer,  A.  H 208 

Hitch,  Horace  M 36,152 

Hitchcock,  Datzel  Frederick  15,112,119,152 

Hobson,  Edward 212 

Hoerlein,  Benjamin  H 53,152 

Hoffman,  George  A 1 86 

Hoh,  Albert  F 93 

Holabird  (Camp)        97,98 

Holm,  Chas.  L.      .      .      .      .      .      .     29,152 

Holmes,  Wayne  Moore    .      .      .      .124,152 

Holt,  Paul  A 79,152 

Horr,  Edward  N 29,152 

Houston,  Sam  (Fort) 94 

Howatt,  Earl 152 

Huff,  Harry  E 371 

Hughes,  Dale  C.    .  35,146,152,172,188-190 

Hulbert,  Thornel 152 

Hull,  Edwin  J 98,152 

Hults,  A.  E 282 

Hultyman,  William  J 63 

Humel,  C.  A 196 

Humphrey  (Camp) 92 

Hunsicker,  Walter  D 113,152 

Hunt  (Fort) 85 

Huntoon,  M.  C 210 

Hyde,  Edward  P.        .      .      .       260,268,278 


VI 


INDEX— CONTINUED 


I  Page 

Ibele,  Walter  C.    .      .  .      .152,172,188 

Illinois  Miniature  Lamp  Division 

80,96,103,120,133,318 
Ingram,  Joseph  Raymond  .  15,63,100,152 
Ivanhoe-Regent  Works 

40,44,46,114,275,286,379 


Jackson  Barracks 84 

Jackson  (Camp) 

26,38,43,63,81,82,92,93,95,98,99 

Janidlo,  Steve I35.I53 

Jay  (Fort)        54 

Jefferson  Barracks       .      .      .      .95,103,104 

Jeffries,  Paul  J 153 

Jenkins,  Samuel 65 

Jensen,  Holgard  V 153 

Jessup  (Camp) 32>97 

Jewell,  Theodore  S 38,153 

Jewish  Relief 353.357 

Johnson,  Harry  M.     .      .      .        129,153,278 

Johnson,  Hugo 64,153 

Johnson,  Orval  E 1 53 

Johnson,  Oscar  E 89,153 

Johnson,  Roy         153 

Johnson,  Wilber  M 3I>I53 

Johnston  (Camp) 54 

Jones,  Benjamin 94,J53 

Jones,  Charles  H 7I>I53 

Jones,  Granville  W 153 

Jones,  Harry  J.  (Camp).        ....       81 

Jones,  Robert 7I,I53 

Jones,  William  D 62,153 

Jordan,  J.  L 202 

Judd,  Francis  Lee 15,60,153 

Just,  Theodore  A 81 

K 

Karsten,  Andrew         200 

Kathe,  Fred  C 26 

Kavanaugh,  William  J 37,  153 

Kaye,  Elmer  A 81,153 

Kaye,  Roy  P 83,153 

Kean,  Private 191 

Kearney  (Fort) 85 

Kearney,  Frank  Joseph    .      .      .     16,71,153 

Kearny  (Camp) 41 

Keenan,  W.  Carroll 21,153 

Keese,  Private 191,196 

Keiser,  Elmer  G 83,153 

Keiser,  Guy 153 

Keister,  Baird 153 

Keister,  Lowell  M.,  Jr 37.J53 

Kelley,  James  A 153,208 

Kelley,  William  B 153 

Kelly,  D.  V 209 

Kelly  Field 101,124-136 

Kelly,  T.  P 208 

Kelly,  Walter  A.  .  .  .  '  .  .  .  66,153 
Kenotron  Tubes  .  .  231,232,241,296,297 
Kent,  Lee  C 129,153 


Page 

Kenyon,  Bradford  H 68,153 

Kesler,  Charles  C 89,153 

Ketch,  James  M 128,153 

Kewley,  Joseph  E       ....         143,315 

Keys.M.  H I46 

Key  West  Naval  Station 108 

Khoury,  Nicholas 153 

Kilroy,  Edward  A 153 

King,  Henry 1 53 

King,  James  S.,  Jr 216 

King,  Walker,  Jr.        .     35,153,172,188,189 

Kirk,  Mrs.  M.  W 310 

Kirkpatrick,  Corwin  T 28 

Kirwan,  William  J 120,153 

Klasen,  Mrs.  Frank 310 

Klepel,  Yaro 209 

Klock,  Chas.  M 77 

Knallay,  William 153 

Knealy,  Willis  M 153 

Knights  of  Columbus 353'357 

Knotty-Ash  (Camp)  (England)    67,75,84,92 

Knox  (Camp)        44,58 

Kois,  Steven 153 

Komick,  John 26,153 

Koons,  David  F 99,:53 

Kopecky,  Frank  R 39, '53 

Korrumpf,  F 209 

Krafft,  Sgt 196 

Kremm,  Arthur  S 98,153 

Krizen,  John  A 79i*53 

Kubiski,  John  J 153 


Lacasse,  Arthur  W 117,154 

Lafayette  Escadrille 18,133 

Lafean,  R.  G 199 

Lamb,  Arthur  B.         297 

Lamb,  L.  C 202 

Lamp  Development  Laboratory  27,  29,33-35 

106, 122,  170,  172,  188,  224,  272,285,296 

Lamp  Equipment  Division     14,  63, 77, 78,  92 

95.97.98,102,103,133,134,135 

Landing  Lights  for  Airplanes      .      .      .     281 

Lane,  William 78,154 

Langmuir,  Dr.  Irving       ....   233,247 

Larave 74 

Large  Lamp  Sales  Department  .   22, 108, 127 
Larkman,  Rowland  E.,  Jr.    .      .      .     80,154 

La  Rue,  Joseph  R 1 20 

Larremore,  Floyd  M 77,154 

Larsen,  L.  W 191,194,201 

Las  Casas  (Camp) 54 

Lassiter,  William         45 

La  Suze  (France)         21 

Laubenstein,  W.  J 196 

Laufketter,  Fred  C 53>I54 

La  Valbonne  (Camp) 75 

Law  Department  .      .      .      109,315,376,377 

Lawrence  (Camp) 121 

Lawton,  L 1 54 

Lea,  Herbert  S 79, 154 

Leach,  O.  M 154 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


VII 


Page 

League  Island  (Phila.) 123 

Learoyd,  P 202 

"Leathernecks" 122 

Leavenworth  (Fort)    .      .     23,31,53,95,124 

Ledeger,  Martin 254 

Lee  (Camp)  26,  30,  41,  70,  78,  79,  85,  88,  96 

Le  Havre 21,23,45 

Lehmann,  Erwin  E 3%>IS4 

Leighton,  Roy  L 136,154 

Lemaire,  Joseph 85,154 

Lemon,  Leroy 146 

LeMans     ....       21,41,62,86,87,97 

Lemr,  Charles 102,154 

Lenney,  James 1 54 

Leonard,  Arthur 1 54 

Levitt,  William  T 98,154 

Lewis  (Camp)        ....     60,79,96,134- 

Lewis,  Dr.  W.K 170.176 

Lewis  Machine-Gun 287 

Liberty  Loans 340-348 

Lieb,  JohnW .      -374 

Lighting  Curtailment 288 

Lightner,  Clyde 154 

Lillibridge,  H.  D 201 

Lincoln,  R.  D 154 

Lindblom,  Sven  0 84,154 

Lindgren,  George  H 92 

Lindsay,  James  C 100,154 

Linerode,  Charles  C 35-T54 

Linn,  G.  1 210 

Lintz,  Noble  Calven  .      .  .     16,75,154 

Lippman,  F.  D 154 

Littell,  Lieut 238 

Little,  William  T 221 

Littlefield,  Raymond  B          ....       85 

Logan  (Camp)       .• 28,57 

Lopcombe  (Camp) 128 

Lorenz,  Dr 268 

Lorraine 27,28,59 

Loucks,  Roxy 1 54 

Loudon  Glass  Division  63,69,  78,  89,  100,  356 

Loveland,  W.  W 146 

Loveless,  Carl 154 

Loyal  Service  Medal 53 

Lucas,  Leo 1 54 

Luckiesh,  M 272-278 

Lunberg,  John .      154 

Luneville  Sector 63 

Lynch,  George  H 119,154 

Lynch,  P.  C 175 

Lynn  Works  of  G.  E.  Co.      .      .      .282,284 

Lyons,  John  J 101,154 

Lyons,  Lester  W 54,154 

Lyster,  Col 217 


M 

MacRae,  Capt.  Duncan         .       183,224,226 

Maddell,  Mrs  A.  L 320 

Madigan,  Thomas 154 

Madison,  Elisha  P 95iJ54 

Maganini,  Arthur 154 


Page 

Magdsick,  H.  H 378 

Mahoney,  Charles 154 

Mahoney,  James 154 

Mahoning  Miniature  Lamp  Div.     .   322,355 
Mailly  de  (Camp)       ....       44,45,95 

Mall,  Frank 154 

Marbache  Sector  ....       27,28,43,80 

Marchogliese,  Vitaliono 154 

Marine  Flying  Field 136 

Markovitz,  Private 191 

Marks,  D.  P 154 

Marne 45,67,82 

Marren,  Thomas  F 96 

Marshall,  Floyd  C 154 

Marshall,  Herman  H.  P.        .      .      .      58,154 

Marshall,  W.D 204,206 

Martin,  Earl  T 80,154 

Martin,  Ward  F 87,154 

Martine,  J.  Leon 154 

Masonbrink,  Herbert  C.        .      .     17,74,154 

Mastronardi,  John 154 

Mattern,  Walter  R 155 

Mattis,  Harry 128,155 

Mayer,  Frank 155 

Mayhew,  William 155 

McAdams,  Wm.  H.        .      .      .   185,218,222 
McArthur  (Camp)      .      .     27,40,79,95,125 

McCandless  Co.,  H.  W 481 

McCartney,  Jack 155 

McClellan  (Camp)      ....       43,44,64 

McCoy,  Wm 201 

McCurdy,  Philip  R 186 

McDaniels,  A.  S 221 

McDermott,  Robert  J 97.*55 

McDowell  (Fort) IO3>I35 

McElhaney,  Harry  H.     .      .      .     .     .     155 

McFarland,  Edward  J 155 

McGivern,  John  A 221 

McGrath,  William  C 40,155 

McHenry  (Fort) 98 

Mclntyre,  W.  J 210 

McKay,  W 281 

McKeehan,  Mrs.  Homer  H.        ...     316 

McKeown,  F 155 

McQuigg,  J.  R 145 

McShane,  M 155 

Meade  (Camp) 

23, 25,  29, 48,  64,  67,  69,  73, 86, 265 

Mears,  Michael  M. 104 

Meigs  (Camp) 100 

Mendenhall,  C.  E. 

260,  268,  271,  272,  280,  282,  283,  284,  288 

Mendelsohn,  E.  A 210 

Merrick,  Joseph  S.      .      .      .          .17,69,155 

Merrick,  Walter  F 78,155 

Merrill,  G.  S 285 

Merritt  (Camp) 

23, 24, 27,  47,  71, 73, 75, 77,  79, 82 

Metz 59.62 

Metz,  J.      . 155 

Metzger,  Francis  C 78,155 

Metzger,  R 155 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


Page 
Meuse-Argonne 

18,25,30,31,43,45,52,57,59,62,67,133 

Meyer,  A.  H 372 

Meyer  (Fort) 93 

Meyer,  Victor  (German  Chemist)    .      .      203 

Meyers,  Carl 135 

Michelson,  S.  Emil 79, '55 

Midland  Section  (Dev.  Div.)        177,179,180 

Miller,  Herbert  G 119 

Miller,  H.  M 196 

Miller,  Ormsby  D 155 

Miller,  Walter  M 155 

Milliken,  Major     .      .      .      260,268,276,277 

Milliken,  Robert  C 63 

Mills  (Camp)   .      .     63,66,77,81,96,97,128 
Miniature  Bulb  Division  78,85.90,118 

Miniature  Lamp  Manufacturing  Dept. 

121,281 

Mineola  Field 124,136 

Minncuci,  Sylvester 64,155 

Minnesota  Mazda  Lamp  Division 

57,  62,  95,  99,  103,  139,  144,  318,  321 

Mitchell  Field 136 

Mitrovitch,  Jcs.  M 79 

Moffit,  Thomas  0 132 

Molhain 71 

Molloy,  Joseph  A 3°, '55 

Molloy,  Thomas  J 57>J55 

Molloy,  Richard  A 87,155 

Monaco,  Giovani  Del 155 

Monahan,  Andrew 79>I55 

Monargis 21 

Mondi,  S -   .      .      155 

Monroe  (Fort) 44,45,83 

Monroe,  Miss  N.  L 308 

Mont  (France) 71 

Mbntagano,  Arthur 155 

Montdidier-Noyon 18 

Montierchaume 122 

Moore,  J.  K 214,222 

Moore,  Miss  Laura  E 138,155 

Moran,  Marvin  L.      ......       46 

Moredock,  Albert  R.        .      .      .          113,155 

Morgenstern,  Herbert  J.        .      .      .     34,155 

Morris,  Dewey 155 

Morrison  (Camp) 125,128 

Morrison,  Carrol  B 155 

Morrison,  William  E 115,155 

Moss,  Septic 155 

Motto,  Charles  J 155 

Muir,  Leland  J 155 

Mullarkey,  Michael  T 99>X55 

Municipal  Pier — Chicago  108,111,114,119,121 

Murphy,  Francis  J 97 

Murphy,  Howard  H 85,155 

Murphy,  Patrick 66,155 

Murray,  John  C 46,155 

Murtaugh,  James 155 

Mustard  Gas 175-180 

Myer  (Fort) 31,41,51 

Myers,  George  W 62,155 

Mylechraine,  Ralph 90,155 


N  Page 

Nash,  Ralph  C 40,155 

National  Carbon  Co.    170-174,  190-192,  281 
National  Service  Department       174,368,372 

Nauroy JQ 

Naval  Aviation  Depot 137 

Navy  League  of  Canada  ....  353 
Naval  Steam  Engineering  School  .  .  112 
NelaFund  .  323-336,340,358,360,364 
Nela  Lamp  Division  88,  90,  102,  121, 137,  249 
Nela  Operating  Department  14,  21,  25,  26,  30 
3J>36,38>  "J.  124,126,  127,174,344 
Nela  Press  .  .  .  .  .27,30,333,371 
Nela  Specialties  Division  .  .  42,114,344 

Nesbitt,  Alfred 1 56 

Newneister,  R 156 

Newport  (Naval  base)      .      .      .      .118,120 

Newton,  A.  G 287 

New  York  Federal  Miniature  Lamp  Div.    43 

Niagara  (Fort) 43 

Nibeck,  George  M 17,61,156 

Nichols  (Camp) 85,94 

Nichols,  Roldon  0 65,66 

Nick,  Worbert 156 

Nickerson,  A.  W 227 

Niehus,  Oswald  H 64,156 

Nieuport 175 

Nigre,  Michael 103 

Niles  Glass  Division      14,  62,  64,68,  70,  72,  73 
78,  79.  83,  85,  95,  101-104,  120,  134,  356 

Nixon,  Crawford  G 29,156 

Norfolk — Naval  Training  Sta.    .      .     121,123 

Normand,  Grover  H 103 

Norris,  George  E 99,156 

North  Sea         18 

Norton,  Glenn  E 97,156 

Norton,  Guy  P 46 

Nottage,  Chas.  T 133,156 

Noyon 21 

Noyers  Sector 75 

Nungesser,  Ralph  A.        .      .      .      .111,156 

Nusker,  Rudolph  1 32 

Nystrom,  Gunner  B 37 


o 

Oakland  Mazda  Lamp  Division  60,  64, 68,  84 

96,  101,  103,  104,  120,  134,  136,  333 

O'Callaghan,  J.  A.       .      .      191,193,195-197 

Ocasek,  Charles  J 103 

O'Dea,  Richard .156 

O'Donnell,  Michael  ....  16,21,156 
Offense  Section,  Development  Division 

53,  176-182,  203,  205,  207-209,  216 
Oglethorpe  (Fort)  .  .  .  35,71,95,101 

O'Grady,  Chas.  F 100,156 

Ohio  Division  14,  56,  58,  62,  79,  94,  95,  97, 

98,  102,  103,  117,  118,  123,  133,  355 

Oise-Aisne 18,31,47,54,59,90 

Oise-Somme 54 

Olson,  Harold  A 107,156 

Omaha  (Fort) I33>136 

O'Rourke,  Henry  P 97 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


IX 


.40 


Orton,  Edward 
Ostiguy,  Wilfred    . 
Oxly  Field  (France) 
Owen,  Fred  B. 


Packard  Lamp  Division 

Paine,  Russell  A. 

Palermo,  Joseph    . 

Pannes  (France)    . 

Pantonlis,  Gret 

Paolella,  Pietro 

Papenfuse,  Chas.  A.    . 

Paris  Island 

Parker,  Leslie  Willard 

Park  Field        .      .      . 

Parmalee,  Luther 

Parshall,  Ray  W. 

Pas  Fini  Sector 

Paterson,  Lorenzo  W. 

Pearson,  Joseph     . 

Peerless  Lamp  Division 

Peffer,  Harry  Edward 

Pelham  Bay  Park       .    107,108 

Pelton,  Lawrence  P.    ... 

Penfield,  Richard        .      .      . 

Pentz,  F.  K 

Pequignot,  Adolph 

Perry  (Camp)         .... 

Perry,  Raymond    .... 

Pershing,  John  J.         1 8 , 66 , 1 26 

Persiani,  Antonio 

Persons  (Camp)     .... 

Petas.Nick 

Peters,  Walter  Le  Roy     . 
Petosky,  Nick        .... 
Pettit,  Marvin       .... 
Philadelphia  Navy  Yard       1 1 1 
Phillips,  Chester    .... 

Pierce  (Fort) 

Pierce,  Harold  E.        ... 

Pierce,  Major 

Pike  (Camp)    . 

Pindell,  William  H.,  Jr.    .      . 

Pion,  Romeo  F 

Pipkin,  Marvin      .... 
Pipper,  Arnold  L.        ... 
Pitney  Glass  Division 
Plant  Engineering  Dept. 
Piiotron  Tubes      .      .   232,241 

Plummer,  G.  A 

Polk  (Camp) 

Pont-a-Mousson    .... 

Porter,  G.  H 

Porter,  Wilbur  N.        .      .      . 

Post  Field         

Potteiger,  Hurley 

Potter,  Joseph        .... 

Powers,  Alman       .... 

Price,  Le  Roy  F 

Price,  Wayne  F 

Prince,  Harold  E.        ... 


.21,39,40 


Page 
.  287 
.  156 
•  127 
84,156 


•  356 
62, 156 
63-156 


.  .  .  156 
.  .  .  64 
.  ...  156 

.  122,123 
.  16,119,156 
.  '.  .  125 
.  .  .  156 

.  122,156 
.  .  .  67 
.  .  118,156 

.  .  156 
,114,287,355 
.  16,68,156 

,111,119, 121 

•  95-^6 
l86,2O4,2l6 

.   201 

.  .  66 
41,68,121 
.  46,156 
170, 184,314 
.  .  156 

•  •   37 
.  .  156 

•  133-156 
.     81,156 
.     .     156 

113, 118, 119 
.  -  -  156 

•  -       93 
.   103,156 

202 

47,72,76-78 

.     41,156 

.      .     156 

.34, 191- '94 

•  •        94 
57,98,  no 

109 
280,296,297 

.  217,223 

•  •  52 

.  .  28 

.  .  208 

.  111,156 

.  126,131 

.  70,156 

.  102,156 

.  .  156 

.  36,156 

.  62,156 
.  121,156 


Page 

Princess  Pat  Regiment     .      .      .   91,253-258 
Pritchard,  P.  J.       234,237,238,249,251,258 

Proser,  A 202 

Protective  Lighting 288 

Providence  Base  Works 

68, 82,97, Io°, 117, i 18 

Prunckunog,  L 157 

Publicity  Dept. 

22, 40, 305,  306,  328,  345,  373,379 

Punnett,  Elton  B 220 

Pupke,  William  H 122,157 

Purchasing  Department         .      .      .   333,376 
Puritan  Refilled  Lamp  Division 

55,86,103,119,322,333 

Purser,  Raymond  E 79iI57 

Putka,  Joe 157 


Quantico 122,123 

Queant  Drocourt 30 

Quinlan,  Herbert  E I37>157 

Quinn,  Raymond 157 

R 

Racey,  Jack  C 71,157 

Randall,  J.  E 172 

Randolph,  W.  G 200 

Raritan  (Camp) 36 

Rayl,  Robert  W 1 57 

Real,  Frank 157 

Realty  Department 37 

Receiving  Tubes 241—243 

Rector,  T.  M.        .      .    190,191,193,195,202 
Red  Cross     14,  89, 138,247,308,311-323,  340 

35°.  351.  354,  361 ,363-  364,  376 

Red  Cross  Unit  Badge 310 

Reed,  William  J 81,157 

Regulator  Tubes 239,245 

Reider,  Kenneth  G 35,*57 

Reisinger,  James  C 157 

Rensel,  John  V 103,157 

Research  Laboratory  (C.  W.  S.) 

177,  181,  197,201,202,226 
Research  Laboratory,  Nela,     22,  36,  38,  124 

129,  165,  259,  260,  268,  272,  276-278 
Research  Laboratory,  Schenectady 

233,  234,236-239,  244,  246,  250,  251 
Reserve  Barracks  (Newport)  .  .  .  118 
Reserve  Training  Camp  (Newport)  .  114 
Returned  Lamp  Inspection  Dept.  24,  25,  38 
Rhode  Island  Glass  Division 

69,  84,  85,  95,100,117,119,120,372 
"Ribbon"  Filament  .  .  .  165,269-271 

Ribeauville 71 

Rice,  John 38,157 

Rice,  W.  W 196,198,202 

Rich  Field        125 

Richardson,  Bruce  N 105 

Rick,  Joseph  J 47,157 

Riendeau,  Henry         157 

Rine,  S.  H 209 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


Page 

Ringler,  C.  C 209 

Riser,  Andrew  J 157 

Ritter,  Forest  L 101,157 

Roberts,  W.  H 233,234,249 

Robinson  (Camp) 81 

Rodgers,  Duke 157 

Roffee,  Arthur  P.,  Jr 117 

Rockwell  Field 125 

Rogers,  H.  B 309 

Rogers,  Miss  Margaret 309 

Rollason,  G.  L 204 

Rollason,  G.  M 191 

Romorantin 126 

Ronan,  N.  T 157 

Roosevelt,  Theodore         303 

Rosborough,  William  McL.         .     17,47,157 

Rose,  D.  W 198 

Rose,  W.  H 47 

Ross,  Gabriel  J 157 

Ross,  William        17,27,157 

Rossington,  Laurence      .      .      .      .     22,157 

Rossington,  Wallace 22,157 

Roth,  Herman  A 157 

Royce,  G.  L 209,214 

Rummell,  Edward 157 

Ruppert,  Geo.  H 221 

Russell  (Fort) 83 

Russell,  Marvin  H H9.I57 

Russell,  John 157 

Rust,  Louis  J 157 

Ryan,  James  E 79.*57 

Ryan,  John  E 157 


Sack,  Edwin  L 

St.  Aignan 

Saint  Cyrienne       .... 
St.  Die  Sector        .... 

St.  Eloi 

St.  John,  H.  M 

St.  Louis  Mazda  Lamp  Div. 
58»  79. 93-96, 103, 139 

St.  Maixent 

St.  Mihiel   19,  21,  24-31,  39,  41, 

57,  59,  62,  67>  68,  71-75, 

104,133.327 

St.  Nazaire 

St.  Phillips  (Fort)       .     ,      . 

St.  Quentin 

St.  Souplet 

Saizerais  Sector      .... 
Salisbury,  Private 
Salvation  Army     .... 
Sambol,  Frank       .... 

Samsel,  Carl 

Samples,  Geo.  E.         ... 
Sanborn,  Norman  P. 
San  Diego  (U.  S.  S.)         .      . 
Sankey,  T.  Harold 
Santangelo,  Domenico 
Santoro,  Emilio     .... 
Savage,  Charles  Elmer     . 


.      .      157 

23,75,77 

.   326,330 

.      .        64 

•      •      •      255 

,      .      .     216 

3I7-3I9>35° 

.     .     .     127 

43,  45,  52,  56 
80,  83,  88,  93 


44 

.        8S 
.        48 

•  7° 

•  25 
.     196 

353.357 

•  »57 

•  '57 

•  157 
108,157 

.     107 

21,157 

100, 157 

•  *57 

•  '57 


Page 
Savage,  Francis  J.       .      .      .      .      .     27,158 

Savings  and  Investment  Section      .      .     348 

Savo,  George 109,158 

Sawyer,  L.  P 374 

Scalley,  William  F 158 

Schaefer,  William  W 131,158 

Scharch,  E.  J 158 

Scharringhausen,  Clyde  W.  .      .      .     43,158 

Scheldt-Ypres 30 

Schiene,  Anthony 158 

Schmidt,  William 114 

Schmoll,  N 158 

Schofield.  Barracks 102 

Schroeder,  William  E 27,158 

Schuler,  Fritz         158 

Schwartz,  John 202 

Scott  Field 134 

Scott  (Fort) 84 

Scott,  R.  E 333 

Sealey,  G.  L 158 

Seaton,  Kinzie 210 

Seaton,  Max 210 

Seichprey 55 

Seiznes .       25 

Selfridge  Field 124 

Selkirk,  R.  E 197 

Serbia .18 

Sertell,  Aloysius 158 

Sevier  (Camp).      .       38,63,72,102,125,127 

Sevigny 25 

Shelby  (Camp) 28 

Shelby  Lamp  Division        39,47,  53, 131 ,354 

Sheppard,  Fred  1 27 

Sheridan  (Camp)  .  21,  30,  31,  36,  42,  46,  56 

65,  67,  70,  76,  78,  80,  87,  88 

Sherman  (Camp)        21,  22,  26,  31,  34,  36,  38 

40,46,60,63-65,67,68,  71-73,  75-79 

83, 86,  87, 90,  92,  93,  97, 99, 104,  135 

Shimonek,  Edward  R 134,158 

Shorger,  A.  W 221 

Sibert  Lloyd 78 

Sibert,  W.  L 217 

Signal  Officers  Training  School         .      .        23 
Sill  (Fort)   .      .      .       28,81,86,126,129,131 

Silvarolo,  Joe 78 

Silver,  J.  R.,  Jr.     .      .    190,193,195,204,207 

Simis,  A.  V 214,215 

Sincere,  Vincenzo 82,158 

Sinvic  (Camp) 23 

Skebe,  M 158 

Skiff,  W.  M 280 

Slaughter,  Lieut.  Col 238 

Sligen,  George  D 36,158 

Sloan,  R.  M 158 

Slocum  (Fort) 84,100,131 

Slough  (Camp) 92 

"Smileage" 353 

Smith,  Albert         100,158 

Smith,  Dr.  A.  W 210,212,221 

Smith,  Alonzo 158 

Smith,  Beryl  S.      .      .      .      .      .      .    103,158 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


XI 


Page 

Smith,  C.  G 158,213 

Smith,  George  F 26,158 

Smith,  George  H 35,158 

Smith,  Mrs  Joseph  Lindon         .      .      .     360 

Smith,  J.  M 345 

Smith,  L.  E 146 

Smith,  Lee  1 214,217 

Smith,  W.  H 282 

Smith,  Otto 158 

Smith,  Robert  H 99^58 

Smith,  Roy  W 158 

Smith,  Sidney  C 95^58 

Smith,  T.  C 197 

Smith,  UhlM 87,158 

Smoots,  Philip  P 75, 158 

Smyth,  Frederick 113 

Snee,  Bernard 158 

Snelling  (Fort) 44 

Snouffer,  John  C 78,158 

Society  of  Nela      .      .302,303,328,332-335 
Sock  League    .     .      .  3°7-3II>334>34°,364 

Soder,  Edward 158 

Soissons-Noyon 54,86 

"Soldier-Godsons"      .     .     329,335,336>359 

c  /Defensive 54, 59 

Somme  (Offensive 54,258 

Sommedieu 59,64 

Sotzen,  Howard 53,158,204 

Sousa's  Band 323 

Spaulding,  H.  T 375 

Spink,  Charles  H 120 

Sponsler,  Courson  W 37>I58 

Sproull,  John  R 158 

Staggers,  Elery 158 

Staley,  Vinton  L 186 

Stambler,  David l7jSS,lS% 

Standardizing  Department    .     29,34,38,297 

Stark,  Lawrence  W 79, 158 

Starkey,  George  L 1 1 1 

Starn,  Wayne  E 98,158 

State  Pier — New  London,  Conn.      .      .     108 
Statistical  Dept.    .     27,36,124,128,372,377 

Steam  Lift  Furnace 201 

Stebbins,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  S.       .      .      .218 

Steel  Conservation 288 

Steele,  G.  W 277 

Steen,  Louis  F 86 

Steinhurst,  William  F.     .      .      .     17,69,158 

Stephen,  Steve 158 

Sterling  Electric  Lamp  Division    47,322,356 
Stevens  Institute        •.      .      .        105,112,119 

Stevenson,  Robert  L 328 

Stewart,  W.  H 56 

Stock,  John  J 96,158 

Strang,  John  J 158 

Streifender,  Miss  Rose     .      .      .314,318,363 

Streng,  E.  C 158 

Stryker,  E.  du  B.,  Jr 26, 146 

Stuart  (Camp)       .      .      .       29,37,62,78,85 
Student  Army  Training  Corps    .     26,37,102 

Sturrock,  Walter 17,126,158 

Sullivan,  Arthur 131,158 


Page 

Sullivan,  Chester  M 136,159 

Sullivan,  James  Edward        .      .     16,62,159 

Summerall  (Camp) 94 

Summerall,  C.  P 85 

Summerhayes,  G.  E 45 

Sunbeam  Incandescent  Lamp  Division  41,  54 

Sutherland,  Miss 320 

"Swartz,  Ray  Leland    ....     16,55,159 

Sweetland,  A.  A 1 59 

Sweed,  Harry        1 59 

Swenson,  Albert  L 135 

Sykes,  Wesley  P 121,159 

Syracuse  Recruit  Camp 34 


Tait,  Howard  J 44,159 

Talbott,  Ira 26,159 

Tate,  Lieut 280,283,285 

Taylor,  Zachary  (Camp)  . 

29,  37,  40,  43,  S8,  78,  79,  81,  83,  98,  101 

Teeple,  C.  A 199 

Tefft,  Lincoln  J 27>!59 

Tenney,  Chas.  T 102 

Terry,  Albert  S 130 

Terry,  F.  S.    142, 166,  172,  228,  238,  250,  303 
3J3, 323-336,  351,  354,  355,  358-363 

Terry,  Kenneth 159 

Teschke,  Emil 95,159 

Theberge,  Napoleon 159 

Test,  D.  T 193 

Thann  Sector 59 

Thiaucourt  .  .  .  26,27,46,56,59,62,80 
Thirty-fifth  Street  Pier  (Brooklyn)  .  113 

Thorn,  Victor 1 59 

Thomas  (Fort) 85,127 

Thomas,  Ralph  B 34 

Thompson,  Samuel  C 72 

Thompson,  Private 191 

Thornburg,  Clarence  W.        .      .      .    134,159 

Thornton,  Lloyd  M 159 

Thorp,  Gerald 210 

Thrift  Stamps 323>348 

Thurber,  Harry 1 59 

Titus,  William  K 79>!59 

T.NT 183 

Toul      ....     25,39,41,45,55,86,133 

Tours 122,128 

Townsend,  Hollis  L 126,159 

Tragesser,  Joseph  C 95  > J  59 

Transmitting  Tubes  .  .  .  241 , 243-245 
Transportation  Department  .  .  .  112 
Treasury  Department  ....  342,351 
Tremaine,  B.  G.  .  142,166,  172,  238,  250 

3°3,3°7-31.1'  334,  339,  346,  349 
Trench  Signal  and  Special  Lights    .      .     285 

Trimble,  William  H ^3,159 

Trisko,  Geo.  F 159 

Trittipo  Walter  E.     .      .      .      .      .     40,159 

Trotter,  James       .      .      .  •  -  ;  •     .      .      .     1 59 
Troyon  Sector        .      .      .      .27,28,57,67,80 

Trumbull  County  Finance  Association       353 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


Page 
Trumbull  Mazda  Lamp  Div.  63,  73,  79,   355 

Tucker,  Edward  J 119,159 

Tudor,  C.  H 209 

Turner,  John 130,  159 

Tyler,  Leslie  P 36 


u 

Uhl,  N.  P 191,201 

United  States  Naval  Academy  (Annapolis)  108 
United  War  Work  Campaign      .      .      .      357 

Upson,  R.  H .      .     285 

Upton  (Camp) 

27,  43,  47,  64,  67,  68,  82,  86,  87,  93,  100 
Urqhuart,  Henry         253-259 


164, 228-246, 251 , 297 

43 

30 

.  199,212 


Vacuum  Tubes 
Valdahon  (Camp) 

Valenciennes 

Van  Arnam,  W.  D 

Vancoulers 

Vancouver  Barracks 134, 136 

Vanderwerf,  Howard  W.        .        112, 146, 159 

Van  Houten,  C.  W 209 

Vanness,  Joseph  L 63,159 

Van  Sickler,  Donald 159 

Varnam,  Joseph  E 77.J59 

Vaughan,  David 159 

Vaux 70 

Vecchione,  Joe 85 

Venable,  Chas.  S 204 

Verdun 

41,  44,  56,  59,  61,  63,  74,  83,  88,  90,  102 

Vernon,  Vinton  B 108,  159 

Vertical  Treaters 201 

Vesle 82 

Victory  Chest 323,355 

Vililo,  Patrick 127,159 

Vise,  Joseph  A 136,159 

Voccola,  Ernest 159 

Von  Bank,  Ray  J.       .      .      .      .      .    103,159 

Vosges  Sector         58,59,88 


W 

Wadsworth  (Camp)    .      .      .     26,62,68,103 

Wadsworth,  Chas 210 

Wagner,  Charles 159 

Walker,  Carl  C 3°>I54 

Wallace,  Dallas      .      .      ...      .      .      .      159 

Wallace,  W7illiam  A.    .      .      .      .      .     41,160 

Walsh,  John  A 37,i6o 

Walsh,  John  M 102,160 

Walsh,  William  R 62,160 

Walters,  Robert  J 74,160 

Wanamaker,  Eugene  .  .  .  .118,160 
War  Camp  Community  Service.  .  .  357 
War  Chests 

340,  350,  352-357,  360,  362-364,379 


Page 

War  Gardens   ....     340,364,367-370 
War  Relief  Headquarters       ....     310 

Warren,  Walter  L 32,160 

War  Savings  Stamps         .      340,348-350,364 
War  Study  Clubs        .      .      .       301-307,364 

Washburn,  E.  E 202 

Washington  Barracks 92 

Washington  (Fort) 85 

Washington,  George  (Transport)      .      .        89 

Watt,  W.  H ,       198,201,202 

Wayne  (Fort)         128,135 

Weaver,  Alfred  J 160 

Webb,  H.  Leslie 90,160 

Weber,  L.  V 196,201 

Wedge  Furnace 200 

Wedge.  Utley         200 

Weeks,' Walter  H 160 

Weir,  Thomas  L.         36,160 

Welds  Division 82 

Welton,  Joseph  A 34,i6o 

Wendel,  Miss  E.  A 308 

Weniger,  W 261,278 

Wennerstrom,  Albert  E.         .      .      .    129,160 

Wentworth,  Percy 160 

Wentz,  Frank         .      .      .      .      .      .      .      1 60 

Wesserling 102 

Westbrbok,  L.  R 188 

Westinghouse  Lamp  Co.        .      ..•    .      .     377 

West  Meuse 32 

Wetherill  (Fort)    . 84 

Wheeler  (Camp) 93,i°i 

Whipple,  Howard 160 

White,  Arthur  J 93,160 

Whiteman,  Harmon  Edward       .      16,64,160 

Whiting,  Bradford 38,160 

Whitmer  J.  G 201 

Whitney,  A.  W 228 

Wickoff,  A.  G 210 

Wilbur,  S.  P. 283 

Wilcox,  W.  A 160 

Wilcox,  W.  G.        .      .      .     214,215,218,222 

Wild,  J.  G 297 

Wiley,  W.  M 288 

Wilkins,  R.  A 204 

Wilkinson,  Paul 160 

Williams,  Frank  C 17,99,160 

Williams,  George  Washington      ...        83 

Williams,  John .      160 

Williams,  Mrs.  Lovilla 310 

Williams,  Robert  J 79,160 

Williamson,  J.  G.        ......     201 

Willien.L.  J 204 

Willis  (Camp)        ...  30 

Wilson,  James  H 92,160 

Wilson,  Woodrow 28 , 244 

Windenberg,  Earle  L 160 

Winn,  W.  L. 221 

Winnell  Downe  (Camp)         .      .      .      .67,75 

Wirth,  RoyT 111,160 

Wishon,  Frank  J 160 

Wolfe,  Harry  J 104,160 

Wolfe,  Michael .      217 


INDEX — CONTINUED 


Page 

Wolfford,  Luke  P 86,160 

Wood,  Douglass 44, 160 

Wood,  Joseph 1 60 

Woodman,  Courtney 160 

Woods,  Wallace  W 160 

Woodward,  J.  M 374 

Worley,  L.  P 160 

Worthing,  Dr 268,285 

Wright,  B.  B 186,203 

Wright,  Donald  B 88,160 

Wyre,  Don  H 375 


X-Ray  Tubes         .      .      .      164,228,246-259 


Y.  M.  C.  A.     .     .40,223,340,352,357,364 
Yoakam,  Wilbert 79,160 


Page 

•  Youngblood,  J.  C 160 

Young,  Major 220 

Youngstown  Mazda  Lamp  Div. 

67,  79,  87, 93.  99, I23,  32°,  3«>  35$ 

Ypres 70,167,175,179,256 

Ypres-Lys         ....       18,30,46,70,88 

Yvre  La  Polin 25 

Y.  W.  C.A .     357 


Zantiny,  Wm.  G 206 

Zeisler,  Jake  1 60 

Zeller,  Raymond  H 114,160 

Ziegler,  Gus 160 

Ziegler,  John  H 83,160 

Zima,  Frank  J 103 


